Breastfeeding and feeding practices in the first year of life and its association with overweight and obesity of children in Mexico

Arredondo, Armando; Lugo, Oscar Benjamin Reséndiz; Orozco, Emanuel; Rosa, Christian Paul Torres de la

doi:10.1590/1806-93042021000400009

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Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil

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ORIGINAL ARTICLES • Rev. Bras. Saude Mater. Infant. 21 (4) • Oct-Dec 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-93042021000400009 copy

Breastfeeding and feeding practices in the first year of life and its association with overweight and obesity of children in Mexico

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Objectives:

to evaluate feeding practices in the first year of life and their association with the development of overweight and obesity in children in Mexico.

Methods:

the association between overweight and obesity with different feeding practices were evaluated. The data was processed using the statistical package Stata version 14 using logistic regression models.

Results:

396 children were evaluated; the prevalence of overweight and obesity was 6% and 7.7% presented a possible risk of overweight. 6.9% had exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months of life and 71.7% were fed infant formula. The variables significantly associated with the development of overweight and obesity in the first year of life were the age of the child (p =0.043, RR=0.57), the introduction of fluids in the first three days of life (p=0.02, RR=2.90), consumption of foods with a high sugar content (p =0.01, RR=0.25), consumption of milk other than breast (p =0.02, RR3.25) and egg consumption (p =0.05; RR=0.28).

Conclusions:

our results show that it is essential to attend complementary feeding practices and reinforce exclusive breastfeeding in the first year of life, as measures to prevent overweight and obesity to improve health in childhood.

Key words:
Breastfeeding; Overweight; Obesity; Infant nutrition

	(N=150) 37.87%	Food introduction age in months, under 6 months			(N=246) 62.12%	Food introduction age in months, over 6 months
	%	Mean	SD	CI95%	%	Mean	SD	CI95%
Simple water	81.8	4.0	1.4	72.1 – 88.6	97.9	4.6	1.5	93.7 – 99.3
Serum or medicated drops	17.0	3.2	1.6	10.4 – 26.5	21.3	5.0	2.9	15.3 – 28.8
Milk other than breast ^¥	39.7	2.7	1.6	29.9 – 50.5	44.1	3.7	2.6	36.1 – 52.4
Non-nutritive liquids ^‡	46.5	4.2	1.5	36.2 – 57.2	82.7	5.4	1.4	75.6 – 88.1
Nutritive liquids^†	6.8	5.1	1.8	3.0 – 14.5	20.6	5.7	1.7	14.8 – 28.1
Cereals and legumes ^ƒ	37.5	5.0	1.2	27.8 – 48.2	84.1	5.7	1.5	77.1 – 89.2
Fruits and vegetables	59.0	4.7	1.1	48.3 – 69.0	92.4	5.4	1.2	86.7 – 95.7
Red meat	5.6	5.0	0.8	2.3 – 13.1	16.5	5.9	1.7	11.2 – 23.6
White meats	21.5	5.4	0.6	14.0 – 31.6	51.7	6.1	1.3	43.5 – 59.8
Sausages	2.2	5.0	1.0	0.5 – 8.8	8.2	7.3	1.4	4.7 – 14.0
Egg	3.4	5.0	1.0	1.0 – 10.2	24.8	7.0	1.8	18.4 – 32.5
Dairy products^§	21.5	4.7	1.1	14.0 – 31.6	55.8	6.4	1.9	47.5 – 63.8
Miscellaneous *	21.5	5.3	0.9	14.0 – 31.6	51.7	6.7	1.5	43.5 – 59.8
Bottle fed	56.8	-	-	46.1 – 66.9	77.2	-	-	69.6 – 83.4
Add sugar to food	3.4	-	-	1.0 – 10.2	8.9	-	-	5.2 – 14.9
Add salt to food	5.6	-	-	2.3 – 13.1	34.4	-	-	27.1 – 42.6
Foods high in iron^a	75	-	-	64.7 – 83.0	63.4	-	-	55.2 – 70.0
Foods high in sugar^b	38.6	-	-	28.8 – 49.3	81.3	-	-	74.1 – 86.9
Solid, semi-solid and soft foods <6 months of life	72.7	-	-	62.3 – 81.1	98.6	-	-	94.5 – 99.6

Category	(N=396)	Mean	± SD	CI95%
Category	%	Mean	± SD	CI95%
Age	100.0	7.3	2.07	7.08-7.62
Weigth (kg)	100.0	7.7	1.07	7.60-7.87
Length (cm)	100.0	67.2	5.41	66.57-67.97
Growth indicators
Weigth/Age
Low moderate weight	5.1	-	-	2.93-8.88
Slight underweight	22.3			17.39-28.15
Normal	63.9	-	-	57.53-69.89
PROW^§	6.9	-	-	4.23-10.95
Overwegth	1.7	-	-	0.06-4.51
Length/Age
Severe short stature	2.6	-	-	1.15-5.64
Moderate short stature	6.4	-	-	3.90-10.43
Slight short stature	24.9	-	-	19.72-30.89
Normal	66.1	-	-	59.73-71.92
Weigth/Length^†
Severe Malnutrition	0.8	-	-	0.02-3.39
Moderate Malnutrition	3.0			1.43-6.19
Mild Malnutrition	14.6	-	-	10.58-19.77
Normal	67.8			61.49-73.53
PROW^§	7.7	-	-	4.90-11.96
Overweigh	5.6	-	-	3.25-9.40
Obesity	0.4	-	-	0.00-3.02

Category	(N=396)	CI95%
Category	%	CI95%
Breastfeeding Practices
Chest "Ever"	97.4	94.35-98.84
EIBF^‡	80.8	72.06-83.10
BFE^†	6.9	4.23-10.95
PBF ^¥	9.7	4.17-11.13
Infant formula
Consumption “Ever”	71.7	65.50-77.12
Principal reasons for formula consumtion**
Lactation problems^€	69.5	61.98-76.03
Time	14.9	10.28-21.29
Others^§	15.6	10.78-21.95

PROW/SP/OB	(N=396)	Odds Ratio	CI95%	p<0.05
PROW/SP/OB	%	Odds Ratio	CI95%	p<0.05
Age (months)
< 6	37.7%	-	-	-
> 6	62.2%	-	0.28 - 1.41	0.043
Sex
Kids	58.0%	-	-	-
Girls	42.0%	-	0.27 - 1.66	0.395
Gave breast
No	-	-	-	-
Yes	97.4%	2.248659	0.94 - 2.99	0.994
EIBF‡
No	-	-	-	-
Yes	78.0%	.4792922	0.18 - 1.24	0.132
EBF†
No	-	-	-	-
Yes	6.9%	5.262606	3.30 - 2 2.23	0.994
PBF ¥
No	-	-	-	-
Yes	6.9%	2.055938	0.35 11.99	0.423
Drinks after birth
No	-	-	-	-
Yes	41.6%	2.902787	2.12 - 4.27	0.027
Still breastfeeding
No	-	-	-	-
Yes	82.8%	.7558515	0.23 - 2.42	0.638
Add sugar
Yes	-	-	-	-
No	93.1%	3.324625	0.38 - 28.56	0.274
Foods high in iron
No	-	-	-	-
Yes	48.9%	2.229576	0.75 - 6.56	0.146
Food high in sugar
No	-	-	-	-
Yes	65.2%	2.508982	0.78 - 3.56	0.015

PROW/SP /OB	(N=396)	Odds Ratio	CI95%	p<0.05
PROW/SP /OB	%	Odds Ratio	CI95%	p<0.05
Formula
No	-	-	-	-
Yes	71.7%	1.567375	0.59 - 4.09	0.359
Hydration serum
No	-	-	-	-
Yes	19.7%	2.312167	0.58 - 9.07	0.230
Milk other than breast
No	-	-	-	-
Yes	42.5%	3.259656	2.15 - 4.67	0.025
Non-nutritive liquids
No	-	-	-	-
Yes	69.1%	.4752044	0.14 - 1.52	0.211
Nutritive liquids
No	-	-	-	-
Yes	15.5%	6.99792	0.78 - 62.47	0.082
Cereals and legumes
No	-	-	-	-
Yes	66.5%	1.396874	0.43 - 4.51	0.576
Fruits and vegetables
No	-	-	-	-
Yes	79.8%	.5786879	0.15 - 2.10	0.407
Red meat
No	-	-	-	-
Yes	12.5%	2.441966	0.53 - 11.11	0.248
White meats
No	-	-	-	-
Yes	40.3%	.5062275	0.17 - 1.47	0.213
Meat and sausages
No	-	-	-	-
Yes	6.0%	2.580639	0.26 - 25.08	0.414
Egg
No	-	-	-	-
Yes	16.7%	.2899289	0.18 - 0.52	0.056
Egg white
No	-	-	-	-
Yes	4.7%	.6417283	0.06 - 6.21	0.702
Dairy products
No	-	-	-	-
Yes	42.9%	1.929311	0.68 - 5.46	0.216
Nutrisano
No	-	-	-	-
Yes	5.6%	.3110833	0.06 - 1.48	0.143
Miscellaneous
No	-	-	-	-
Yes	40.3%	1.282827	0.46 - 3.52	0.629

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[1] Authors’ contribution

Arredondo A: the conception and design of the work, interpretation of the data, and writing of the manuscript. Lugo OBR and Torres de la Rosa CP: the conception and design of the work, data collection, analysis, interpretation of the data, and writing of the manuscript. Orozco E: a critical review with important contributions and work design. All authors approved the final version of the article.