Alcohol intake during pregnancy among parturients in southern Brazil

this was a crosssectional study which included all parturient women residing in the municipality who gave birth in 2013. Two outcomes were characterized: alcohol intake during pregnancy and excessive alcohol intake during pregnancy. In the analysis, proportions were tested using the Chisquare test, whilst Poisson regression was used in the multivariate analysis.

Results:

9.4% (CI95%= 8.210.5) of the 2,685 parturient women studied reported having consumed alcohol during pregnancy, with beer being most common beverage. Following adjustment, the factors associated with alcohol intake in pregnancy were: age ≥30 years, brown skin colour, living without a partner, low schooling, tobacco smoking and illicit drug use, having had more children and late onset of prenatal care. Excessive alcohol intake was found in 12.7% (CI95%= 8.616.9) of those who reported drinking during pregnancy and the factors associated with this practice were age ≥30 years, lower schooling and illicit drug use.

Conclusions:

this study found high alcohol intake during the gestation period and identified women more susceptible to this practice. There is an evident need for health professionals to work on preventing and handling alcohol intake among pregnant women in the municipality

Key words
Alcohol drinking; Pregnancy; Prevalence; Risk factors

Variables	N	%	Alcohol intake during pregnancy %
Maternal age (years)
≤ 19	464	17.3	9.5
20-29	1,355	50.5	9.3
≥ 30	866	32.2	9.4
Observed skin colour
White	1,774	66.1	7.8
Brown	598	22.3	12.7
Black	313	11.6	11.5
Marital status
Has a partner	2,303	85.8	8.3
Does not have a partner	382	14.2	15.5
Schooling (years)
≤ 8	1,064	39.6	13.7
9-11	1,201	44.8	6.9
≥ 12	420	15.6	5.2
Tobacco smoking
Never	1,925	71.7	5.7
Former smoker	321	12.0	13.7
Smoker	439	16.3	22.1
Illicit drug use
No	2,642	98.4	8.8
Yes	43	1.6	44.2
Depression during pregnancy
No	2,419	90.1	8.4
Yes	266	9.9	18.1
Number of children
None	1,271	47.3	5.9
1	795	29.6	10.6
2 or more	619	23.1	14.9
Prenatal care started⁺ + N= 2613, 71 pregnant women had no prenatal care, 1 pregnant woman with no information on trimester in which prenatal care began.
1^st trimester	2,054	78.6	7.6
2^nd trimester	511	19.6	13.9
3^rd trimester	48	1.8	22.9
Miscarriage/abortion
No	2,274	84.7	8.3
Yes	411	15.3	15.3
Alcohol intake during pregnancy
No	2,434	90.6	-
Yes	251	9.4	-

Level	Variables	Crude analysis			Adjusted analysis
Level	Variables	PR⁺⁺ ++ Prevalence ratio;	CI95%	p	PR⁺⁺ ++ Prevalence ratio;	CI95%	p
1	Maternal age (years)			0.96^* * Wald linear trend test;			0.05^* * Wald linear trend test;
	≤ 19	1	-		1	-
	20 - 29	0.98	0.71 - 1.36		1.38	0.99 - 1.92
	≥ 30	0.99	0.70 - 1.40		1.46	1.02 - 2.10
	Observed skin colour			<0.01^ Wald heterogeneity test.			0.04^ Wald heterogeneity test.
	White	1	-		1	-
	Brown/Mulatto	1.62	1.25 - 2.11		1.42	1.09 - 1.86
	Black	1.47	1.04 - 2.08		1.17	0.82 - 1.67
	Marital status			<0.001^ Wald heterogeneity test.			0.001^ Wald heterogeneity test.
	Does not have a partner	1.85	1.41 - 2.43		1.65	1.23 - 2.22
	Has a partner	1	-		1	-
	Schooling (years)			<0.001^* * Wald linear trend test;			<0.001^* * Wald linear trend test;
	≤ 8	2.62	1.70 - 4.04		2.56	1.62 - 4.04
	9 - 11	1.32	0.84 - 2.08		1.31	0.83 - 2.08
	≥ 12	1	-		1	-
2	Tobacco smoking			<0.001^ Wald heterogeneity test.			<0.001^ Wald heterogeneity test.
	Never	1	-		1	-
	Former smoker	2.40	1.73 - 3.33		2.16	1.53 - 3.03
	Smoker	3.87	3.00 - 4.98		2.78	2.07 - 3.72
	Illicit drug use			<0.001^ Wald heterogeneity test.			<0.001^ Wald heterogeneity test.
	No	1	-		1	-
	Yes	5.03	3.52 - 7.20		1.97	1.37 - 2.84
	Depression during pregnancy			<0.001^ Wald heterogeneity test.			0.007^ Wald heterogeneity test.
	No	1	-		1	-
	Yes	2.15	1.61 - 2.87		1.50	1.12 - 2.02
3	Number of children			<0.001^* * Wald linear trend test;			0.01^* * Wald linear trend test;
	None	1	-		1	-
	1	1.79	1.33 - 2.41		1.63	1.15 - 2.30
	2 or more	2.52	1.89 - 3.36		1.66	1.14 - 2.45
	Prenatal care started⁺ + N= 2613, 71 pregnant women had no prenatal care, 1 pregnant woman with no information on trimester in which prenatal care began.			<0.001^* * Wald linear trend test;			0.04^* * Wald linear trend test;
	1^st trimester	1	-		1	-
	2^nd trimester	1.83	1.41 - 2.38		1.24	0.94 - 1.63
	3^rd trimester	3.02	1.76 - 5.18		1.56	0.95 - 2.55
	Miscarriage/abortion			<0.001^ Wald heterogeneity test.			0.09^ Wald heterogeneity test.
	No	1	-		1	-
	Yes	1.85	1.42 - 2.42		1.28	0.96 - 1.71

Level	Variables	N	Excessive alcohol intake (%)	Crude analysis			Adjusted analysis
Level	Variables	N	Excessive alcohol intake (%)	PR⁺⁺ ++ Prevalence ratio.	CI95%	p	PR⁺⁺ ++ Prevalence ratio.	CI95%	p
1	Maternal age (years)					0.02^* * Wald linear trend test;			0.01^* * Wald linear trend test;
	≤ 19	44	4.6	1	-		1	-
	20 - 29	126	11.9	2.62	0.62-11.0		3.63	0.82-16.1
	≥ 30	81	18.5	4.07	0.97-17.1		5.16	1.18-22.6
	Observed skin colour					0.8^ Wald heterogeneity test;			0.9^ Wald heterogeneity test;
	White	139	11.5	1	-		1	-
	Brown	76	14.5	1.26	0.61-2.57		1.20	0.60-2.39
	Black	36	13.9	1.21	0.47-3.08		1.04	0.42-2.55
	Marital status					0.3^ Wald heterogeneity test;			0.15^ Wald heterogeneity test;
	Does not have a partner	59	16.9	0.68	0.34-1.35		1	-
	Has a partner	192	11.5	1	-		1.63	0.83-3.17
	Schooling					<0.02^* * Wald linear trend test;			<0.001^* * Wald linear trend test;
	≤ 8 years	146	17.1	2.57	1.15-5.72		2.98	1.32-6.72
	9 years or more	105	6.7	1	-		1	-
2	Tobacco smoking					0.001^ Wald heterogeneity test;			0.25^ Wald heterogeneity test;
	Never	110	5.5	1	-		1	-
	Former smoker	44	6.8	1.25	0.33-4.79		1.13	0.32-4.03
	Smoker	97	23.7	4.35	1.84-10.2		2.21	0.81-6.00
	Illicit drug use					<0.001^ Wald heterogeneity test;			<0.001^ Wald heterogeneity test;
	No	232	9.1	1	-		1	-
	Yes	19	57.9	6.40	3.65-11.21		4.86	2.42-9.72
	Depression during pregnancy					0.005^ Wald heterogeneity test;			0.4^ Wald heterogeneity test;
	No	203	9.9	1	-		1	-
	Yes	48	25.0	2.54	1.33-4.83		1.33	0.70-2.54
3	Number of children					<0.002^* * Wald linear trend test;			0.15^* * Wald linear trend test;
	None	92	5.3	1	-		1	-
	1	84	8.3	1.56	0.47-5.14		1.43	0.58-3.49
	2 or more	75	22.8	4.28	1.53-11.96		2.42	0.82-7.19
	Prenatal care started⁺ + N= 238: 13 pregnant women had no prenatal care;					0.01^* * Wald linear trend test;			0.4^* * Wald linear trend test;
	1^st trimester	156	7.7	1	-		1	-
	2^nd trimester	71	12.7	1.65	0.73-3.74		1.17	0.53-2.61
	3^rd trimester	11	36.4	4.73	1.82-12.3		1.81	0.45-7.24
	Miscarriage/abortion					0.001^ Wald heterogeneity test;			0.5^ Wald heterogeneity test;
	No	188	8.5	1	-		1	-
	Yes	63	25.4	2.98	1.58-5.62		1.32	0.57-3.08
	Excessive alcohol intake	32	12.7	-	-	-	-	-	-

Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira Rua dos Coelhos, 300. Boa Vista, 50070-550 Recife PE Brasil, Tel./Fax: +55 81 2122-4141 - Recife - PR - Brazil
E-mail: revista@imip.org.br

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[TFN1] ⁺
N= 2613, 71 pregnant women had no prenatal care, 1 pregnant woman with no information on trimester in which prenatal care began.