Diversity of <i>Eimeria</i> (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) species and risk factors associated in natural infecting calves at the Southern Agreste Microregion in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil

Santos, Karlla Keyla Ferreira dos; Macedo, Lucia Oliveira de; Conceição, Ângela Imperiano da; Santos, Lucas Azevedo dos; Mendonça, Carla Lopes de; Alves, Leucio Câmara; Ramos, Rafael Antonio Nascimento; Carvalho, Gílcia Aparecida de

doi:10.1590/S1984-29612022026

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Original Article • Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet. 31 (2) • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612022026 copy

Diversity of Eimeria (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) species and risk factors associated in natural infecting calves at the Southern Agreste Microregion in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil

Diversidade de espécies de Eimeria (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) e fatores de risco associados à infecção natural em bezerros na microrregião sul do agreste no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Eimeria species have importance to calves because of the economic losses. The aim of this study was to identify the species of Eimeria that affect calves and the risk factors associated with its natural infection. Fecal samples (387) were collected from dairy farms in the southern Agreste of Pernambuco. The feces were evaluated using the Gordon & Whitlock technique and were cultured in 2.5% potassium dichromate for sporulation of oocysts. Odds ratio (OR) were calculated to assess risk factors. Eimeria spp. were detected in 50.65% (196/387) of the samples. Eleven species were identified, being Eimeria bovis (26.64%; 548/2057), Eimeria zuernii (19.69%; 405/2057) and Eimeria ellipsoidalis (14.49%; 298/2057) those more frequent. Small herds (OR = 1.93), calves aged up to six months (OR = 2.12), absence of manure pit (OR = 7.52), fortnightly cleaning (OR = 4.71), collective calf pens (OR = 3.26), manual milking (OR = 2.16) and absence of veterinary care (OR = 2.28) were considered to be risk factors. The data revealed pathogenic species in more than 50% of the farms. Thus, the importance of adopting sanitary measures to reduce the spread of these protozoa in herds should be done, because of economic losses associated with its infection.

Keywords:
Eimeriosis; Eimeria zuernii; cattle-rearing; coccidia; natural infection

Species	Number ^a a based in 2057 oocysts measured; (%)	Oocyst (µm)					Sporocysts (µm)
Species	Number ^a a based in 2057 oocysts measured; (%)	Lenght	Width	Shape	Micropyle	Polar cap	Lenght	Width
*Eimeria bovis*	548 (26.64)	28.09	21.01	Ovoid	Present	Absent	13.75	6.68
*Eimeria bovis*	548 (26.64)	(24-37)	(18-26)	Ovoid	Present	Absent	(10-21)	(5-9)
*Eimeria zuernii*	405 (19.69)	19.84	17.38	Spherical	Absent	Absent	9.06	5.35
*Eimeria zuernii*	405 (19.69)	(15-25)	(12-23)	Spherical	Absent	Absent	(6-14)	(4-8)
*Eimeria ellipsoidalis*	299 (14.54)	23.06	15.19	Ellipsoid	Absent	Absent	11.67	5.35
*Eimeria ellipsoidalis*	299 (14.54)	(18-28)	(13-17)	Ellipsoid	Absent	Absent	(9-16)	(4-7)
*Eimeria cylindrica*	279 (13.56)	23.36	14.94	Ellipsoid	Absent	Absent	11.51	4.68
*Eimeria cylindrica*	279 (13.56)	(20-26)	(13-18)	Ellipsoid	Absent	Absent	(10-16)	(3-6)
*Eimeria subspherica*	207 (10.06)	13.72	13.04	Spherical	Absent	Absent	6.06	3.83
*Eimeria subspherica*	207 (10.06)	(10-15)	(10-15)	Spherical	Absent	Absent	(4-10)	(3-5)
*Eimeria auburnensis*	142 (6.90)	39.89	24.91	Ovoid	Present	Absent	18.39	8.06
*Eimeria auburnensis*	142 (6.90)	(31-46)	(20-29)	Ovoid	Present	Absent	(14-24)	(4-10)
*Eimeria alabamensis*	83 (4.04)	20.29	15.49	Ovoid	Absent	Absent	11.08	4.73
*Eimeria alabamensis*	83 (4.04)	(18 -23)	(9-18)	Ovoid	Absent	Absent	(8-14)	(3-6)
*Eimeria canadensis*	53 (2.58)	30.39	22.73	Ovoid	Present	Absent	17.27	7.58
*Eimeria canadensis*	53 (2.58)	(26-37)	(20-27)	Ovoid	Present	Absent	(14-22)	(6-9)
*Eimeria bukidnonensis*	20 (0.97)	39.33	28.33	Piriformis	Present	Absent	19.33	7.67
*Eimeria bukidnonensis*	20 (0.97)	(38-40)	(28-29)	Piriformis	Present	Absent	(19-20)	(7-8)
*Eimeria wyomingensis*	20 (0.97)	38.17	29.33	Piriformis	Present	Absent	17.67	8.33
*Eimeria wyomingensis*	20 (0.97)	(37-40)	(29-30)	Piriformis	Present	Absent	(16-19)	(8-9)
*Eimeria brasiliensis* ^b b Upper limit (Ul) – Lower limit (Ll) were not determined, because only one oocyst of this species was observed in this study.	1 (0.05)	34	22	Ovoid	Present	Present	17	8

Variables	N	positive calves	OR (CI 95%)	p-values
Rearing system
Extensive	81	42 (51.85%)	1.06 (0.65 – 1.74)	0.9829
Semi-intensive	306	154 (50.33%)
Age (months)
≤6	349	183 (52.44%)	2.12 (1.05 – 4.28)	0.0496*
>6	38	13 (34.21%)
Herd size (animals)
≤50	118	73 (61.86%)	1.93 (1.24 – 2.99)	0.0049*
51 to 150	111	62 (55.86%)	1.34 (0.86 – 2.09)	0.2350
> 150	158	61 (38.61%)
Manure pit
Yes	23	03 (13.04%)
No	364	193 (53.02%)	7.52 (2.19 – 25.76)	0.0005*
Collective calf
Yes	367	191 (52.04%)	3.25 (1.15 – 9.14)	0.0335*
No	20	05 (25.00%)
Periodicity of cleaning
Daily	35	05 (14.29%)
Weekly	118	63 (53.39%)	1.17 (0.75 – 1.81)	0.5454
Biweekly	59	47 (79.66%)	4.71 (2.41 – 9.19)	<0.0001*
Monthly	175	81 (46.28%)	0.73 (0.49 – 1.09)	0.1452
Veterinary assistance
Yes	136	51 (37.50%)
No	251	145 (57.77%)	2.28 (1.49 – 3.49)	0.0002*
Milking type
Mechanical	204	85 (41.67%)
Manual	185	111 (60.66%)	2.16 (1.44 – 3.24)	0.0003*

Colégio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinária FCAV/UNESP - Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Zona Rural, , 14884-900 Jaboticabal - SP, Brasil, Fone: (16) 3209-7100 RAMAL 7934 - Jaboticabal - SP - Brazil
E-mail: cbpv_rbpv.fcav@unesp.br

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[1] *Corresponding author: Gílcia Aparecida de Carvalho. E-mail: gilcia.carvalho@ufape.edu.br