There is strong evidence on influence of sexual hormones in the immunity and development of autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), in which particularly the abnormalities observed during pregnancy could play a critical role on SLE manifestations during this period. Prolactin, a pituitary hormone with increased serum levels during pregnancy and puerperium, as well as its high molecular weight isoform, the macroprolactin, has been shown to be elevated in SLE, with correlation to disease activity. However, much about the mechanisms of this association is still unknown and more studies are necessary to further understand of the influence of hormonal alterations in SLE presentation and flare-up.
systemic lupus erythematosus; prolactin; macroprolactin; pregnancy