Seroepidemiology of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> in domestic cattle, sheep, goats and pigs from São Tomé and Príncipe

Pereira, Daniela Cruz; Dubey, Jitender Pradash; Mata, Alfredo da; Neto, Helda; Cardoso, Luís; Lopes, Ana Patrícia

doi:10.1590/S1984-29612019101

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Original Article • Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet. 29 (1) • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612019101 copy

Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii in domestic cattle, sheep, goats and pigs from São Tomé and Príncipe

Soroepidemiologia de Toxoplasma gondii em bovinos, ovinos, caprinos e suínos domésticos de São Tomé e Príncipe

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Despite the global importance of the zoonotic parasite Toxoplasma gondii, little is known regarding its infection in the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe (DRSTP). This is the first report of antibodies to T. gondii in cattle, sheep, goats and pigs from the DRSTP. Antibodies were assessed by the modified agglutination test (MAT), with a cut-off titer of 100 for cattle and 20 for sheep, goats and pigs. The present study revealed an overall seroprevalence of 55.8%; 27.1% in 48 cattle, 68.4% in 98 sheep, 70.1% in 97 goats and 43.7% in 103 pigs. The south geographical area for cattle, the central area for sheep, and adult age and living in the central region for goats were found to be risk factors for seropositivity to T. gondii. These results support the scenario of a considerable presence of sporulated oocysts as well as of infected intermediate hosts in the local environment. Consumption of raw or undercooked meat should be considered as an important potential source of infection for animals and humans in the DRSTP.

Keywords:
Livestock; modified agglutination test; seroprevalence; toxoplasmosis

	Animals tested (n)	Relative distribution (%)	MAT-positive (n)	Prevalence (%)	95% CI
Gender
Female	45	93.8	11	24.4	12.9-39.5
Male	3	6.2	2	66.7	9.4-99.2
				p = 0.174
Age group
Juvenile	12	25.0	5	41.7	15.2-72.3
Adult	36	75.0	8	22.2	10.1-39.1
				p = 0.263
Breed
Mixed	46	95.8	13	28.3	16.0-43.5
Defined	2	4.2	0	0.0	0.0-84.2
				p = 1.000
Geographical area
North	30	62.5	3	10.0a	2.1-26.5
Center	4	8.3	0	0.0	0.0-60.2
South	14	29.2	10	71.4^a p = NA	41.9-91.6
Total	48	13.9	13	27.1	15.3-41.8

	Animals tested (n)	Relative distribution (%)	MAT-positive (n)	Prevalence (%)	95% CI
Gender
Female	74	75.5	59	79.7	68.8-88.2
Male	24	24.5	8	33.3	15.6-55.3
				p < 0.001
Age group
Juvenile	19	19.4	7	36.8	16.3-61.6
Adult	79	80.6	60	75.9	65.0-84.9
				p = 0.003
Geographical area
North	52	53.1	30	57.7a	43.2- 1.3
Center	33	33.7	31	93.9^a,b	79.8-99.3
South	13	13.3	6	46.2b	19.2-74.9
				p = 0.001
Total	98	28.3	67	68.4	58.2-77.4

	Animals tested (n)	Relative distribution (%)	MAT-positive (n)	Prevalence (%)	95% CI
Gender
Female	67	69.1	51	76.1	64.1-85.7
Male	30	30.9	17	56.7	37.4-74.5
				p = 0.090
Age group
Juvenile	23	23.7	8	34.8	16.4-57.3
Adult	74	76.3	60	81.1	70.3-89.2
				p < 0.001
Geographical area
North	43	44.3	24	55.8a	39.9-70.9
Center	27	27.8	24	88.9^a	70.8-97.6
South	27	27.8	20	74.1	53.7-88.9
				p < 0,001
Total	97	29.8	68	70.1	60.0-79.0

	Animals tested (n)	Relative distribution (%)	MAT-positive (n)	Prevalence (%)	95% CI
Gender
Female	50	48.5	21	42.0	28.2-56.8
Male	53	51.5	24	45.3	31.6-59.5
				p = 0.891
Age group
Juvenile	25	24.3	15	60.0	38.7-78.9
Adult	78	75.7	30	38.5	27.7-50.2
				p = 0.097
Breed
Mixed	90	87.4	37	41.1	30.8-52.0
Defined	13	12.6	8	61.5	31.6-86.1
				p = 0.276
Geographical area
North	42	40.8	19	45.2	29.8-61.3
Center	20	19.4	10	50.0	27.2-72.8
South	41	39.8	16	39.0	24.2-55.5
				p = 0.695
Total	103	29.8	45	43.7	33.9-53.8

	Seroprevalence (%)	OR	95% CI
Cattle (n = 48)
Geographical area
North	10.0	1 (Ref.)
Center	0.0	0.0 (p = 0.999)	0.0-0.0
South	71.4	22.5 (p < 0.001)	4.3-118.8
Sheep (n = 98)
Geographical area
North	57.7	1 (Ref.)
Center	93.9	11.4 (p = 0.002)	2.5-52.6
South	46.2	0.6 (p = 0.456)	0.2-2.1
Goats (n = 97)
Age group
Juvenile	34.8	1 (Ref.)
Adult	81.1	6.7 (p = 0.001)	2.3-19.6
Geographical area
North	55.8	1 (Ref.)
Center	88.9	4.4 (p = 0.040)	1.1-18.0
South	74.1	2.3 (p = 0.158)	0.7-7.2

Colégio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinária FCAV/UNESP - Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Zona Rural, , 14884-900 Jaboticabal - SP, Brasil, Fone: (16) 3209-7100 RAMAL 7934 - Jaboticabal - SP - Brazil
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[1] *Corresponding author: Luís Cardoso. E-mail: lcardoso@utad.pt