Effects of elective cesarean sections on perinatal outcomes and care practices

Abstract

Objectives:

to verify the effects of elective cesarean sections on perinatal outcomes and care practices, as compared to vaginal deliveries.

Methods:

cohort study with 591 mothers and their babies, developed in a medium-sized city in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Data were collected from hospital records and by interviews at the neonatal screening unit in the city from July 2015 to February 2016. Data regarding childbirth, newborns, sociodemography, and current gestational history were obtained from each mother. The associations of interest were evaluated with Cox regression analyses adjusted for the covariates identified through the results of bivariate analyses presenting a statistical significance level ofp<0.20. In adjusted analyzes, relationships were considered significant ifp<0.05, with relative risk being considered as the measure of effect.

Results:

if compared to women who had vaginal deliveries, those who were submitted to elective cesarean sections were at a higher risk of not having skin-to-skin contact with their babies in the delivery room, of not breastfeeding in the first hour of life, and of having their babies hospitalized in a neonatal unit.

Conclusions:

reducing the number of elective cesarean sections is essential to foster good neonatal care practices and reduce negative neonatal outcomes.

Key words:
Childbirth; Cesarean section; Elective surgical procedures; Morbidity; Newborns

Resumo

Objetivos:

verificar os efeitos da cesárea eletiva, em comparação ao parto vaginal, sobre os desfechos perinatais e práticas de cuidado.

Métodos:

estudo de coorte com 591 mães e seus bebês, desenvolvido em município do interior paulista. Os dados foram coletados do prontuário hospitalar e por entrevista na unidade de triagem neonatal do município, de julho de 2015 a fevereiro de 2016. Foram obtidos dados relativos ao parto, ao recém-nascido, à sociodemografia e à história gestacional atual. As associações de interesse foram avaliadas com análises de regressão de Cox ajustadas para as covariáveis identificadas, considerando-se para tal, resultados de análises bivariadas que apresentaram significância estatística em nível dep<0,20. Nas análises ajustadas, relações foram consideradas significativas se p<0,05, tendo como medida de efeito o risco relativo.

Resultados:

mulheres submetidas à cesárea eletiva, em comparação àquelas que tiveram parto vaginal, apresentaram maior risco de não terem contato pele a pele com seus bebês na sala de parto, de não amamentarem na primeira hora de vida e de terem seus bebês internados em unidade neonatal.

Conclusões:

reduzir a taxa de cesárea eletiva é fundamental para que haja aumento na frequência de boas práticas de cuidado neonatal e redução de desfechos neonatais negativos.

Palavras-chave:
Parto; Cesárea; Procedimentos cirúrgicos eletivos; Morbidade; Recém-nascido

Introduction

Cesarean delivery has been very frequent for Brazilian women, especially among those with better socioeconomic conditions. This occurs even in situations where there is no maternal or fetal situation calling for such a procedure. As it is related to better financial conditions, the population, in general, has related this procedure to a supposed superior standard of care.¹

Studies relating cesarean sections to an increased risk of maternal and child morbidity and mortality are found throughout the scientific literature. However, there is no proper discrimination between the outcomes related to indicated cesarean sections and elective cesarean sections.^2,3

Considering cesarean sections in general, there is evidence of their association with adverse perinatal outcomes, such as the occurrence of prematurity, low birth weights, higher risk of needing a resuscitation, 5-minute Apgar scores of less than seven, delayed skin-to-skin contact, longer hospital stays, and a higher risk of hospitalization in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (ICU), Intermediate Care Units (IMCU) or Special Care Units, among others. ^4-8

Adverse perinatal outcomes often result from the gestational age when the option for an elective cesarean section occurs. According to the literature, elective cesarean sections taking place between 37 and 38 weeks of gestational age is a frequent practice. ⁹ However, research shows that compared to those performed after the 39^th week of pregnancy, they have more adverse perinatal results, such as an increased risk of death, respiratory disorders, hospitalization in a special unit and longer hospital stays. ¹⁰

There is still not enough evidence to point out the relationship of birth weight with elective cesarean sections. Studies carried out in different contexts have found no association between cesarean deliveries and low birth weight. ^11,12 However, some investigations have reported an association between cesarean deliveries and newborns with low birth weight. ^13,14

Divergences in the literature have also been found regarding Apgar scores. A national study presented a result showing a decreasing trend in babies' vitality immediately after cesarean section births, ⁴ while an international study revealed that babies born by cesarean section may have low vitality depending on the gestational age at which the surgical procedure takes place. ⁹

Regarding skin-to-skin contact, it is known that it should be stimulated from the first minutes of life due to the physiological and psychosocial benefits that this practice brings to the mother-baby bino-mial. ¹⁵ However, babies born by cesarean section are less likely to have this moment respected: when indicated, most of the time, there is a need for immediate interventions for the establishment of extrauterine life and, when elective, there may be limitations for both mothers and newborns, hindering this process, which can lead to negative consequences for both. ⁵

Among other negative consequences related to cesarean sections, the late start of breastfeeding stands out. National and international studies have found similar results regarding this outcome: the likelihood of starting breastfeeding in the first hour of life is greater for babies born by vaginal delivery when compared to those born by cesarean section. Some of these studies distinguished between elective and indicated cesarean sections^16,17 and others did not. ^5,18

As for the risk of hospitalization, a Brazilian study identified that the average length of time the newborn was hospitalized in cesarean deliveries was longer when compared to those born through vaginal deliveries. ¹¹ Furthermore, according to a global survey by the World Health Organization (WHO), the risk of hospitalization in neonatal Intensive Care Units (ICU) was higher for babies born by cesarean section. ¹⁹

This study is proposed considering the context of the current cesarean “epidemic” in many countries and the controversies regarding the perinatal results due to elective cesarean sections. The hypothesis that elective cesarean sections lead to negative effects will be tested separately on recommended neonatal care practices and the baby in the perinatal period and compared to the effects of vaginal deliveries. The objective is to verify the effect of elective cesarean sections, as compared to vaginal deliveries, on perinatal outcomes (gestational age at birth less than or equal to 38 weeks, birth weight less than 2,500g, 5-minute Apgar scores of less than seven, risk of admission to a Neonatal Intermediate Care Unit - NIMCU or Intensive Care Unit - ICU and length of stay) and care practices (absence of skin-to-skin contact in the delivery room and absence of breastfeeding in the first hour of life).

Methods

This study is a part of the CLaB survey (Botucatu Infant Cohort). CLaB followed a cohort of mothers and their newborns until they reached one year of age and, for most of the outcomes of interest (infant growth, infant morbidity, maternal weight retention, among others), it has a prospective design. However, for this article, where the relationship between being born by elective cesarean section (compared to vaginal births) and the risk of immediate postnatal outcomes was analyzed, the design is based on a historical cohort. The data related to the type of delivery, which allowed their classification into elective cesarean sections or vaginal deliveries (exposure variable), and the outcomes were collected from the medical records where the delivery took place and the chronology is known, as the delivery always precedes the outcomes relative to newborns and the medical records are filled out immediately after events occur.

The municipality of Botucatu is located in the south-central region of the state of São Paulo and had an estimated population of 144,820 in the year 2018.²⁰ Concerning the city's primary care network for newborns, it has eight traditional basic care units and¹² family health units which have 15 teams and a neonatal screening unit, responsible for providing care to all children born in the municipality during their first month of life. ²¹

The cohort of the present study was composed of all the babies that were born in the two maternity hospitals (one public and one private) in the municipality from July 2015 to February 2016, as well as their mothers. Infants in the cohort underwent medical or nursing consultation at the neonatal screening unit were within the inclusion criteria of the research; their mothers were invited and agreed to participate in the study (totaling 650 mothers and 656 babies). The follow-up was completed in February 2017.

The only eligibility criterion adopted for the CLaB cohort was living in the urban area of the municipality of Botucatu. For the present study, binomials (newborns and their mothers) whose route of birth was classified as indicated cesarean section, twins, and those who did not complete follow-up were excluded. Therefore, the cohort studied was composed of 591 binomials, after the exclusion of six pairs of twins (12 babies), 43 infants born through indicated cesarean sections, and 10 binomials with incomplete data.

Births that did not meet any of the criteria for indicated cesarean delivery as set out by the National Commission for the Incorporation of Technologies for the Unified Health System (CONITEC -Portuguese acronym) were classified as elective cesarean sections. These include the presence of a breach, placenta praevia, low-lying placenta or placenta accreta, HIV, iterativity, and genital herpes with active lesions. These criteria have been recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health since 2016.22

Data collection was carried out by a duly trained and supervised team made up of 19 people, including a nutrition student, a graduate nursing student, and technical training scholarship holders from the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP). The interviewers were properly trained and supervised to guarantee the quality of data.

To answer the objectives of this study, data collected from the maternity records were used, complemented by data obtained through a face-to-face interview with the mothers, carried out at the neonatal screening unit in the city. From the maternity records, data collected were related to childbirth, birth, and hospitalization period of the binomial. Through interviews, sociodemographic data, and maternal gestational history were obtained, as described in Table 1.

Table 1
Study variables and data source regarding types of delivery and perinatal outcomes. Botucatu, 2017.

Variables	Data source
Independentvariables
- Types of delivery (vaginal delivery and elective cesarean section)	Medical Records
Outcomes
- Not having skin to skin contact at birth (yes / no)	Interview
- No breastfeeding in the first hour of life (yes / no)	Medical Records
- Gestational age at birth ≤38 weeks (yes/no)	Medical Records
- Birth weight <2,500g (yes/no)	Medical Records
- Hospitalization in an Intensive Care Unit/Intermediate Care Unit (yes/no)	Medical Records
- 5-minute Apgar score of <7 (yes/no)	Medical Records
- Length of hospital stay (days)	Medical Records
Covariates
- Maternal age at delivery of ≤19 years old (yes/no)	Interview
- Maternal schooling below eight years(yes/no)	Interview
- Family income per capita below one minimum wage (yes/no)	Interview
- Non-white maternal skin color (yes/no)	Interview
- Mother does not live with a partner (yes/no)	Interview
- Mother does not have paid work (yes/no)	Interview
- Unplanned pregnancy (yes/no)	Interview
- Childbirth not performed by the SUS (yes/no)	Interview

• SUS= Sistema Único de Saúde (Unified Health System).

The instruments for data collection and recording were built by the researchers and tested in a pilot study to adjust questions that could present difficulties. To identify the family income per capita, the family's total income in Brazilian real was obtained and divided by the number of people dependent on this income. The classification was then carried out considering the value of the national minimum wage in January 2016.

The quality of the interviews was verified, via telephone, in a random sample of 5% of the participants through re-interviews conducted by field supervisors. Databases were checked, inconsistencies were verified in the questionnaires, and then corrections were made.

Initially, a bivariate analysis was performed between the type of delivery and the outcomes and covariables. Gross relative risks (RR) were estimated, with a 95% confidence interval (CI95%), using Cox regression models. The covariables that showed an association with a level of statistical significance of less than 0.20 were included in the multiple regression models due to their potential confounding effect in relation to the associations under investigation. The relationships between type of delivery and perinatal outcomes considered in this study were then assessed using multivariate Cox regression models. Relationships were considered significant if p<0.05, and the analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 21.0.

Following national and international guidelines for research with human beings, this project was submitted to and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Botucatu College of Medicine skin contact as soon as they are born. Also independently, babies born via elective cesarean section are at greater risk (approximately twice as high) of not being breastfed in the first hour of life when compared to those born via vaginal delivery (Table 4). The need for admission to an ICU/IMCU was also assessed. It was found that the risk increases approximately two times for those born by elective cesarean section (Table 5); 65% of the children who needed to be hospitalized in these units presented changes in their respiratory pattern (data not shown in table).

Table 2
Sociodemographic characteristics of mothers, prenatal care, delivery, postpartum, and newborn according to the type of delivery (vaginal or elective cesarean section). Botucatu, 2015-2016.

Variables	Vaginal delivery (n=303)		Elective cesarean section (n=289)		p *	RR (CI95%)
	n	%	n	%
Age (years)
up to 19	58	63.0	34	37.0	0.076	0.72 (0.50-1.03)
≥20	245	49.0	255	51.0		1
Maternal schooling (passed years)
Up to 7	37	69.8	16	30.2	0.043	0.59 (0.36-0.98)
≥8	266	49.4	273	50.6		1
Skin Color
Non-white	130	57.0	98	43.0	0.129	0.83 (0.65-1.05)
White	173	47.5	191	52.5		1
Mother lives with a partner
No	47	65.3	25	34.7	0.080	0.69 (0.46-1.04)
Yes	256	49.2	264	50.8		1
Maternal paidwork
No	158	62.7	94	37.3	<0.001	0.65 (0.50-0.83)
Yes	145	42.6	195	57.4		1
Family income per capita (minimum wage)
Up to 1	264	62.6	158	37.4	<0.001	0.49 (0.39-0.63)
> 1	39	22.9	131	77.1		1
Planned pregnancy
No	179	57.6	132	42.4	0.021	0.76 (0.60-0.96)
Yes	124	44.1	157	55.9		1
Childbirth not performed by the SUS
Yes	23	11.7	173	88.3	<0.001	3.02 (2.39-3.82)
No	280	70.7	116	29.3		1
GA at infant's birth of ≤38 weeks
Yes	100	38.9	157	61.1	<0.001	1.55 (1.23-1.96)
No	203	60.6	132	39.4		1
No skin to skin contact at birth
Yes	13	6.9	176	93.1	<0.001	3.31 (2.62-4.19)
No	289	71.9	113	28.1		1
No breastfeeding in the first hour of life
Yes	50	24.5	154	75.5	<0.001	2.16 (1.72-2.72)
No	252	65.1	135	34.9		1
Birth weight of less than 2,500g
Yes	11	33.3	22	66.7	0,153	1.39 (0.90-2.15)
No	291	52.2	267	47.9		1
ICU/ICMU admission
Yes	19	47.5	21	52.5	0.739	1.08 (0.69-1.68)
No	283	51.4	268	48,6		1

• ^*
  Result of bivariate Cox regression; RR = relative risk; CI95% = 95% confidence interval; GA = gestational age; ICU = Intensive Care Unit/Intermediate Care Unit; SUS= Sistema Único de Saúde (Unified Health System).

Table 3
Result of multiple Cox regression investigating the association between type of delivery and not having skin to skin contact in the delivery room. Botucatu, 2015-2016.

Variable	RR	CI95%	p
Maternal age of 19 years old or less	1.29	0.83-2.01	0.258
Non-white skin color	0.94	0.68-1.30	0.734
Mother does not live with partner	0.82	0.46-1.44	0.497
Mother does not perform paid work	0.92	0.65-1.31	0.665
Maternal education of less than 8 years	1.10	0.60-2.02	0.762
Family income per capita of less than one minimum wage	0.91	0.63-1.30	0.607
Unplanned pregnancy	1.07	0.79-1.45	0.647
Childbirth not performed by the SUS	1.01	0.69-1.50	0.931
Gestational age of the infant at birth of ≤ 38 weeks	0.99	0.71-1.37	0.960
Elective cesarean section	13.74	7.64-24,71	<0.001

• RR = relative risk; CI95% = 95% confidence interval; SUS= Sistema Único de Saúde (Unified Health System).

Table 4
Result of multiple Cox regression investigating the association between type of delivery and lack of breastfeeding in the first hour of life. Botucatu, 2015-2016.

Variable	RR	CI9 5 %	p
Maternal age of 19 years old or less	1.02	0.65-1.60	0.914
Non-white skin color	0.95	0.69-1.29	0.743
Mother does not live with partner	1.14	0.69-1.87	0.598
Mother does not perform paid work	1.04	0.74-1.45	0.828
Maternal education of less than 8 years	0.97	0.53-1.78	0.930
Family income per capita of less than one minimum wage	0.89	0.63-1.26	0.524
Unplanned pregnancy	0.97	0.72-1.30	0.851
Childbirth not performed by the SUS	1.54	1.03-2.30	0.034
Gestational age of the infant at birth of ≤ 38 weeks	1.34	0.98-1.82	0.067
Elective cesarean section	2.29	1.56-3.34	<0.001

• RR = relative risk; CI95% = 95% confidence interval; SUS= Sistema Único de Saúde (Unified Health System).

Table 5
Result of Cox regression investigating the association between type of delivery and need for ICU admission. Botucatu, 2015-2016.

Variable	RR	CI95 %	p
Maternal age of 19 years old or less	1.11	0.49-2.50	0.802
Non-white skin color	1.05	0.55-1.99	0.879
Mother does not live with partner	1.85	0.88-3.88	0.105
Mother does not perform paid work	0.71	0.36-1.40	0.328
Maternal education of less than 8 years	2.12	0.97-4.60	0.058
Family income per capita of less than one minimum wage	0.63	0.23-1.71	0.371
Unplanned pregnancy	1.42	0.72-3.02	0.285
Childbirth not performed by the SUS	0.11	0.03-0.37	<0.001
Gestational age of the infant at birth of ≤ 38 weeks	1.85	0.97-3.52	0.061
Elective cesarean section	2.26	1.18-4.35	0.014

• ICU = Intensive Care Unit; IMCU = Intermediate Care Unit; RR = relative risk; CI95% = 95% confidence interval; SUS=Sistema Único de Saúde (Unified Health System).

Multivariate regression analyzes performed for the following outcomes were not associated with the type of delivery: gestational age of less than or equal to 38 weeks at birth, birth weight of less than 2,500 g, and 5-minute Apgar scores of less than seven. Although babies born by elective cesarean section have longer hospital stays when compared to those born via vaginal delivery, this result did not have clinical significance since the longest period of hospitalization was only half a day (data not shown in table).

Discussion

This study allowed for the identification of adverse perinatal outcomes associated with elective cesarean section in a historical cohort studied in a municipality in the state of São Paulo. Negative effects of elective cesarean sections with clinical significance included a lack of skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding in the first hour of life and a higher risk of admission to an ICU/IMCU.

Babies born via elective cesarean section in the context under study had 13 times more risk of not experiencing skin-to-skin contact with their mothers at birth. This fact deprives them of the countless benefits of this neonatal care practice. The BabyFriendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI), launched in 1990 and revised in 2018, presents, in its fourth step, the importance of promoting uninterrupted skin-to-skin contact immediately after delivery. ²³ This practice is closely related to the success of breastfeeding because when the mother touches the newborn, this leads to a hormonal discharge that favors lactation. Furthermore, it has a positive effect on the blood glucose levels and the cardiorespiratory stability of the newborn. In the medium and long term, it also positively influences the maintenance of the motherchild bond and the duration of breastfeeding. ²⁴

Despite its proven benefits, safety, and the fact that the procedure does not require any financial resources, skin-to-skin contact is still a neglected practice in Brazil. ²⁴ Data in the present study corroborate this statement since 65.8% of babies did not have skin-to-skin contact with their mothers after birth and having an elective cesarean section increased the chances of this outcome.

It was not possible to locate studies on the effects of elective cesarean sections for comparison with the present study, but the scientific literature on cesarean deliveries in general shows similar results: data from a Brazilian survey shows that babies born via cesarean section are significantly more likely to be removed from their mothers at birth when compared to those born through a vaginaldelivery²⁵; a study carried out in a hospital accredited in the Amigo da Criança (Children’s Friend) program in the south of the state of Paraná, whose objective was to analyze factors involved in the practice of skin-to-skin contact, points to cesarean section as one of the main obstacles to the practice. ²⁶

Breastfeeding in the first hour of life, the success of which is closely related to skin-to-skin contact, was also more frequent for babies born via vaginal delivery. Among the babies who were breastfed in their first hour of life, 65.2% were born vaginally while 34.8% were born by elective cesarean section. The risk of not breastfeeding in the first hour was twice as high for those born via elective cesarean section compared to those born by vaginal delivery.

Breastfeeding in the first hour of life provides a protective effect on neonatal mortality. A study developed by researchers from the University of Rio de Janeiro in partnership with Yale University, with secondary data from 67 countries, showed that the lowest breastfeeding tertiles in the first hour of life presented a rate of infant mortality 24% higher than other babies.²⁷

The evidence presents data that corroborates the results of this investigation on breastfeeding in the first hour of life. A cross-sectional study carried out in maternity hospitals in Rio de Janeiro shows that breastfeeding at that time was less prevalent among babies born by cesarean section. ²⁸ A systematic review suggests that cesarean section is the most consistent risk factor for lack of breastfeeding in the first hour of life. ²⁹

In this sense, it can be said that babies born by elective cesarean section are less exposed to skin-to-skin contact with their mothers, which results in an increased risk for not breastfeeding in the first hour of life and, consequently, increases the risk of adverse events due to the non-implementation of these two practices, such as non-cardiorespiratory stabilization at birth, neonatal death and early weaning or difficulties in the breastfeeding process.

Another outcome associated with elective cesarean sections was the need for admission to the ICU/IMCU. The risk of this type of hospitalization was approximately twice as high for babies born by elective cesarean section when compared to those born via vaginal delivery.

Again, similar studies were not found for comparison, but delivering via cesarean section has already been identified in the literature as a risk factor for neonatal hospitalization in special care units. An Australian study with information collected from the country's national perinatal database aimed to determine the admission rate of full-term babies into neonatal ICUs and to measure its associations to different types of delivery and found that the chance of women at low gestational risk having their newborns admitted to the ICU was greater when they underwent cesarean sections, and even greater when the cesarean section took place before the onset of labor. ³⁰

Considering that changes in breathing pattern were the main cause of hospitalization in an ICU/IMCU identified in this study and the majority of hospitalizations were of babies born by elective cesarean section, it can be assumed that the fact that the baby does not pass through the birth canal has caused pulmonary expansion damage, leading to a need for special care to carry out respiratory adaptation.

Contradicting one of this study’s hypotheses, there was no negative effect of elective cesarean sections on gestational age at birth less than or equal to 38 weeks, birth weight lower than 2,500g, and 5minute Apgar scores of less than seven in the multivariate analysis. Due to this, it can be assumed that, in general, elective cesarean sections were performed at an appropriate time in the context under study, which prevented the occurrence of prematurity and/or inadequate weight or physiological conditions of the baby at birth.

Originality stands out as a strong point of this study since it distinguishes indicated cesareans from elective cesareans, a differentiation that rarely happens in the literature. Another positive aspect is the sample's representativeness in regards to the composition of the population since cohort recruitment took place in services with high population coverage, including both the population that uses the SUS and those that have access to private medical insurance. As a limitation, we highlight the fact that part of the data, especially those used to define the type of cesarean section (elective or indicated), was collected from a secondary source (medical records from both maternity hospitals in the municipality). To reduce the risk of having indicated cesarean sections categorized as being elective, it was decided to consider cesarean sections as being indicated in the absence of data.

Taken together, the results obtained suggest that reducing the high rates of elective cesarean sections would increase the frequency of newborns being exposed to good neonatal care practices as well as reducing the occurrence of adverse neonatal outcomes. They also support the widespread disclosure of the increased risks of negative outcomes resulting from elective cesarean sections, clearly pointing out that these are independent of the woman's socioeconomic level and the childbirth care provider.

It is concluded that, among the studied outcomes, the effect of elective cesarean section is negative for important neonatal care practices (skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding in the first hour of life) and for the risk of needing intensive or intermediate care.

Reducing the rate of elective cesarean sections is essential for an increase in good practices aimed at neonatal care and a consequent drop in adverse neonatal outcomes.

New studies that explore other associations between elective cesarean sections and outcomes at birth may highlight relevant aspects that public managers should focus on to develop interventions capable of reducing the prevalence of this type of delivery and improving neonatal outcomes, both in the public and private health sectors.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  30 Oct 2020
• Date of issue
  Jul-Sep 2020

History

• Received
  13 May 2019
• Reviewed
  26 Apr 2020
• Accepted
  26 May 2020