Métodos Alternativos de Evapotranspiração de Referência para Tipos Climáticos Brasileiros

Gurski, Bruno César; Jerszurki, Daniela; Souza, Jorge Luiz Moretti de

doi:10.1590/0102-7786333015

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Article • Rev. bras. meteorol. 33 (3) • Jul-Sep 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-7786333015 copiar

Métodos Alternativos de Evapotranspiração de Referência para Tipos Climáticos Brasileiros

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumo

A escolha de métodos alternativos consistentes é essencial para a melhoria das estimativas da evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) em diferentes zonas climáticas. Devido ao desconhecimento dos métodos alternativos mais adequados para as condições climáticas paranaenses, teve-se por objetivo no presente trabalho testar e avaliar os principais métodos alternativos de estimativa da ETo (Thornthwaite - ETo_TH; Camargo - ETo_C; Hargreaves e Samani - ETo_HS; Linacre - ETo_L; and, Budyko - ETo_B) para os tipos climáticos subtropical (Cfb) e semi-árido (Bsh) no Brasil. As estimativas alternativas foram comparadas com a ETo estimada como o método de Penman-Monteith ASCE (ETo_PM) entre 1970 e 2015, a partir da temperatura máxima e mínima do ar (T), horas de brilho solar (n), umidade relativa média (UR) e velocidade do vento a dois metros de altura (U₂). Análises de regressão linear simples entre a ETo estimada com os métodos alternativos vs ETo_PM para cada tipo climático analisado, foram utilizadas para a calibração dos métodos. O desempenho dos métodos calibrados e não calibrados foi obtido a partir do índice “d” de concordância, “c” de desempenho, raiz quadrada do erro médio (RMSE) e erro médio (EM). Os resultados demonstraram a importância da calibração dos métodos alternativos para a melhoria das estimativas nas condições climáticas brasileiras. Os melhores desempenhos foram observados para os métodos calibrados Hargreaves and Samani e Linacre para os tipos climáticos subtropical e semi-árido, respectivamente. Além disso, os métodos calibrados Linacre e Budyko mostraram-se particularmente robustos nos tipos climáticos subtropical e semi-árido, respectivamente, destacando a importância de medidas contínuas da variável T, utilizada na modelagem de ETo_L e ETo_B. Os resultados obtidos indicaram a necessidade da melhoria das estimativas alternativas da ETo, a partir da utilização de pequeno conjunto de variáveis disponíveis para os tipos climáticos subtropical e semi-árido no Brasil.

Palavras-chave:
modelagem; Penman Monteith ASCE; semi-árido; zonas subtropicais

Climatic classification	State	Station	Latitude (degrees)	Longitude (degrees)	Altitude (m)
Bsh	Pernambuco	Petrolina	-9.38	-40.48	370.46
Cfb	Paraná	Curitiba	-25.43	-49.26	923.50

Month	R ²		R		“d”		“c”		RMSE (mm day^-1)		ME (%)		a (mm day^-1)		b (dimensionless)
	NC	C	NC	C	NC	C	NC	C	NC	C	NC	C	NC	C	NC	C
Thornthwaite (1948)THORNTHWAITE, C.W. An approach toward a rational classification of climate. Geographical Review, v. 38, n. 1, p. 55-94, 1948.
Annual	0.55	0.55	0.74	0.74	0.81	0.84	0.60	0.62	0.90	0.77	-14.60	9.99	0.79	1.34	0.87	0.55
January	0.20	0.32	0.45	0.56	0.79	0.88	0.35	0.50	0.93	0.90	-8.60	15.17	1.48	3.38	0.70	0.20
February	0.18	0.41	0.42	0.64	0.76	0.87	0.32	0.56	0.83	0.86	-5.32	12.87	1.22	3.09	0.73	0.24
March	0.21	0.35	0.46	0.59	0.64	0.73	0.29	0.43	0.71	0.82	-6.20	15.21	1.32	2.84	0.63	0.19
April	0.13	0.14	0.36	0.38	0.76	0.62	0.27	0.23	0.69	0.59	-7.23	15.13	1.63	2.41	0.37	0.10
May	0.10	0.07	0.31	0.26	0.93	0.94	0.29	0.24	0.62	0.52	-10.44	17.96	1.33	1.87	0.30	0.06
June	0.07	0.45	0.26	0.67	0.96	0.97	0.25	0.64	0.57	0.47	-9.38	13.68	1.23	1.62	0.23	0.04
July	0.23	0.22	0.48	0.47	0.94	0.93	0.45	0.43	0.67	0.53	-19.82	24.52	1.01	1.74	0.53	0.20
August	0.32	0.39	0.57	0.63	0.84	0.72	0.48	0.45	0.90	0.60	-27.71	16.05	1.18	1.96	0.66	0.29
September	0.29	0.33	0.54	0.57	0.72	0.61	0.39	0.35	1.01	0.80	-25.88	17.44	1.39	2.31	0.63	0.25
October	0.20	0.23	0.45	0.48	0.50	0.69	0.22	0.33	1.10	0.89	-21.81	16.29	1.77	2.88	0.56	0.17
November	0.17	0.13	0.41	0.36	0.50	0.78	0.21	0.28	1.29	1.03	-21.75	21.55	2.11	3.53	0.56	0.13
December	0.14	0.18	0.38	0.43	0.69	0.87	0.26	0.37	1.10	0.97	-13.83	15.80	2.05	3.63	0.57	0.15
Camargo (1971)CAMARGO, A.P. Balanço hídrico no estado de São Paulo. Campinas: IAC, 1971.
Annual	0.63	0.58	0.79	0.76	0.86	0.84	0.68	0.64	0.76	0.81	-8.96	-7.47	0.56	0.68	0.91	0.65
January	0.19	0.30	0.44	0.55	0.86	0.88	0.38	0.48	0.81	0.84	0.21	8.46	-0.13	3.09	1.08	0.22
February	0.17	0.42	0.42	0.65	0.81	0.86	0.34	0.56	0.76	0.81	1.02	5.18	-0.26	2.73	1.11	0.26
March	0.21	0.36	0.46	0.60	0.62	0.70	0.28	0.42	0.65	0.77	-2.99	6.17	0.47	2.49	0.91	0.22
April	0.15	0.17	0.39	0.41	0.79	0.77	0.31	0.32	0.63	0.54	-8.64	7.04	1.13	2.13	0.61	0.14
May	0.11	0.09	0.33	0.30	0.95	0.95	0.31	0.29	0.57	0.48	-13.53	7.45	1.05	1.66	0.50	0.08
June	0.05	0.03	0.23	0.18	0.97	0.97	0.22	0.17	0.53	0.47	-15.71	4.48	1.10	1.49	0.35	0.03
July	0.23	0.22	0.48	0.47	0.94	0.96	0.45	0.45	0.66	0.45	-20.74	4.81	0.60	1.37	0.88	0.22
August	0.31	0.40	0.56	0.63	0.85	0.82	0.47	0.52	0.82	0.59	-22.08	-1.01	0.67	1.54	0.94	0.31
September	0.26	0.26	0.51	0.51	0.73	0.61	0.37	0.31	0.81	0.81	-12.28	3.66	0.74	2.02	0.86	0.23
October	0.20	0.23	0.44	0.48	0.57	0.64	0.25	0.31	0.81	0.85	-5.96	6.94	0.97	2.55	0.77	0.19
November	0.18	0.13	0.42	0.36	0.71	0.77	0.30	0.28	0.97	0.95	-7.81	14.21	1.03	3.25	0.82	0.14
December	0.14	0.18	0.38	0.42	0.83	0.86	0.31	0.36	0.88	0.91	-2.77	10.11	0.82	3.39	0.85	0.16
Hargreaves and Samani (1985)HARGREAVES, G.H.; SAMANI, Z.A. Reference crop evapotranspiration from temperature. Applied Engineering Agriculture, v. 1, n. 2, p. 96-99, 1985.
Annual	0.72	0.71	0.85	0.85	0.81	0.84	0.69	0.71	1.09	1.01	36.54	31.18	0.10	0.93	0.74	0.93
January	0.41	0.55	0.64	0.74	0.86	0.91	0.55	0.68	1.34	0.69	34.01	2.10	0.32	2.16	0.71	0.42
February	0.41	0.58	0.64	0.76	0.83	0.90	0.54	0.69	1.22	0.70	33.17	-1.25	0.13	1.75	0.75	0.48
March	0.45	0.60	0.67	0.77	0.74	0.82	0.50	0.64	1.01	0.63	30.49	0.64	0.49	1.72	0.66	0.43
April	0.38	0.39	0.62	0.62	0.54	0.87	0.33	0.54	0.81	0.46	29.80	3.34	0.53	1.51	0.62	0.38
May	0.27	0.34	0.52	0.58	0.81	0.97	0.42	0.56	0.74	0.42	38.20	1.86	0.57	1.22	0.52	0.29
June	0.12	0.17	0.35	0.41	0.88	0.97	0.31	0.40	0.73	0.45	44.84	1.34	0.80	1.32	0.35	0.12
July	0.28	0.43	0.53	0.65	0.84	0.97	0.45	0.63	0.75	0.40	41.41	-1.19	0.37	0.99	0.59	0.39
August	0.36	0.46	0.60	0.68	0.62	0.85	0.37	0.57	0.94	0.59	39.22	-5.37	0.49	1.26	0.59	0.39
September	0.46	0.48	0.68	0.69	0.58	0.75	0.40	0.52	1.14	0.71	41.27	-2.00	0.53	1.50	0.58	0.38
October	0.47	0.44	0.69	0.66	0.70	0.78	0.48	0.52	1.30	0.73	40.25	1.88	0.57	1.77	0.60	0.41
November	0.40	0.46	0.63	0.68	0.84	0.87	0.53	0.59	1.32	0.73	34.16	5.11	0.52	2.03	0.67	0.42
December	0.42	0.40	0.65	0.63	0.86	0.90	0.56	0.57	1.37	0.77	34.20	3.11	0.46	2.32	0.68	0.39
Linacre (1977)LINACRE, E.T. A simple formula for estimating evapotranspiration rates in various climates, using temperature data alone. Agricultural Meteorology, v. 18, p. 409-424, 1977.
Annual	0.46	0.53	0.68	0.73	0.76	0.81	0.52	0.59	0.87	0.81	-3.67	0.84	0.29	1.19	1.02	0.51
January	0.35	0.47	0.59	0.69	0.62	0.92	0.37	0.63	1.12	0.74	-20.13	9.37	1.08	2.37	0.93	0.43
February	0.30	0.53	0.55	0.72	0.64	0.91	0.35	0.66	0.94	0.72	-15.08	6.59	1.04	2.23	0.86	0.42
March	0.28	0.48	0.53	0.70	0.61	0.82	0.32	0.57	0.71	0.68	-9.27	9.06	0.97	2.09	0.78	0.38
April	0.26	0.31	0.51	0.55	0.80	0.81	0.41	0.45	0.54	0.50	3.83	7.61	1.06	1.90	0.57	0.24
May	0.25	0.38	0.50	0.62	0.92	0.97	0.46	0.60	0.57	0.41	19.30	8.63	0.91	1.36	0.43	0.27
June	0.28	0.36	0.53	0.60	0.92	0.98	0.49	0.59	0.64	0.39	31.10	5.47	0.82	1.15	0.36	0.27
July	0.48	0.52	0.69	0.72	0.93	0.98	0.65	0.71	0.60	0.35	21.87	4.47	0.65	0.90	0.53	0.50
August	0.52	0.53	0.72	0.73	0.90	0.88	0.64	0.64	0.63	0.51	3.06	-0.93	0.95	1.04	0.56	0.53
September	0.44	0.51	0.66	0.72	0.82	0.81	0.54	0.58	0.74	0.65	-9.09	3.46	1.16	1.38	0.61	0.47
October	0.29	0.35	0.53	0.59	0.60	0.73	0.32	0.43	0.95	0.78	-17.07	5.84	1.46	2.15	0.65	0.31
November	0.33	0.41	0.58	0.64	0.56	0.86	0.32	0.55	1.21	0.79	-22.81	12.06	1.50	2.49	0.79	0.35
December	0.24	0.42	0.49	0.65	0.54	0.91	0.26	0.59	1.25	0.79	-22.21	10.67	1.70	2.59	0.75	0.38
Budyko (1974)BUDYKO, M. I. Climate and life. New York: Academic Press, 1974.
Annual	0.44	0.46	0.67	0.68	0.71	0.70	0.47	0.47	1.08	1.14	39.81	42.06	-0.58	2.38	0.96	0.44
January	0.19	0.31	0.44	0.56	0.89	0.88	0.39	0.49	0.88	0.84	15.49	8.38	-0.08	3.08	0.93	0.22
February	0.17	0.39	0.41	0.62	0.84	0.86	0.35	0.53	0.99	0.83	24.04	5.38	-0.39	2.82	0.94	0.24
March	0.19	0.31	0.44	0.55	0.67	0.68	0.29	0.37	1.11	0.79	35.51	6.39	0.12	2.59	0.74	0.19
April	0.11	0.13	0.33	0.36	0.21	0.76	0.07	0.27	1.31	0.55	54.18	7.19	1.15	2.23	0.36	0.10
May	0.08	0.05	0.28	0.22	0.26	0.95	0.07	0.21	1.36	0.49	78.17	7.64	1.09	1.71	0.23	0.05
June	0.05	0.03	0.23	0.18	0.39	0.97	0.09	0.17	1.42	0.47	94.34	4.50	1.10	1.49	0.15	0.03
July	0.20	0.18	0.44	0.42	0.52	0.96	0.23	0.41	1.21	0.46	73.62	5.19	0.65	1.43	0.38	0.19
August	0.27	0.34	0.52	0.59	0.56	0.81	0.29	0.47	0.99	0.61	42.60	-0.49	0.64	1.61	0.53	0.28
September	0.26	0.29	0.51	0.54	0.58	0.63	0.30	0.34	0.92	0.79	31.32	3.91	0.65	1.97	0.60	0.25
October	0.18	0.21	0.43	0.46	0.71	0.63	0.30	0.29	0.87	0.86	20.43	7.27	0.92	2.61	0.61	0.17
November	0.17	0.13	0.41	0.36	0.85	0.77	0.35	0.28	0.87	0.95	8.20	14.29	1.05	3.26	0.70	0.14
December	0.14	0.18	0.38	0.42	0.89	0.86	0.34	0.36	0.86	0.91	10.46	10.14	0.80	3.40	0.75	0.16

Month	R ²		R		“d”		“c”		RMSE (mm day^-1)		ME (%)		a (mm day^-1)		b (dimensionless)
	NC	C	NC	C	NC	C	NC	C	NC	C	NC	C	NC	C	NC	C
Thornthwaite (1948)THORNTHWAITE, C.W. An approach toward a rational classification of climate. Geographical Review, v. 38, n. 1, p. 55-94, 1948.
Annual	0.45	0.49	0.67	0.70	0.72	0.79	0.48	0.55	1.55	1.28	-17.46	-10.13	2.75	0.14	0.65	0.87
January	0.49	0.32	0.70	0.56	0.79	0.84	0.55	0.48	1.15	1.04	-6.60	9.41	1.31	3.38	0.86	0.20
February	0.57	0.41	0.75	0.64	0.81	0.88	0.61	0.57	1.05	0.90	-8.26	10.98	1.29	3.09	0.87	0.24
March	0.61	0.35	0.78	0.59	0.88	0.84	0.69	0.49	0.90	0.92	-5.53	9.62	1.03	2.84	0.88	0.19
April	0.50	0.14	0.71	0.38	0.88	0.80	0.62	0.30	0.94	0.90	-9.67	11.56	1.21	2.41	0.86	0.10
May	0.44	0.07	0.67	0.26	0.88	0.88	0.59	0.23	1.14	0.71	-15.97	9.02	1.92	1.87	0.73	0.06
June	0.36	0.45	0.60	0.67	0.83	0.88	0.50	0.59	1.56	0.77	-28.78	11.95	2.01	1.62	0.82	0.04
July	0.22	0.22	0.47	0.47	0.75	0.86	0.35	0.40	1.97	0.72	-36.23	10.67	2.78	1.74	0.68	0.20
August	0.24	0.39	0.49	0.63	0.38	0.51	0.19	0.32	2.46	0.76	-39.69	9.76	3.66	1.96	0.62	0.29
September	0.19	0.33	0.43	0.57	0.22	0.87	0.10	0.50	2.30	0.74	-30.95	6.66	4.75	2.31	0.41	0.25
October	0.26	0.23	0.51	0.48	0.56	0.89	0.28	0.42	1.64	0.92	-16.72	7.24	4.08	2.88	0.50	0.17
November	0.44	0.13	0.67	0.36	0.77	0.84	0.52	0.31	1.33	1.20	-8.31	9.78	2.08	3.53	0.77	0.13
December	0.44	0.18	0.66	0.43	0.78	0.84	0.52	0.36	1.17	1.06	-6.61	12.96	2.41	3.63	0.68	0.15
Camargo (1971)CAMARGO, A.P. Balanço hídrico no estado de São Paulo. Campinas: IAC, 1971.
Annual	0.45	0.47	0.67	0.69	0.52	0.56	0.35	0.38	2.18	1.92	-29.60	-27.29	2.75	1.99	0.65	0.35
January	0.49	0.37	0.70	0.61	0.46	0.20	0.33	0.13	1.99	1.49	-21.45	-13.21	1.31	4.67	0.86	0.09
February	0.57	0.70	0.75	0.84	0.50	0.44	0.37	0.37	1.85	1.29	-21.17	-6.71	1.29	4.26	0.87	0.16
March	0.61	0.59	0.78	0.77	0.66	0.54	0.51	0.42	1.65	1.32	-18.72	-10.56	1.03	3.97	0.88	0.15
April	0.50	0.44	0.71	0.66	0.73	0.76	0.52	0.50	1.64	1.08	-23.66	-6.27	1.21	3.84	0.86	0.14
May	0.44	0.30	0.67	0.55	0.78	0.90	0.52	0.49	1.75	0.77	-28.45	-3.38	1.92	3.89	0.73	0.10
June	0.36	0.30	0.60	0.55	0.77	0.92	0.46	0.51	1.92	0.68	-35.46	3.80	2.01	4.09	0.82	0.09
July	0.22	0.30	0.47	0.55	0.73	0.88	0.34	0.48	2.05	0.69	-37.07	8.46	2.78	4.49	0.68	0.08
August	0.24	0.30	0.49	0.55	0.35	0.26	0.17	0.14	2.55	0.73	-40.92	8.55	3.66	5.18	0.62	0.11
September	0.19	0.31	0.43	0.56	0.13	0.83	0.05	0.46	2.77	0.72	-38.87	2.28	4.75	5.83	0.41	0.09
October	0.26	0.20	0.51	0.45	0.12	0.77	0.06	0.34	2.71	0.97	-34.59	-2.80	4.08	5.92	0.50	0.06
November	0.44	0.26	0.67	0.51	0.27	0.23	0.18	0.12	2.50	1.39	-28.22	-12.10	2.08	5.02	0.77	0.09
December	0.44	0.59	0.66	0.77	0.30	0.28	0.20	0.22	2.20	1.36	-26.50	-4.34	2.41	4.86	0.68	0.10
Hargreaves and Samani (1985)HARGREAVES, G.H.; SAMANI, Z.A. Reference crop evapotranspiration from temperature. Applied Engineering Agriculture, v. 1, n. 2, p. 96-99, 1985.
Annual	0.45	0.49	0.67	0.70	0.70	0.78	0.47	0.55	1.37	1.09	-15.90	-12.92	2.75	0.14	0.65	0.87
January	0.49	0.32	0.70	0.56	0.65	0.80	0.46	0.45	1.24	0.87	-8.07	-0.78	1.31	3.38	0.86	0.20
February	0.57	0.41	0.75	0.64	0.65	0.72	0.49	0.46	1.19	0.97	-8.88	5.71	1.29	3.09	0.87	0.24
March	0.61	0.35	0.78	0.59	0.79	0.73	0.62	0.43	1.07	0.87	-7.27	-0.14	1.03	2.84	0.88	0.19
April	0.50	0.14	0.71	0.38	0.83	0.86	0.59	0.32	1.13	0.74	-14.19	1.67	1.21	2.41	0.86	0.10
May	0.44	0.07	0.67	0.26	0.87	0.93	0.58	0.24	1.20	0.59	-18.20	3.82	1.92	1.87	0.73	0.06
June	0.36	0.45	0.60	0.67	0.86	0.88	0.51	0.59	1.32	0.74	-22.99	14.00	2.01	1.62	0.82	0.04
July	0.22	0.22	0.47	0.47	0.83	0.67	0.39	0.31	1.36	0.92	-22.87	18.73	2.78	1.74	0.68	0.20
August	0.24	0.39	0.49	0.63	0.51	0.34	0.25	0.21	1.58	1.11	-24.37	19.56	3.66	1.96	0.62	0.29
September	0.19	0.33	0.43	0.57	0.22	0.86	0.10	0.49	1.68	0.84	-21.59	10.07	4.75	2.31	0.41	0.25
October	0.26	0.23	0.51	0.48	0.34	0.90	0.17	0.43	1.60	0.81	-18.45	5.91	4.08	2.88	0.50	0.17
November	0.44	0.13	0.67	0.36	0.53	0.86	0.35	0.31	1.53	0.86	-12.87	0.66	2.08	3.53	0.77	0.13
December	0.44	0.18	0.66	0.43	0.53	0.75	0.35	0.32	1.32	1.00	-12.05	5.24	2.41	3.63	0.68	0.15
Linacre (1977)LINACRE, E.T. A simple formula for estimating evapotranspiration rates in various climates, using temperature data alone. Agricultural Meteorology, v. 18, p. 409-424, 1977.
Annual	0.36	0.21	0.60	0.46	0.31	0.32	0.19	0.15	4.09	3.80	-61.09	-59.05	10.18	2.89	-2.12	-0.13
January	0.56	0.39	0.75	0.62	0.28	0.82	0.21	0.51	4.13	1.03	-58.62	-1.90	12.33	2.24	-2.85	0.61
February	0.51	0.47	0.71	0.69	0.29	0.80	0.21	0.55	3.88	0.94	-56.99	2.65	12.32	3.03	-2.80	0.48
March	0.54	0.47	0.74	0.68	0.43	0.80	0.32	0.55	3.43	0.93	-52.14	-2.25	12.42	2.24	-2.94	0.56
April	0.51	0.34	0.71	0.59	0.53	0.82	0.38	0.48	3.10	0.88	-51.55	1.28	10.56	2.90	-2.32	0.41
May	0.46	0.26	0.68	0.51	0.63	0.91	0.43	0.46	2.93	0.72	-51.73	1.43	9.75	2.70	-2.27	0.41
June	0.40	0.33	0.63	0.57	0.65	0.93	0.41	0.53	2.92	0.64	-55.61	5.89	8.65	2.87	-1.93	0.40
July	0.40	0.29	0.63	0.54	0.60	0.92	0.38	0.50	3.17	0.61	-59.27	4.95	8.49	2.95	-1.92	0.39
August	0.33	0.23	0.57	0.48	0.23	0.59	0.13	0.28	4.17	0.68	-68.28	6.39	8.78	4.19	-1.67	0.27
September	0.42	0.17	0.65	0.42	0.07	0.85	0.04	0.35	4.94	0.74	-71.85	2.99	10.17	4.63	-2.03	0.29
October	0.42	0.40	0.65	0.63	0.06	0.92	0.04	0.58	5.27	0.74	-71.96	1.74	10.91	3.52	-2.17	0.47
November	0.58	0.42	0.76	0.65	0.15	0.88	0.11	0.57	5.00	0.93	-66.64	-2.16	12.27	1.96	-2.84	0.67
December	0.48	0.41	0.69	0.64	0.17	0.81	0.12	0.52	4.55	1.05	-64.08	1.13	11.67	2.94	-2.51	0.49
Budyko (1974)BUDYKO, M. I. Climate and life. New York: Academic Press, 1974.
Annual	0.36	0.21	0.60	0.46	0.33	0.35	0.20	0.16	2.88	2.55	-33.56	-30.32	10.91	4.74	-1.44	-0.20
January	0.56	0.38	0.75	0.62	0.27	0.82	0.20	0.51	2.88	1.02	-30.19	-1.75	13.57	2.27	-2.01	0.60
February	0.50	0.48	0.71	0.69	0.31	0.80	0.22	0.55	2.57	0.94	-27.72	2.66	13.71	3.04	-2.02	0.47
March	0.54	0.47	0.74	0.68	0.46	0.80	0.34	0.55	2.18	0.93	-19.97	-2.17	14.00	2.25	-2.14	0.56
April	0.51	0.35	0.71	0.59	0.61	0.82	0.43	0.48	1.84	0.88	-18.64	1.37	11.71	2.91	-1.67	0.41
May	0.45	0.27	0.67	0.52	0.72	0.91	0.49	0.47	1.74	0.71	-17.91	1.43	10.68	2.73	-1.58	0.41
June	0.40	0.33	0.63	0.57	0.77	0.93	0.48	0.54	1.69	0.63	-23.46	5.93	9.27	2.89	-1.30	0.39
July	0.39	0.29	0.63	0.54	0.70	0.92	0.44	0.50	1.96	0.61	-29.24	4.96	8.99	2.99	-1.25	0.38
August	0.32	0.23	0.57	0.48	0.27	0.59	0.15	0.28	2.94	0.67	-44.51	6.32	9.13	4.22	-1.07	0.27
September	0.41	0.17	0.64	0.41	0.07	0.85	0.04	0.35	3.69	0.74	-50.81	2.90	10.65	4.65	-1.31	0.28
October	0.41	0.39	0.64	0.62	0.06	0.91	0.04	0.57	4.01	0.75	-51.28	1.83	11.44	3.67	-1.41	0.45
November	0.57	0.41	0.76	0.64	0.13	0.88	0.10	0.56	3.79	0.94	-42.88	-2.10	13.14	2.07	-1.90	0.65
December	0.48	0.39	0.69	0.62	0.16	0.80	0.11	0.50	3.25	1.08	-38.81	1.71	12.67	2.96	-1.74	0.50

Sociedade Brasileira de Meteorologia Rua. Do México - Centro - Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brasil, +55(83)981340757 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: sbmet@sbmet.org.br

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[1] Corresponding author: Bruno César Gurski, brunocep@gmail.com.