Nematoide Gnathostomatidae parasito de <i>Colomesus psittacus</i> (Osteichthyes, Tetraodontiformes) na Ilha de Marajó, Amazônia Brasileira

Pinheiro, Raul Henrique da Silva; Santana, Ricardo Luís Sousa; Melo, Francisco Tiago Vasconcelos; Santos, Jeannie Nascimento dos; Giese, Elane Guerreiro

doi:10.1590/S1984-29612017047

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Original Article • Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet. 26 (3) • Jul-Sep 2017 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612017047 copiar

Nematoide Gnathostomatidae parasito de Colomesus psittacus (Osteichthyes, Tetraodontiformes) na Ilha de Marajó, Amazônia Brasileira

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumo

O gênero Gnasthostoma é composto por 17 espécies, sendo reportado o caráter zoonótico para algumas. Este trabalho descreve a presença de nematoide da família Gnathostomatidae, parasito do trato digestório de Colomesus psittacus, na Ilha de Marajó, Amazônia oriental brasileira, transportados para o laboratório, necropsiados os helmintos colhidos e fixados. Dos 30 animais analisadas 16,67% estavam parasitados por nematoides. As larvas de nematoides foram encontradas encistadas na serosa intestinal, apresentam na região anterior dois lábios com duas papilas cada, bulbo cefálico armado de 6 fileiras de espinhos descontínuos, quatro sacos cervicais, esôfago claviforme, estrias cuticulares ao longo do corpo, abertura anal simples, cauda curta, terminando em um mucron. A junção de todos esses caracteres morfológicos, são características diagnósticas para gênero Gnathostoma. Os indivíduos adultos são parasitos de estômago de mamíferos carnívoros e raramente de peixes, porém peixes, anfíbios, répteis e aves atuam como hospedeiros intermediários das larvas (L3) e o homem pode atuar como hospedeiro acidental.

Palavras-chave:
Gnasthostoma; parasitismo; estuário; baiacu

Character	*Third-stage larvae of Gnathostoma* spp.**
Character	Gnathostoma sp.	*G. binucleatum*	*G. turgidum*	*G. spinigerum*	*G. procyonis*	*G. lamothei*
Hosts—larvae	Colomesus psittacus	Oreochromis aureus	Lithobates zweifeli	Channa argus	Poecilia spp.	Poeciliopsis gracilis
Hosts—adults	-	Felis pardalis	Didelphis spp.	Felis tigris	Natrix rhombifera	Procyon lotor hernandezii
Type locality	Pará, Brazil	México	USA	Japan	Procyon l. lotor USA	México
Author	-	Almeyda-Artigas (1991)Almeyda-Artigas RJ. Hallazgo de Gnathostoma binucleatum n. sp. (Nematoda: Spirurida) en felinos silvestres y el papel de peces dulceacuícolas y oligohalinos como vectores de la Gnatostomiasis humana en la cuenca baja del Río Papaloapan, Oaxaca- Veracruz, México. An Inst Cienc del Mar y Limnol Univ Nac Autón Mex 1991; 18(2): 37-155.	Mosqueda-Cabrera et al. (2009)Mosqueda-Cabrera MA, Sanchez Miranda E, Calderon LC, Najera HEO. Finding advanced third-stage larvae of Gnathostoma turgidum Stossich, 1902 in Mexico from natural and experimental host and contributions to the life cycle description. Parasitol Res 2009; 104(5): 1219-1225. PMid:19130085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-008-1318-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-008-131...	Miyazaki (1954)Miyazaki I. Studies on Gnathostoma occurring in Japan (Nematoda: Gnathostomatidae). II. Life history of Gnathostoma and morphological comparison of its larval forms. Kyushu Mem Med Sci 1954; 5(2): 123-139.	Ash (1960Ash LR. Life cycle studies on Gnathostoma procyonis Chandler, 1942, a nematode parasite of the raccoon. J Parasitol 1960; 46(5): 37., 1962Ash LR. Development of Gnathostoma procyonis Chandler, 1942, in the first and second intermediate hosts. J Parasitol 1962; 48(2): 298-305. PMid:13862797. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3275591. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3275591... )	Bertoni-Ruiz et al. (2005)Bertoni-Ruiz F, García-Prieto L, Osorio-Sarabia D, León-Règagnon V. A new species of Gnathostoma (Nematoda: Gnathostomatidae) in Procyon lotor hernandezii from Mexico. J Parasitol 2005; 91(5): 1143-1149. PMid:16419762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-516R.1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-516R.1...
Length (mm) ^* * Measurements in micrometers unless indicated. The parameter number of buds is given in amplitude;	12 (10-14)	4.3 (2.6-5.9)	1.67 (1.53-2)	5 (4.6-5.5)	5.2 (4.6-5.9)	4.48 (3.58-5.09)
Width	415 (333-480)	320 (310-320) ^a a From García-Márquez et al. (2009), based on measurements of three AdvL3 of Gnathostoma found in the skeletal muscle of one specimen of Dormitator latifrons and five found in one specimen of Sciades guatemalensis; both fish specimens were from the Cuyutlán Lagoon;	140 (134.6-160.4)	366 (250-425) ^b b From Chai et al. (2015), based on measurements of 401 advanced third-stage larvae in Asian swamp eels (Monopterus albus) purchased from central Myanmar;	342 (283-382)	288.7 (236.6-318.2)
Cephalic bulb (L) ^ Abbreviations: L: length, W: width, Oe: esophagus;	313 (277-387)	120 (110-130) ^a a From García-Márquez et al. (2009), based on measurements of three AdvL3 of Gnathostoma found in the skeletal muscle of one specimen of Dormitator latifrons and five found in one specimen of Sciades guatemalensis; both fish specimens were from the Cuyutlán Lagoon;	46.6 (36.7-65)	93 (75-115) ^b b From Chai et al. (2015), based on measurements of 401 advanced third-stage larvae in Asian swamp eels (Monopterus albus) purchased from central Myanmar;	180 ^e e From Ash (1962) based on measurements of 15 fully developed third-stage larvae collected from the muscles of Natrix rhombifera in Louisiana, USA.	84 (69.36-106.08)
Cephalic bulb (W) ^ Abbreviations: L: length, W: width, Oe: esophagus;	340 (293-386)	240 (230-250) ^a a From García-Márquez et al. (2009), based on measurements of three AdvL3 of Gnathostoma found in the skeletal muscle of one specimen of Dormitator latifrons and five found in one specimen of Sciades guatemalensis; both fish specimens were from the Cuyutlán Lagoon;	110 (97.9-118.3)	221 (165-250) ^b b From Chai et al. (2015), based on measurements of 401 advanced third-stage larvae in Asian swamp eels (Monopterus albus) purchased from central Myanmar;	200 ^e e From Ash (1962) based on measurements of 15 fully developed third-stage larvae collected from the muscles of Natrix rhombifera in Louisiana, USA.	188 (167.28-216.24)
I row	35 (30-40)	39 (35-44)	30.8 (26-34)	44 (39-49)	32.70 (29-36)	339.33 (34-44)
II row	39 (36-42)	42 (38-47)	34 (29-38)	47 (42-54)	36.60 (32-40)	43.27 (38-47)
III row	40 (36-42)	45 (40-49)	36.7 (29-43)	50 (45-56)	41 (37-45)	44.20 (40-48)
IV row	37 (32-40)	48 (43-52)	39.6 (33-42)	52 (45-58)	45 (42-47)	47.33 (45-58)
V row	35 (30-38)	-	-	-	-	-
VI row	33 (26-38)	-	-	-	-	-
VI-I row	2	-	-	-	-	-
Rows in the body	-	271 (242-285)	188.6 (182-202)	244 (225-256) ^d d From Koga et al. (1994) based on measurements of eight advanced third-stage larvae from naturally infected eels, Fluta alba, from Thailand;	-	227 (137-258)
I Cervical sac (mm) ^* * Measurements in micrometers unless indicated. The parameter number of buds is given in amplitude;	1 (1.18-1.84)	0.7 (0.6-0.8) ^a a From García-Márquez et al. (2009), based on measurements of three AdvL3 of Gnathostoma found in the skeletal muscle of one specimen of Dormitator latifrons and five found in one specimen of Sciades guatemalensis; both fish specimens were from the Cuyutlán Lagoon;			-	0.045-0.063
II Cervical sac (mm) ^* * Measurements in micrometers unless indicated. The parameter number of buds is given in amplitude;			0.350 (0.302-0.435)	0.574 (0.330-0.750) ^b b From Chai et al. (2015), based on measurements of 401 advanced third-stage larvae in Asian swamp eels (Monopterus albus) purchased from central Myanmar;
III Cervical sac (mm) ^* * Measurements in micrometers unless indicated. The parameter number of buds is given in amplitude;				0.43 ^c c From Jung et al. (2008) based on measurements of an advanced third-stage larva of G. spinigerum recovered from the muscle of a snakehead fish;
IV Cervical sac (mm) ^* * Measurements in micrometers unless indicated. The parameter number of buds is given in amplitude;
Deirid ^* ***** Location of deirid and excretory pore in relation to transverse rows of corporal spines;	-	14 ^a a From García-Márquez et al. (2009), based on measurements of three AdvL3 of Gnathostoma found in the skeletal muscle of one specimen of Dormitator latifrons and five found in one specimen of Sciades guatemalensis; both fish specimens were from the Cuyutlán Lagoon;	11.7 (10-14)	14 (11-16) ^d d From Koga et al. (1994) based on measurements of eight advanced third-stage larvae from naturally infected eels, Fluta alba, from Thailand;	13.5 (11-16)	11.73 (10-14)
Excretory pore ^* ***** Location of deirid and excretory pore in relation to transverse rows of corporal spines;	-	30 ^a a From García-Márquez et al. (2009), based on measurements of three AdvL3 of Gnathostoma found in the skeletal muscle of one specimen of Dormitator latifrons and five found in one specimen of Sciades guatemalensis; both fish specimens were from the Cuyutlán Lagoon;	19.7 (15-22)	25 (22-28) ^d d From Koga et al. (1994) based on measurements of eight advanced third-stage larvae from naturally infected eels, Fluta alba, from Thailand;	24.3 (19-27)	23.07 (20-29)
Nerve ring	260 (167-337)	-	-	-	-	-
Muscular oe. (L) ^ Abbreviations: L: length, W: width, Oe: esophagus;	313 (277-387)	1.22 (1.22-1.23) ^a a From García-Márquez et al. (2009), based on measurements of three AdvL3 of Gnathostoma found in the skeletal muscle of one specimen of Dormitator latifrons and five found in one specimen of Sciades guatemalensis; both fish specimens were from the Cuyutlán Lagoon;	648 (579.4-722.2)	1,025 (0.630-1,220) ^b b From Chai et al. (2015), based on measurements of 401 advanced third-stage larvae in Asian swamp eels (Monopterus albus) purchased from central Myanmar; /800^c	1,200 (1,000-1,400)	970.8 (889.4-1,162.8)
Muscular oe. (W) ^ Abbreviations: L: length, W: width, Oe: esophagus;	340 (293-386)	200 (190-210) ^a a From García-Márquez et al. (2009), based on measurements of three AdvL3 of Gnathostoma found in the skeletal muscle of one specimen of Dormitator latifrons and five found in one specimen of Sciades guatemalensis; both fish specimens were from the Cuyutlán Lagoon;	80.8 (69.4-85.7)	-	124 (109-142)	117 (97.9-134.6)
Tail	175 (100-216)	-	29.2 (24.4-40.8)	-	70 ^e e From Ash (1962) based on measurements of 15 fully developed third-stage larvae collected from the muscles of Natrix rhombifera in Louisiana, USA.	59.16 (36.72-75.44)
Reference	From this study	Almeyda-Artigas (1991)Almeyda-Artigas RJ. Hallazgo de Gnathostoma binucleatum n. sp. (Nematoda: Spirurida) en felinos silvestres y el papel de peces dulceacuícolas y oligohalinos como vectores de la Gnatostomiasis humana en la cuenca baja del Río Papaloapan, Oaxaca- Veracruz, México. An Inst Cienc del Mar y Limnol Univ Nac Autón Mex 1991; 18(2): 37-155.	Stossich (1902)Stossich M. Sopra alcuni nematodi della collezione elmintogica del Prof. Dott. Corrado Parona. Boll Mus Zool Anat Comp Genova 1902; 116: 1-16.	Miyazaki (1954)Miyazaki I. Studies on Gnathostoma occurring in Japan (Nematoda: Gnathostomatidae). II. Life history of Gnathostoma and morphological comparison of its larval forms. Kyushu Mem Med Sci 1954; 5(2): 123-139.	Chandler (1942)Chandler AC. The helminths of raccoons in east Texas. J Parasitol 1942; 28(4): 255-268. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3272963. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3272963...	Gaspar-Navarro et al. (2013)Gaspar-Navarro J, Almeyda-Artigas RJ, Sánchez-Miranda E, Carranza-Calderón L, Mosqueda-Cabrera MÁ. Description of advanced third-stage larvae of Gnathostoma lamothei Bertoni-Ruiz et al. 2005 (Nematoda: Gnathostomatidae) from experimental hosts and contributions to its life cycle. Parasitol Res 2013; 112(1): 169-175. PMid:23007726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-012-3122-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-012-312...

^*
Measurements in micrometers unless indicated. The parameter number of buds is given in amplitude;
^**
Abbreviations: L: length, W: width, Oe: esophagus;
^***
Location of deirid and excretory pore in relation to transverse rows of corporal spines;
^a
From García-Márquez et al. (2009)García-Márquez LJ, Lamothe-Argumedo R, Osorio-Sarabia D, García-Prieto L, León-Regagnon V. Morphological and molecular identification of Gnathostoma binucleatum (Nematoda: Gnathostomatidae) advanced third stage larvae (AdvL3) in the state of Colima, Mexico. Rev Mex Biodivers 2009; 80(3): 867-870., based on measurements of three AdvL3 of Gnathostoma found in the skeletal muscle of one specimen of Dormitator latifrons and five found in one specimen of Sciades guatemalensis; both fish specimens were from the Cuyutlán Lagoon;
^b
From Chai et al. (2015)Chai JY, Sohn WM, Na BK, Park JB, Jeoung HG, Hoang EH, et al. Larval Gnathostoma spinigerum detected in Asian swamp eels, Monopterus albus, purchased from a local market in Yangon, Myanmar. Korean J Parasitol 2015; 53(5): 619-625. PMid:26537042. http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.5.619.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.5.... , based on measurements of 401 advanced third-stage larvae in Asian swamp eels (Monopterus albus) purchased from central Myanmar;
^c
From Jung et al. (2008)Jung BK, Lee JJ, Pyo KH, Kim HJ, Jeong HG, Yoon CH, et al. Detection of Gnathostoma spinigerum third-stage larvae in snakeheads purchased from a central part of Myanmar. Korean J Parasitol 2008; 46(4): 285-288. PMid:19127338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.4.285.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.4.... based on measurements of an advanced third-stage larva of G. spinigerum recovered from the muscle of a snakehead fish;
^d
From Koga et al. (1994)Koga M, Akahane H, Ishii Y, Kojima S. External morphology of the advanced third-stage larvae of Gnathostoma spinigerum: A scanning electron microscopy. Kisechugaku Zasshi 1994; 43: 23-29. based on measurements of eight advanced third-stage larvae from naturally infected eels, Fluta alba, from Thailand;
^e
From Ash (1962)Ash LR. Development of Gnathostoma procyonis Chandler, 1942, in the first and second intermediate hosts. J Parasitol 1962; 48(2): 298-305. PMid:13862797. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3275591.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3275591... based on measurements of 15 fully developed third-stage larvae collected from the muscles of Natrix rhombifera in Louisiana, USA.

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[1] *Corresponding author: Elane Guerreiro Giese. Laboratório de Histologia e Embriologia Animal, Instituto da Saúde e Produção Animal, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia – UFRA, Av. Perimetral, 2501, Terra Firme, CEP 66077-830, Belém, PA, Brasil. e-mail: elane.giese@ufra.edu.br