Anthelmintic activity of <i>Eucalyptus citriodora</i> essential oil and its major component, citronellal, on sheep gastrointestinal nematodes

Araújo-Filho, José Vilemar de; Ribeiro, Wesley Lyeverton Correia; André, Weibson Paz Pinheiro; Cavalcante, Géssica Soares; Rios, Thays Tabosa; Schwinden, Gabriela Maria; Rocha, Letícia Oliveira da; Macedo, Iara Tersia Freitas; Morais, Selene Maia de; Bevilaqua, Claudia Maria Leal; Oliveira, Lorena Mayana Beserra de

doi:10.1590/S1984-29612019090

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Original Article • Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet. 28 (4) • Oct-Dec 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612019090 copy

Anthelmintic activity of Eucalyptus citriodora essential oil and its major component, citronellal, on sheep gastrointestinal nematodes

Atividade anti-helmíntica do óleo essencial de Eucalyptus citriodora e seu componente majoritário, citronelal, sobre nematoides gastrintestinais de ovinos

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of Eucalyptus citriodora essential oil and citronellal on sheep gastrointestinal nematodes. Essential oil composition was determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The substances were evaluated in vitro using adult worm motility test (AWMT) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The acute toxicity test in mice and the fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) in sheep were performed. Citronellal was confirmed as the essential oil major constituent (63.9%). According to the AWMT, 2 mg/mL of essential oil and citronellal completely inhibited Haemonchus contortus motility at 6 h post exposure. H. contortus exposed to essential oil and citronellal exhibited internal ultrastructural modifications. The lethal dose 50 values in mice were 5,000 and 2,609 mg/kg for essential oil and citronellal, respectively. E. citriodora essential oil reduced sheep epg at 14 days post treatment by 69.5% (P<0.05). No significant differences were observed in epg between the citronellal and negative control groups (P>0.05). The interaction between citronellal and other constituents in the essential oil may be relevant for its in vivo anthelmintic activity. Thus, E. citriodora essential oil and citronellal pharmacokinetic studies may help elucidate the anthelmintic activity of these compounds.

Keywords:
Haemonchus contortus; Phytotherapy; alternative control; monoterpenoid

Constituents	KI_lit	KI_exp	Percentage (%)
Alpha-pinene	942	940	0.46
Beta-pinene	981	980	0.87
Limonene	1030	1029	0.34
Eucalyptol	1033	1032	1.67
Bergamal	1052	1053	0.30
Linalool	1098	1099	0.34
Rose Oxide	1109	1111	0.27
Neo-isopulegol	1147	1149	8.23
Citronellal	1154	1157	63.94
Iso-isopulegol	1159	1162	4.72
Neoiso-isopulegol	1170	1173	0.39
Citronellol	1224	1228	5.24
Menthol<8-hydroxy-neo>	1327	1333	0.59
CytronellylAcetate	1339	1346	3.27
Beta-caryophyllene	1408	1417	0.63
Total identified	-	-	91.26

Concentrations	E. citriodora essential oil			Citronellal
	Exposure time (hours)			Exposure time (hours)
	3 h	6 h	12 h	3 h	6 h	12 h
2 mg/ml	100.00 ± 0.00^Aa	100.00 ± 0.00^Aa	100.00 ± 0.00^Aa	91.67 ± 15.43^Aa	100.00 ± 0.00^Aa	100.00 ± 0.00^Aa
1.75 mg/ml	87.50 ± 17.26^Aa	91.67 ± 15.43^ABa	100.00 ± 0.00^Aa	87.50 ± 17.26 ^Aa	95.83 ± 11.79^Aa	100.00 ± 0.00^Aa
1.5 mg/ml	62.49 ± 11.78^Ba	79.16 ± 17.26 ^Bab	95.83 ± 11.79 ^ABb	54.16 ± 17.25 ^Ba	83.33 ± 17.82^ABb	95.83 ± 11.79 ^Ab
1.25 mg/ml	45.83 ± 17.25 ^BCa	75.00 ±15.43 ^Bb	91.67 ± 15.43 ^ABc	41.66 ± 15.43 ^BCa	70.83 ± 21.36^BCb	95.83 ± 11.79 ^Ac
1 mg/ml	45.83 ± 17.25 ^BCa	62.50 ± 21.36 ^Ba	91.67 ± 15.43 ^ABb	37.50 ± 11.78 ^Ca	54.16 ± 17.25^Ca	83.33 ± 17.82 ^ABb
0.75 mg/ml	29.16 ± 11.78 ^Ca	41.66 ± 15.43 ^Ca	83.33 ± 17.82 ^Bb	20.83 ± 17.25 ^Ca	37.50 ± 11.78^Da	66.66 ± 25.20 ^Bab
Ivermectin (0.10 mg/ml)	95.83 ± 11.79^Aa	100.00 ± 0.00 ^Aa	100.00 ± 0.00^Aa	95.83 ± 11.79 ^Aa	100.00 ± 0.00^Aa	100.00 ± 0.00^Aa
PBS + TW	0.00 ± 0.00 ^Da	8.33 ± 15.43 ^Dab	20.83 ± 17.25^Cb	0.00 ± 0.00 ^Da	8.33 ± 15.43^Eab	20.83 ± 17.25 ^Cb

Treatments	Day0	Day7	Day 14
E. citriodora
Mean EPG	1,835 ±1,104^Aa	1,010±872.7^Ab	675 ± 600.3^Ac
Efficacy (%)	-	41.8	69.5
Citronellal
Mean EPG	1,800 ±1,442^Aa	1,665 ±1,233^Ba	1,755 ±1,169^Ba
Efficacy (%)	-	2.8	0.7
Monepantel (Positive Control)
Mean EPG	1,805 ±1,262^Aa	155 ± 206.1^Cb	105 ±140.3^Cb
Efficacy (%)		90.9	95.1
Distilledwater
(Negative Control)
Mean EPG	1,825 ±1,068^Aa	1,770 ± 971.9^Ba	2,040 ±1,392^Ba

Colégio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinária FCAV/UNESP - Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Zona Rural, , 14884-900 Jaboticabal - SP, Brasil, Fone: (16) 3209-7100 RAMAL 7934 - Jaboticabal - SP - Brazil
E-mail: cbpv_rbpv.fcav@unesp.br

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[1] *Corresponding author: Claudia Maria Leal Bevilaqua. Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Estadual do Ceará – UECE, Av. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700, Campus do Itaperi, CEP 60714-903, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil. e-mail: claudiamlb@yahoo.com.br