OBJECTIVES: To verify the sensibility of panic disorder patients to carbon dioxide challenge test and the intensity, duration and symptoms of panic attacks produced by the gas in these patients, comparing these data with those from spontaneous panic attacks. METHODS: Thirty-one patients with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia (DSM-IV) were selected. After one week without receiving any medication, these patients were asked to perform two full inhalations (vital capacity): one with a carbonic mixture (35% CO2, 65% O2) and the other with compressed atmospheric air (placebo), assigned randomly and separated by a 20-minute interval. These inhalations were repeated after 2 weeks. During this period no participants in the study received any kind of psychotropic drug. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients (71.0%) had a panic attack in at least one of the tests where the CO2 mixture was used. Among them (n=22), the most frequently reported symptoms were: shortness of breath (n=20, 91.0%), a feeling of suffocation or asphyxia (n=18, 81.8%), dizziness (n=18, 81.8%), trembling (n=14, 63.6%), palpitations (n=13, 59.0%), and fear of losing one's mind (n=12, 54.5%). Eleven patients (50.0%) thought the laboratory-induced panic attacks were more intense than the spontaneous ones, 4 (18.2%) felt both had the same intensity and 7 (31.8%) considered the laboratory-induced panic attacks as less intense. CONCLUSION: Panic disorder patients have high sensitivity to CO2. The 35% CO2 mixture inhalation triggers in these patients symptoms similar to those seen in spontaneous panic attacks. This test may be considered a good experimental model for studying panic disorder.
Anxiety; Panic disorder; Panic attacks; Carbon dioxide
