Knowledge of the iron physiology and metabolism has increased greatly over the last few years. The identification of genes and the consequences of mutations, especially those related to the accumulation of iron, have improved the understanding of the regulatory mechanisms responsible for maintaining homeostasis of this essential nutrient in many biochemical processes. The function of several molecules is well established, as in the case of transferrin and its receptor and, in recent decades, new molecules have been identified such as ferroportin, divalent metal transporter, hemojuvelin and hepcidin. An elegant control mechanism maintains the balance between the processes of iron absorption, recycling, mobilization, utilization and storage. Disturbances in the synchronism among those processes may lead either to iron deficiency or to iron overload, both of which have important clinical consequences. This mini-review attempts to describe aspects related to iron metabolism and the participation of several proteins and mediators involved in these mechanisms. Moreover, intracellular and systemic regulation mechanisms responsible for providing the most suitable iron concentration for iron homeostasis maintenance will be presented.
Iron metabolism; iron deficiency anemia; iron overload; hepcidin; iron homeostasis
