The HTLV-1 was the first human retrovirus associated with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (LLTA). The virus also causes a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system named HTLV-1-associated myelopathy or tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). HTLV-1 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases, such as diabetes, multiple sclerosis, infective dermatitis, uveitis and arthropathy. It has long been suggested that retroviral infection may play a role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Particles resembling retroviruses have been reported in tissue from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Sjögren’s syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and polymyositis. Sjögren’s syndrome and RA have been the most frequent rheumatic diseases in patients infected with HTLV-1, being more prevalent in patients with myelopathy. The high prevalence of Sjögren’s syndrome and RA in individuals with myelopathy, suggests that the viral burden and exacerbated inflammatory response may play a role not only in the development of myelopathy, but may also influence the outcome of autoimmune rheumatic diseases.
HTLV-1; rheumatic diseases; autoimmune diseases