The labor market scenario for older people and the violence they suffer

19 papers were found, 89.4% of the cases of international origin, 52.6% with a quantitative approach; 31.5% with a qualitative approach; and 15.7% with both. The areas of knowledge comprising most of the studies were health, psychology, and gerontology with 15.7% of them, and most studies were published in 2019, with 31.5% and 26.3% of recurrences, respectively.

Conclusion

the studies showed that older people have difficulties to remain in the labor market due to the inadequacies of the workplace and their health condition. On the other hand, there are government initiatives aimed at improving the working conditions for older people, and their presence is beneficial both for their health and for the market. Regarding violence at work, studies are scarce, and the existing ones emphasize the difficulties of older people to enter and remain in the market to the detriment of ageism and stereotypes related to aging. Finally, as the population is aging, it is important to think about public policies to provide older people with adequate conditions to remain active and protect their health and quality of life.

Keywords
Aging; Work; Population Dynamics; Elder Abuse

Descriptors = “Demographic Aging” AND “Violence” AND “Labor” OR “Workers age”						Total
	Scopus, PsychInfo, Jstor, Springer, and Nature	PubMed	Science Direct	Web of Science	Scielo
	0	242	248	289	1	780
Free access	0	201	23	130	1	355
Off-topic	0	198	16	118	0	332
Review papers and duplicates	0	2	2	0	0	4
Following the criteria	0	1	5	12	1	19

Authors	Journal	Type of study	Area of knowledge	Year/Base
Damman, and Henkens¹⁴14 Damman M, Henkens K. Gender differences in perceived workplace flexibility among older workers in the Netherlands: a brief report. J Appl Gerontol. 2020;39(8):915-21.	Journal of Applied Gerontology	Qualitative	Gerontology	2020/Web of Science
Burmeister et al.²²22 Burmeister A, Wang M, Hirschi A. Understanding the motivational benefits of knowledge transfer for older and younger workers in age-diverse coworker dyads: an actor-partner interdependence model. Appl Psychol. 2020;105(7):748-59.	Journal of Applied Psychology	Quantitative	Psychology	2020/Web of Science
Straussner and Senreich²³23 Straussner SLA, Senreich E. Productive aging in the social work profession: a comparison of licensed workers 60 years and older with their younger counterparts. Clin Soc Work J. 2020;48(2):196-210.	Nature public Health Emergency Collection	Quantitative	Social Work	2020/Web of Science
Oddone³¹31 Oddone MJ. Employment, the (de) chronologization of life cycle, and the career path of older workers. Contemporanea. 2019;9(3):803-22.	Contemporânea - sociology journal of UFSCAR	Qualitative	Sociology	2019/Web of Science
Coombe et al.¹⁶16 Coombe AH, Epps F, Lee J, Chen ML, Imes CC, Chasens ER. Sleep and self-rated health in an aging workforce. Workplace Health Saf. 2019;67(6):302-10.	Workplace health & safety	Quantitative	Health	2019/Web of Science
Merkus et al.¹⁷17 Merkus SL, Lunde LK, Koch M, Waersted M, Knardahl S, Veiersted KB. Physical capacity, occupational physical demands, and relative physical strain of older employees in construction and healthcare. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2019;92(3):295-307.	International archives of occupational and environmental health	Quantitative	Health	2019/Web of Science
Peters et al.²⁵25 Peters P, Van der heijden BIJM, Spurk D, de vos A, Klaassen R. Please don’t look at me that way. An empirical study into the effects o age-based (meta-) stereotyping on employability enhancement among older supermarket workers. Front Psychol. 2019;10(249):1-14.	Frontiers in psychology	Quantitative	Psychology	2019/Web of Science
Amorim et al.²⁷27 Amorim W, Fischer A, Fevorini FB. Workers age 50 and over in the Brazilian labor market: is there ageism? Rege. 2019;26(2):161-79.	Rege - management journal	Qualiquantitative	Management	2019/Web of Science
Sundstrup et al.³⁰30 Sundstrup E, Hansen AM, Mortensen EL, Poulsen OM, Clausen T, Rugulies R, et al. Retrospectively assessed physical work environment during working life and risk of sickness absence and labour market exit among older workers. Occup Environ Med. 2018;75(2):114-23.	Occupational and environmental medicine	Quantitative	Health	2018/Web of Science
Talbot et al.³²32 Talbot R, Rackliff L, Nicolle C, Maguire M, Mallaband R. Journey to work: Exploring difficulties, solutions, and the impact of aging. Int J Sustain Transp. 2016;10(6):541-51.	International journal of sustainable transportation	Qualiquantitative	Environmental studies	2016/Web of Science
Findsen²⁶26 Findsen B. Older workers’ learning within organizations: issues and challenges. Educ Gerontol. 2015;41(8):582-9.	Educational gerontology	Qualitative	Gerontology	2015/Web of Science
Jonsson; Kielhofner; Borell²⁸28 Jonsson H, Kielhofner G, Borell L. Anticipating retirement: the formation of narratives about an occupational transition. Am J Occup Ther. 1997;51(1):49-56.	American journal of occupational therapy	Qualitative	Psychology	1997/Web of Science
Schreurs et al.²⁹29 Schreurs B, Cuyper ND, Emmerik IJH, Notelaers G, Witte HD. Job demands and resources and their associations with early retirement intentions through recovery need and work enjoyment. SA J Industr Psychol. 2001;37(2):63-73.	SA Journal of Industrial Psychology	Quantitative	Industrial relations and work	2001/Scielo
Kerr et al.¹⁸18 Kerr J, Takemoto M, Bolling K, Atkin A, Carlson J, Rosenberg D, et al. Two-arm randomized pilot intervention trial to decrease sitting time and increase sit-to-stand transitions in working and non-working older adults. Plos ONE. 2016;11(1):1-12	Plos One	Quantitative	Gerontology	2016/Pubmed
Bartkowiak et al.²⁴24 Bartkowiak G, Krugiełka A, Kostrzewa-Demczuk P, DachowskI R, Galek K. Attitudes of polish entrepreneurs towards 65+ knowledge workers in the context of their pro-social attitude and organizational citizenship behavior.sustain. 2020;12(13):1-24.	Journal of Cleaner Production	Qualitative	Economics	2020/Science Direct
Vigtel²¹21 Vigtel TC. The retirement age and the hiring of senior workers. Labour Econ. 2018;51(1):247-70.	Labour Economics	Quantitative	Economics	2018/Science Direct
Dimovski et al.¹⁹19 Dimovski V, Grah B, Colnar S, Bogotaj D. Age management of industrial workers based on multiple decrease modeling. Procedia Manuf. 2019;39(1):1455-63.	Procedia Manufacturing	Quantitative	Engineering	2019/Science Direct
Sundstrup et al.²⁰20 Sundstrup E, Hansen A, Mortensen EL, Poulsen OM, Claussen T, Rugulies R, et al. Cognitive ability in midlife and labor market participation among older workers: prospective cohort study with register follow-up. Saf Health Work. 2020;11(3):291-300.	Safety and Health at Work	Qualiquantitative	Engineering	2020/Science Direct
Case et al.¹⁵15 Case K, Hussain A, Marshall R, Summerskill S. Digital human modelling and the ageing workforce. Procedia Manuf. 2015;3(1):3694-3701.	Procedia Manufacturing	Qualitative	Ergonomics	2015/Science Direct

Authors	Country	Main results supporting the response to the objectives
Damman and Henkens¹⁴14 Damman M, Henkens K. Gender differences in perceived workplace flexibility among older workers in the Netherlands: a brief report. J Appl Gerontol. 2020;39(8):915-21.	The Netherlands	The flexibility of working hours is a way of keeping the older people active for a longer time. However, it is different between men and women.
Burmeister et al.²²22 Burmeister A, Wang M, Hirschi A. Understanding the motivational benefits of knowledge transfer for older and younger workers in age-diverse coworker dyads: an actor-partner interdependence model. Appl Psychol. 2020;105(7):748-59.	United States	The presence of employees from different age groups at work provides exchange of knowledge, satisfaction, and worker motivation.
Straussner and Senreich²³23 Straussner SLA, Senreich E. Productive aging in the social work profession: a comparison of licensed workers 60 years and older with their younger counterparts. Clin Soc Work J. 2020;48(2):196-210.	United States	Working is presented as beneficial for older workers as it provides well-being and satisfaction.
Oddone ³¹31 Oddone MJ. Employment, the (de) chronologization of life cycle, and the career path of older workers. Contemporanea. 2019;9(3):803-22.	Brazil	Ageism is one of the factors to define the early withdrawal of the older people from the labor market, as well as the economic health of companies.
Coombe et al.¹⁶16 Coombe AH, Epps F, Lee J, Chen ML, Imes CC, Chasens ER. Sleep and self-rated health in an aging workforce. Workplace Health Saf. 2019;67(6):302-10.	United States	The sleep health of workers is a predictor of good performance at work.
Merkus et al.¹⁷17 Merkus SL, Lunde LK, Koch M, Waersted M, Knardahl S, Veiersted KB. Physical capacity, occupational physical demands, and relative physical strain of older employees in construction and healthcare. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2019;92(3):295-307.	Norway	The health condition of older workers can be preserved depending on the effort required at work throughout their lives.
Peters, et al.²⁵25 Peters P, Van der heijden BIJM, Spurk D, de vos A, Klaassen R. Please don’t look at me that way. An empirical study into the effects o age-based (meta-) stereotyping on employability enhancement among older supermarket workers. Front Psychol. 2019;10(249):1-14.	Australia	The negative stereotyping of aging in the labor market compromises the permanence and/or return of the older person to work. Therefore, it is important for the human resources department to focus on issues related to stereotypes to aging.
Amorim et al.²⁷27 Amorim W, Fischer A, Fevorini FB. Workers age 50 and over in the Brazilian labor market: is there ageism? Rege. 2019;26(2):161-79.	Brazil	Violence against older people in the labor market can be observed in the absence of managerial practices to hire and retain older workers.
Sundstrup et al.³⁰30 Sundstrup E, Hansen AM, Mortensen EL, Poulsen OM, Clausen T, Rugulies R, et al. Retrospectively assessed physical work environment during working life and risk of sickness absence and labour market exit among older workers. Occup Environ Med. 2018;75(2):114-23.	Denmark	The individual's cognitive ability is not a factor to influence their exit from the labor market.
Talbot, et al.³²32 Talbot R, Rackliff L, Nicolle C, Maguire M, Mallaband R. Journey to work: Exploring difficulties, solutions, and the impact of aging. Int J Sustain Transp. 2016;10(6):541-51.	United Kingdom	Strategies to reduce problems arising from transportation to work are important to reduce worker evasion.
Findsen²⁶26 Findsen B. Older workers’ learning within organizations: issues and challenges. Educ Gerontol. 2015;41(8):582-9.	United States	Stereotypes of aging mainly related to the ability to learn have impaired the permanence of older people on the market. Thus, intergenerational learning initiatives play an important role in age management practices.
Jonsson; Kielhofner; Borell²⁸28 Jonsson H, Kielhofner G, Borell L. Anticipating retirement: the formation of narratives about an occupational transition. Am J Occup Ther. 1997;51(1):49-56.	Stockholm	In addition to structural and environmental factors, the health condition of the older person influences the decision to retire early.
Schreurs et al.²⁹29 Schreurs B, Cuyper ND, Emmerik IJH, Notelaers G, Witte HD. Job demands and resources and their associations with early retirement intentions through recovery need and work enjoyment. SA J Industr Psychol. 2001;37(2):63-73.	Belgium	To keep the older person on the labor market for longer it is necessary to provide work conditions to keep them motivated.
Kerr et al.¹⁸18 Kerr J, Takemoto M, Bolling K, Atkin A, Carlson J, Rosenberg D, et al. Two-arm randomized pilot intervention trial to decrease sitting time and increase sit-to-stand transitions in working and non-working older adults. Plos ONE. 2016;11(1):1-12	United States	Reducing the amount of time spent sitting at work is one way to reduce retirement due to health problems, considering that reducing the sitting time contributes to reduce the sedentary lifestyle.
Bartkowiak et al.²⁴24 Bartkowiak G, Krugiełka A, Kostrzewa-Demczuk P, DachowskI R, Galek K. Attitudes of polish entrepreneurs towards 65+ knowledge workers in the context of their pro-social attitude and organizational citizenship behavior.sustain. 2020;12(13):1-24.	Poland	Entrepreneurs have kept their older people workers on their teams as they understand they have a human and social capital of great importance to the market.
Vigtel²¹21 Vigtel TC. The retirement age and the hiring of senior workers. Labour Econ. 2018;51(1):247-70.	Norway	Lowering the minimum retirement age has positive effects on the hiring of older workers.
Dimovski et al.¹⁹19 Dimovski V, Grah B, Colnar S, Bogotaj D. Age management of industrial workers based on multiple decrease modeling. Procedia Manuf. 2019;39(1):1455-63.	United States	Since the minimum retirement age has been reduced, older people have been working longer.
Sundstrup et al.²⁰20 Sundstrup E, Hansen A, Mortensen EL, Poulsen OM, Claussen T, Rugulies R, et al. Cognitive ability in midlife and labor market participation among older workers: prospective cohort study with register follow-up. Saf Health Work. 2020;11(3):291-300.	Denmark	The early withdrawal of older people from the labor market is related to environmental factors such as hard work and exposure to noise and dust.
Case et al.¹⁵15 Case K, Hussain A, Marshall R, Summerskill S. Digital human modelling and the ageing workforce. Procedia Manuf. 2015;3(1):3694-3701.	United Kingdom	From the human digital modeling, it is possible to verify whether the work environment is harmful to health to older people. Therefore, it is possible to avoid their early withdrawal from work for health reasons.

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[1] Correspondence Rafaela Lopes Batista rafaelalopesbat@gmail.com

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The labor market scenario for older people and the violence they suffer

Abstract

﻿Objective

Method

Results

Conclusion

Objective