Schizophrenia and COVID-19: risks and recommendations

“Is my son at risk in view of COVID-19?” A patient's mother contacted our Schizophrenia Outpatient Clinic as soon as news about the coronavirus pandemic reached Brazilian headlines. I immediately remembered how we hear in mental health services that “patients with severe mental illness are immune deficient.” But is this true? What are the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for schizophrenia patients and their families?

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has affected over 750,000 people worldwide and has led to 36,405 deaths,¹ becoming a major concern for all health systems. Although the global prevalence of schizophrenia is ≅ 0.4%,² it represents a large burden to families and society. These patients also have high mortality rates and comorbid medical conditions. If they are more susceptible to SARS-CoV2 infection, have worse clinical outcomes once contaminated, or have psychotic relapses in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, there will be an additional burden to a system that is already pressed to the limit. To help families and policy makers make better informed decisions and develop preventive measures, we intend to address the following questions: Are schizophrenia patients at higher risk of: 1) being contaminated; 2) mortality; and 3) suffering a psychotic relapse?

Regarding the first question, we performed a literature review through Medline, searching from inception to March 16, 2020. We included original, peer-reviewed articles in English assessing any diagnosis of respiratory infection, regardless of causal agent, among schizophrenia patients. All 315 reports were screened blindly by two authors in two phases (title and abstract; and full-text review), resulting in 18 articles selected for data retrieval.

Few reports specifically addressed viral infections. Overall, the articles suggested higher odds of pneumonia and mortality. Although community-acquired pneumonia is non-transmissible, it could indicate immunodeficiency.³,⁴ Thus, our search indicated that this population could be at higher risk of developing respiratory infections, especially when comorbid medical conditions and lifestyle risk factors are involved.

Older age and clinical comorbidities increase mortality rates among COVID-19 patients.⁵ More than 70% of all schizophrenia patients also have one or more clinical conditions,⁶ including diabetes type II,⁷,⁸ pulmonary chronic disease,⁹ and hypertension/coronary heart disease.¹⁰,¹¹ Smoking estimates among schizophrenia patients vary from 50 to 90%,¹² compared to 20-30% in the general population, and involve higher smoking intensity, another potential risk factor for respiratory complications,¹³ although it is not yet clear whether COVID-19 outcomes are worse among smokers.¹⁴ Spirometric assessment indicates that schizophrenia patients have impaired lung function, and they are more often diagnosed with restrictive and obstructive pulmonary diseases.¹⁵ In addition, when hospitalized for pulmonary conditions, schizophrenia patients have higher rates of intensive care unit admissions, acute respiratory failure, mechanical ventilation, and in-hospital death than other patients.¹⁶ They also have a higher risk of acute organ dysfunction than the general population when admitted to the intensive care unit, regardless of cause.¹⁶ Overall, most schizophrenia patients would fit at least one known risk group for COVID-19 and, if admitted to a hospital, should be considered at increased risk of worse clinical outcomes.

Although this review did not yield a definite answer to our questions, the contextual data lead us to infer that there is a greater infection risk in schizophrenia patients. Quarantine has been proven necessary when a site reaches a certain level of COVID-19 contamination, and it has been decisive in positive outcomes, especially when implemented early.¹⁷ Due to its transmission characteristics, COVID-19 requires both respiratory and contact isolation.¹⁸ Schizophrenia patients appear to have greater difficulty following adequate hygiene practices than the general population.¹⁹ Oral hygiene deficits have been particularly well documented²⁰ and could certainly increase vulnerability to respiratory diseases.²¹ Schizophrenia inpatients are at additional risk due enclosed treatment environments. Consequently, impaired judgement and poor self-care, two features commonly observed in schizophrenia, could hinder compliance with health recommendations and put patients, their families, and health professionals at risk.

Lower access to adequate medical care²² – one possible explanation for increased mortality in schizophrenia – could also aggravate this scenario. Patients and their families may have more difficulty identifying the initial symptoms of COVID-19 and seek health services. In addition, even if they do request medical assistance, there is a higher chance they will not receive proper assessment or treatment due to the stigma surrounding schizophrenia.²³

However, beyond the direct risk of infection, could COVID-19 indirectly lead to relapse among schizophrenia patients? The main collective sanitary strategy for preventing contamination is social isolation, which could generate considerable distress, both for patients and caregivers.²⁴,²⁵ As a result, lack of access to regular psychosocial interventions or medication (and subsequent reduced adherence) could, of course, increase the chances of psychotic symptoms, which is a major concern. Nonetheless, we believe that exposure to such a stressful life event, changes of routine, and interpersonal anxiety due to prolonged quarantine or even the fear of contracting the disease could also act as important triggers.

To the best of our knowledge, no study has provided details on COVID-19 prevalence or outcomes in schizophrenia patients. However, we believe that the available evidence suggests they:

1. May have more difficulty following quarantine and “respiratory etiquette” procedures and, thus, are at higher risk of contamination;

2. Are at higher risk of poor COVID-19 outcomes, mainly due to higher comorbidity rates and a possible immunodeficiency associated with schizophrenia;

3. Are at higher risk of relapse, considering the emotional distress added to an already vulnerable group during an infectious disease outbreak, their limited access to community care, and the risk of interrupting medication.

Such risks vary from patient to patient according to clinical comorbidities, cognitive impairment, acute symptoms, and family support, which can influence disease severity and general health conditions.

Thus, we have produced a list of suggestions (Table 1) that combine current recommendations for COVID-19 prevention (https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance) and the particularities of schizophrenia.

Table 1
Recommendations for health professionals and families regarding schizophrenia patients

1. Schizophrenia patients should follow the same health instructions (e.g., influenza vaccine – unless specific restrictions apply) and receive the same treatment as clinical high-risk groups for COVID-19.

2. General practitioners treating COVID-19 patients should pay special attention to those with schizophrenia, since they could minimize or have difficulty describing respiratory symptoms.

3. Mental health professionals should remotely monitor unstable outpatients and, when possible, use telehealth (internet-based) technologies to provide more frequent clinical contact and support for emerging concerns.

4. Mental health services should inform patients and families of all procedures to be followed during this period and should provide clear remote contact channels to minimize overcrowding and exposure. However, families should monitor for signs of relapse and contact mental health services as soon as possible.

5. Professionals and families should promote and monitor adherence to antipsychotic medication regimens, as well as ensure access to prescriptions, perhaps organizing a delivery system. It should also be emphasized that patients should continue regular medication regimens, including clozapine.

6. To reduce emotional distress – and possibly psychotic relapse – families and patients should be advised to: - Anticipate stress reactions and be informed about them by professionals. - Prepare for quarantine, which can be better adhered to if patients and families receive more information about the disease, about the benefits of quarantine (both personally and in terms of public health), and about quarantine procedures (such as adequate supplies of food and medication).26 - Limit media exposure, since overexposure to broadcasts of stressful situations has been linked to negative mental health outcomes,27 and avoid misinformation. - In as much as possible, develop new routines that include leisure activities and physical exercise.

In conclusion, schizophrenia patients are at higher risk of infection and worse outcomes, especially if affected by clinical comorbidities. They are also vulnerable to worsening psychiatric symptoms and relapse due to fear of the disease, stress, and the boredom associated with compulsory isolation. Therefore, health professionals and families should provide extra attention and support to prevent COVID-19 infection among individuals with schizophrenia and should detect both respiratory and psychiatric symptoms as early as possible.

Acknowledgements

This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES; Finance Code 001).

The authors would like to thank Sarah Nicolelli, founder of the Associação Mãos de Mães de Pacientes com Esquizofrenia (AMME). Her question reminded us that psychiatry and science are performed by people to help people. We would also like to thank the Associação Brasileira de Familiares, Amigos e Portadores de Esquizofrenia (ABRE), who always support the Programa de Esquizofrenia (PROESQ) team and our patients.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  09 Apr 2020
• Date of issue
  2020

History

• Received
  24 Mar 2020
• Accepted
  25 Mar 2020