Maternal and child characteristics correlated with frequency of consuming ultra-processed food by children aged 6 to 24 months old

Soares, Marcela Martins; Ribeiro, Andreia Queiroz; Pereira, Patrícia Feliciano; Franceschini, Sylvia Carmo Castro; Araújo, Raquel Maria Amaral

doi:10.1590/1806-9304202200020010

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ORIGINAL ARTICLES • Rev. Bras. Saude Mater. Infant. 22 (2) • Apr-Jun 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9304202200020010 copy

Maternal and child characteristics correlated with frequency of consuming ultra-processed food by children aged 6 to 24 months old

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Objectives:

to verify the correlation between the consumption of ultra-processed food among mothers and children under two years of age and the main characteristics related to this consumption.

Methods:

cross-sectional study conducted in public health services. Three 24-hour recalls were applied to assess food intake. The ultra-processed food was grouped into: sugary drinks; meat; sauces and creams; dairy products; snacks; pastas; and mucilage. Themother’s body mass index and waist/hip ratio, and the child’s weight/height, height/age, weight/age and body mass index/age were calculated. The children’s ultra-process frequency as correlated with: anthropometric dyadic variables; ultra-process frequency on breastfeeding. The children’s average ultra-process intake was compared to pacifier, bottle, breastfeeding and socioeconomic status. Linear regression models were conducted.

Results:

172 pairs were evaluated. Similarity was found in the mothers and children’s consumption of ultra-processed products. The higher frequency of ultra-processed products was correlated with older child and the higher body mass/age index and weight/age index. Of the 39 ultra-processed food present in the mothers’ diet, 22 were correlated to child’s

Conclusion:

the consumption of ultra-processed food by children is similar to their mothers and correlates with higher z-score values of weight/age and body mass/age index.

Key words:
Ultra-processed food; Nutritional status; Children; Mothers

Characteristics	N	%
Child’s variables
Birth weight (g)
≤ 2500g	13	7.6
> 2500 e < 3999	151	88.3
≥ 4000	7	4.1
Child’s age
< 6 months	58	33.9
6 months to 1 year	29	16.9
1 to 2 years	84	49.2
Breastfeeding
Yes	88	51.5
Exclusive	22	12.9
Mixed	5	2.9
Complemented	61	35.7
No	83	48.5
Child’s behavioral habits
Pacifier
Yes	2	1.7
Baby bottle
Yes	88	51.5
Children's nutritional status
L/A
Very low and low	12	7.0
Adequate	159	93.0
W/A
Very low and low	6	3.5
Adequate	157	91.8
High	8	4.7
W/L
Excessive thinness or thinness	9	5.3
Eutrophy	107	62.5
Overweight	55	32.2
IMC/I
Excessive thinness or thinness	6	3.5
Eutrophy	110	64.3
Overweight	55	32.2
Maternal variables
Socioeconomic condition^* *Socioeconomic condition according to the Brazilian Association in Research Companies (ABEP).
A and B	45	26.3
C, D and E	126	73.7
Maternal schooling
Incomplete elementary/high school	70	40.9
Completed high school/higher education	101	59.1
Co-habitation
Husband/ partner	128	74.8
Alone	43	25.2
Maternal clinical variables
Disease during pregnancy
Yes	41	24.0
Depression
Yes	9	5.3
Maternal behavioral habits
Smoking
Yes	21	21.8
Alcohol consome
Yes	53	31.0
Mothers’ nutritional status
Mothers’ BMI
Low weight	5	2.9
Eutrophic	101	59.1
Overweight	65	38.0
WC
Increased	85	49.7

Foods	r	p
Cream filled cookie	0.161	0.036
Sprinkle Biscuit	0.194	0.011
Chips	0.736	<0.001
Ice cream	0.600	<0.001
Chocolate	0.293	<0.001
Candy/lollipop	0.326	<0.001
Instant noodles	0.496	<0.001
Loaf of bread	0.154	0.045
Pizza	0.253	0.001
Yogurt / fermented milk	0.190	0.013
Cream cheese	0.280	<0.001
Mayonnaise	0.355	<0.001
Tomato Sauce	0.377	<0.001
Heavy cream	0.384	<0.001
Soft drink	0.281	<0.001
Powder Juice	0.257	0.001
Juice/ coconut water (box)	0.174	0.023
Pepperoni	1.00	<0.001
Frankfurter	0.589	<0.001
Hamburger	0.275	<0.001
Ham	0.359	<0.001
Sausage	0.318	<0.001

Children’s variables	Children UPP	p
Age	0.75	<0.001
W/L	0.11	0.164
W/A	0.20	0.010
BMI/A	0.17	0.026
L/A	0.09	0.262
Maternal variables
Age	-0.04	0.613
BMI	0.01	0.922
WC	-0.07	0.335
WHR	-0.04	0.624

Variables	UPP
	Bivariate			Gross model			Adjusted model^* *Model adjusted for ABEP economic classification, breastfeeding, mother’s age, depression, and mothers’ alcohol and tobacco use; baby bottle use.
	β	CI95%	p	β	CI95%	p	β	CI95%	p
Child’s age	0.45	0.39; 0.51	<0.001	0.31	0.12; 0.49	0.001	0.45	0.39; 0.51	<0.001
Mothers’ sugary drinks	0.68	0.04; 1.33	0.038	0.66	0.22; 1.09	0.004	0.65	0.21; 1.09	0.004
Child’s weight	1.12	0.95; 1.29	<0.001
Child’s length	0.28	0.24; 0.33	<0.001
W/A	0.84	0.20; 1.47	0.010
BMI/A	0.61	0.07; 1.15	0.026
W/L	0.18	-0.05; 0.41	0.164
Child’s baby bottle	-1.62	-3.08; -0.16	0.030
ABEP	0.41	-0.17; 0.99	0.161
Alcohol consome	-2.30	-4.17; -0.54	0.010
Breastfeeding	-1.13	-1.12; -0.47	<0.001

Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira Rua dos Coelhos, 300. Boa Vista, 50070-550 Recife PE Brasil, Tel./Fax: +55 81 2122-4141 - Recife - PR - Brazil
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[1] Authors’ contribution

Soares MM and Araújo RMA contributed to the conception and design of the study, analysis and interpretation of data, writing and critical review of the manuscript’s content. Ribeiro AQ, Pereira PF and Franceschini SCC contributed to the analysis and interpretation of data and critical review of the manuscript’s content. All authors approved the final version of the article and declare no conflict of interest.