Impact of ethanol spill on groundwater – Field test

ABSTRACT

The increased use of ethanol as pure fuel or blended with gasoline has been causing concerns regarding possible impacts in case of spills. One of the most discussed points is associated with the infiltration of ethanol and its subsurface distribution. A field experiment with the controlled release of 200 L of a mixture containing 85% (v/v) ethanol and 15% (v/v) gasoline (E85) in the unsaturated zone, 1.60 m above water table, was performed in Florianopolis in order to investigate ethanol transfer to the saturated zone, in a region with high rainfall and water table fluctuations. Ethanol, bromide (used as a tracer), acetate and methane samples were collected at depths from 2 to 6 m during a period of 3 years. The elevated rainfall and the frequent fluctuations of the water table level directly affected the migration of ethanol and bromide from the vadose zone to the groundwater. During 3 years, the presence of ethanol and its metabolite byproducts until 18 m away from the source, and at the depths evaluated showed that it migrated vertically and horizontally, respectively. These results indicate that in regions with elevated rainfalls and significant fluctuation in water table level, ethanol can be drained to the groundwater, and reach zones far from the source through advective and dispersive transport. Thus, in subsurface spills, the possible presence of ethanol in the plume with aromatic compounds of gasoline, can have a different environmental impact on groundwater from that observed in regions with lower rainfall.

Keywords:
Spills; Ethanol; Groundwater