Impact of land use on the chemical attributes of the soil, Cruzeiro do Sul, in the Brazilian Amazon<sup/>

Camara, Rodrigo; Silva, Luciélio Manoel; Frade Junior, Elizio Ferreira; Mattar, Eduardo Pacca Luna; Silva, Sandra Bezerra da; Silva Neto, Eduardo Carvalho da; Pereira, Marcos Gervasio

doi:10.5935/1806-6690.20230058

Rodrigo Camara ^**Author for correspondence

Departamento de Solos, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, RJ, Brasil

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7142-4797

Luciélio Manoel Silva

Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros, Rio Largo-Al, Brasil

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1290-515X

Elizio Ferreira Frade Junior

Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC), Rio Branco, AC, Brasil

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2456-0489

Eduardo Pacca Luna Mattar

Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC), Rio Branco, AC, Brasil

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9202-9879

Sandra Bezerra da Silva

Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC), Rio Branco, AC, Brasil

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4907-3441

Eduardo Carvalho da Silva Neto

Departamento de Solo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, RJ, Brasil

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6986-1376

Marcos Gervasio Pereira

Departamento de Solos, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, RJ, Brasil

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1402-3612

*Author for correspondence

Editor-in-Article: Prof. Adriel Ferreira da Fonseca - adrielff @gmail.com

Figures (3)
Tables (3)

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Figure 1
Localisation of the study area in the district of Cruzeiro do Sul, in the state of Acre, the Brazilian Amazon

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Figure 2
Multivariate analysis of principal components for the chemical attributes of the soil in the 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, 20-30 and 30-40 cm layers (A), and mean value for 0-40 cm (B), in the areas of pasture (PA), cassava cultivation (CA), agroforestry (AFS), and native forest (FO), in the district of Cruzeiro do Sul, state of Acre, Brazil. TOC: total organic carbon, TN: total nitrogen, SB: sum of bases, CEC: cation exchange capacity

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Figure 3
Multivariate analysis of hierarchical clustering for the chemical attributes of the soil in the 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, 20-30 and 30-40 cm layers (A) and mean value for 0-40 cm (B), in the areas of pasture (PA), cassava cultivation (CA), agroforestry (AFS), and native forest (FO), in the district of Cruzeiro do Sul, state of Acre, Brazil

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Table 1
List of species in the agroforestry system, in the district of Cruzeiro do Sul, in the state of Acre, Brazil

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Table 2
Values for pH (H₂O), K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, Al³⁺, H⁺ + Al³⁺, sum of bases (SB), cation exchange capacity (CEC, cmol_c dm^-3), P (mg kg^-1), total organic carbon (TOC, g kg^-1), and total nitrogen (TN, g kg^-1) in the 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, 20-30, and 30-40 cm, and 0-40 cm layers of soil, the PA/FO, CA/FO, and AFS/FO ratios (0-40 cm) in areas of pasture (PA), cassava cultivation (CA), agroforestry (AFS), and native forest (FO), in the district of Cruzeiro do Sul, state of Acre, Brazil¹ 1 Mean value of three repetitions. Values followed by different letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) between areas within the same layer of soil, by the parametric LSD test or non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test

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Table 3
Eigenvector of the chemical attributes of the soil in Principal Components 1 and 2, eigenvalue, proportion of variance of PC1 and PC2, and total variance explained by the principal component analysis for each individual soil layer (A), with the calculated mean value for 0-40 cm (B)

Scientific name	Family	GH	N	RC
Persea americana Mill.	Lauraceae	T	527	28.96
Inga edulis Mart.	Fabaceae	T	336	18.46
Euterpe precatoria Mart.	Arecaceae	P	292	16.04
Cocos nucifera L.	Arecaceae	P	96	5.27
Citrus sp. 1	Rutaceae	T	96	5.27
Pouteria caimito (Ruiz and Pav.) Radlk.	Sapotaceae	T	84	4.62
Bactris gasipaes Kunth	Arecaceae	P	77	4.23
Mangifera indica L.	Anacardiaceae	T	56	3.08
Citrus sp. 2	Rutaceae	T	27	1.48
Theobroma cacao L.	Malvaceae	T	25	1.37
Theobroma subincanum Mart.	Malvaceae	T	22	1.21
Bixa orellana L.	Bixaceae	T	22	1.21
Anacardium occidentale L.	Anacardiaceae	T	18	0.99
Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) K. Schum.	Malvaceae	T	17	0.93
Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Müll. Arg.	Euphorbiaceae	T	16	0.88
Coffea arabica L.	Rubiaceae	T	15	0.82
Eugenia pyriformis Cambess.	Myrtaceae	T	14	0.77
Carica papaya L.	Caricaceae	T	12	0.66
Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. and L. M. Perry	Myrtaceae	T	11	0.60
Mauritia flexuosa L. f.	Arecaceae	P	9	0.49
Annona muricata L.	Annonaceae	T	8	0.44
Psidium guajava L.	Myrtaceae	T	6	0.33
Citrus sp. 3	Rutaceae	T	6	0.33
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.	Moraceae	T	5	0.27
Crescentia cujete L.	Bignoniaceae	T	4	0.22
Swietenia macrophylla King	Meliaceae	T	4	0.22
Citrus sp. 4	Rutaceae	T	4	0.22
Rollinia deliciosa Saff.	Annonaceae	T	3	0.16
Citrus sp. 5	Rutaceae	T	3	0.16
Hymenaea courbaril L.	Fabaceae	T	2	0.11
Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.	Lecythidaceae	T	1	0.05
Citrus sp. 6	Rutaceae	T	1	0.05
Caryocar sp.	Caryocaraceae	T	1	0.05
Total			1,820	100.00

Chemical attribute	PA	CA	AFS	FO	PA	CA	AFS	FO
Chemical attribute	0-5 cm				5-10 cm
pH	5.29 A (0.65)	5.68 A (0.55)	4.09 B (0.10)	3.66 B (0.16)	4.49 B (0.23)	5.21 A (0.35)	4.01 C (0.05)	3.67 C (0.15)
K⁺	0.19 C (0.01)	0.22 B (0.02)	0.20 BC (0.01)	0.27 A (0.01)	0.18 B (0.00)	0.17 B (0.04)	0.17 B (0.02)	0.25 A (0.03)
Ca²⁺	0.27 C (0.25)	1.47 B (0.32)	0.17 C (0.06)	2.20 A (0.46)	0.13 B (0.06)	0.93 A (0.47)	0.03 B (0.06)	1.13 A (0.21)
Mg²⁺	1.13 A (0.12)	0.87 A (0.15)	0.43 B (0.06)	1.03 A (0.21)	0.77 B (0.15)	1.10 A (0.17)	0.53 B (0.06)	1.13 A (0.25)
Na⁺	0.01 A (0.00)	0.02 A (0.00)	0.02 A (0.00)	0.02 A (0.01)	0.01 B (0.00)	0.01 B (0.00)	0.01 B (0.00)	0.02 A (0.01)
Al³⁺	0.30 B (0.30)	0.17 B (0.15)	1.37 A (0.15)	1.53 A (0.31)	0.63 C (0.06)	0.30 D (0.00)	1.67 B (0.06)	2.00 A (0.10)
H⁺+Al³⁺	3.66 BC (0.83)	2.56 C (1.29)	6.48 A (0.69)	5.85 AB (1.81)	4.73 B (0.95)	2.17 C (0.34)	7.58 A (0.62)	7.08 A (1.20)
SB	1.60 C (0.26)	2.57 B (0.24)	0.82 D (0.09)	3.53 A (0.57)	1.09 B (0.17)	2.22 A (0.62)	0.75 B (0.06)	2.54 A (0.06)
CEC	5.26 B (0.56)	5.12 B (1.34)	7.30 AB (0.78)	9.37 A (2.06)	5.82 B (0.88)	4.39 B (0.64)	8.33 A (0.68)	9.63 A (1.23)
P	4.81 B (0.25)	6.50 B (1.91)	5.24 B (1.29)	10.00 A (1.41)	4.49 A (1.05)	3.38 A (2.15)	4.99 A (0.87)	9.26 A (4.15)
TOC	8.97 A (0.22)	6.64 A (1.01)	8.79 A (4.47)	8.48 A (2.43)	10.40 A (1.74)	7.31 B (1.60)	6.05 B (0.50)	9.85 A (1.06)
TN	1.31 A (0.08)	1.28 A (0.30)	1.04 A (0.18)	1.26 A (0.19)	1.11 A (0.19)	1.09 A (0.15)	1.23 A (0.08)	1.04 A (0.00)
	10-15 cm				15-20 cm
pH	4.69 AB (0.41)	4.90 A (0.65)	4.12 BC (0.24)	3.71 C (0.02)	4.49 A (0.06)	4.37 A (0.12)	4.11 B (0.22)	3.87 B (0.10)
K⁺	0.11 B (0.04)	0.15 B (0.05)	0.12 B (0.01)	0.22 A (0.00)	0.12 A (0.08)	0.12 A (0.02)	0.13 A (0.07)	0.21 A (0.02
Ca²⁺	0.07 B (0.06)	1.20 A (0.40)	0.07 B (0.06)	1.27 A (0.29	0.03 B (0.06)	0.20 AB (0.10)	0.03 B (0.06)	0.30 A (0.17
Mg²⁺	0.80 A (0.20)	0.93 A (0.23)	0.60 A (0.10)	1.03 A (0.32)	0.87 A (0.15	0.80 A (0.17)	0.57 A (0.06)	0.77 A (0.40
Na⁺	0.00 B (0.00)	0.01 A (0.00)	0.01 A (0.00)	0.01 A (0.00)	0.00 B (0.00)	0.01 A (0.00)	0.01 A (0.00)	0.02 A (0.00)
Al³⁺	0.57 B (0.21)	0.60 B (0.36)	1.70 A (0.10)	1.90 A (0.10)	0.77 B (0.06)	1.53 AB (0.50)	1.63 AB (0.06)	1.83 A (0.12)
H⁺+Al³⁺	3.33 B (1.05)	2.96 B (1.21)	6.73 A (0.60)	6.62 A (0.87)	3.63 B (0.25)	4.43 B (1.06)	7.08 A (0.13)	6.42 A (0.88)
SB	0.98 B (0.24)	2.30 A (0.50)	0.80 B (0.14)	2.53 A (0.35)	1.03 B (0.04)	1.14 AB (0.13)	0.74 C (0.04)	1.30 A (0.25)
CEC	4.31 B (1.00)	5.26 B (1.09)	7.52 A (0.49)	9.15 A (1.17)	4.66 B (0.20)	5.56 B (1.08)	7.82 A (0.11)	7.72 A (1.09)
P	4.43 A (0.18)	3.10 A (1.02)	4.04 A (1.14)	5.86 A (1.60)	3.54 BC (0.37)	3.06 C (0.21)	4.51 A (0.19)	4.11 B (0.68)
TOC	10.75 A (2.16)	6.87 B (1.77)	7.29 B (1.06)	8.91 AB (0.43)	9.60 A (0.68)	7.27 A (1.29)	7.60 A (3.66	7.85 A (0.75)
TN	1.06 A (0.11)	1.40 A (0.34)	1.11 A (0.11)	1.08 A (0.11)	1.16 A (0.15)	0.87 A (0.19)	1.19 A (0.15)	1.20 A (0.15)
	20-30 cm				30-40 cm
pH	4.62 A (0.05)	4.58 A (0.41)	4.11 B (0.16)	3.92 B (0.04)	4.72 A (0.07)	4.44 AB (0.40)	4.18 B (0.29)	4.02 B (0.12)
K⁺	0.16 AB (0.02)	0.12 B (0.02)	0.15 AB (0.03)	0.19 A (0.01)	0.13 A (0.03)	0.13 A (0.02)	0.13 A (0.03)	0.15 A (0.03)
Ca²⁺	0.00 A (0.00)	0.50 A (0.78)	0.07 A (0.06)	0.47 A (0.55)	0.13 A (0.06)	0.43 A (0.67)	0.00 A (0.00)	0.33 A (0.32)
Mg²⁺	0.70 AB (0.10	1.30 AB (0.44)	0.50 B (0.10)	1.73 A (0.15)	0.63 A (0.06)	0.97 A (0.72)	0.40 A (0.10)	0.97 A (0.81)
Na⁺	0.00 C (0.00)	0.01 B (0.00)	0.02 B (0.00)	0.02 A (0.00)	0.01 B (0.00)	0.01 B (0.00)	0.01 B (0.00)	0.02 A (0.00)
Al³⁺	0.77 B (0.06)	1.17 AB (0.74)	1.67 A (0.15)	1.87 A (0.15)	0.57 A (0.06)	1.17 A (0.67)	1.37 A (0.23)	1.47 A (0.23)
H⁺+Al³⁺	3.71 B (0.08)	4.26 B (1.32)	6.15 A (0.71)	6.26 A (0.72)	3.63 B (0.08)	4.48 B (0.76)	6.15 A (0.45)	5.85 A (0.31)
SB	0.86 B (0.11)	1.94 AB (1.12)	0.73 B (0.09)	2.41 A (0.43)	0.90 A (0.05)	1.54 A (1.36)	0.54 A (0.07)	1.47 A (1.12)
CEC	4.57 C (0.03)	6.20 B (0.74)	6.88 B (0.64)	8.67 A (0.30)	4.53 B (0.04)	6.02 AB (1.18)	6.69 A (0.39)	7.32 A (1.04)
P	3.36 A (0.24)	3.25 A (1.61)	4.23 A (0.93)	3.98 A (0.46)	2.93 B (0.35)	2.35 B (0.67)	3.05 B (0.76)	4.62 A (0.97)
TOC	8.79 AB (0.31)	7.10 BC (0.99	6.32 C (1.95)	9.36 A (0.33)	7.47 A (0.19)	4.44 B (0.25)	5.17 B (0.86)	7.15 A (0.43)
TN	0.97 A (0.11	1.23 A (0.29)	1.14 A (0.11)	1.04 A (0.00)	1.24 A (0.13)	1.23 A (0.29)	1.09 A (0.07)	1.15 A (0.04)
	Mean				PA/FO	CA/FO	AFS/FO	Mean (PA/FO, CA/FO, AFS/FO)
	(0-40 cm)
pH	4.72 A (0.16)	4.86 A (0.24)	4.10 B (0.12)	3.81 B (0.05)	1.24	1.28	1.08	1.20
K⁺	0.15 B (0.01)	0.15 B (0.00)	0.15 B (0.01)	0.22 A (0.01)	0.11	0.83	0.06	0.34
Ca²⁺	0.11 B (0.07)	0.79 A (0.29)	0.06 B (0.03)	0.95 A (0.17)	0.11	0.83	0.06	0.34
Mg²⁺	0.82 AB (0.04)	0.99 A (0.22)	0.51 B (0.03)	1.11 A (0.26)	0.74	0.90	0.46	0.70
Na⁺	0.00 C (0.00)	0.01 B (0.00)	0.01 B (0.00)	0.02 A (0.00)	0.74	0.90	0.46	0.70
Al³⁺	0.60 B (0.09)	0.82 B (0.35)	1.57 A (0.09	1.77 A (0.13)	0.34	0.47	0.89	0.56
H⁺+Al³⁺	3.78 B (0.39)	3.48 B (0.79)	6.69 A (0.49)	6.35 A (0.79)	0.60	0.55	1.05	0.73
SB	1.08 B (0.27)	1.95 A (0.53)	0.73 B (0.10)	2.30 A (0.82)	0.45	0.87	0.27	0.53
CEC	4.86 B (0.57)	5.43 B (0.66)	7.42 A (0.61)	8.64 A (0.93)	0.65	0.63	0.86	0.71
P	3.93 B (0.28)	3.61 B (0.47)	4.34 B (0.21)	6.30 A (0.64)	0.62	0.57	0.69	0.63
TOC	9.33 A (0.34)	6.61 B (0.68)	6.87 B (0.85)	8.60 A (0.64)	1.09	0.77	0.80	0.88
TN	1.14 A (0.06)	1.18 A (0.15)	1.13 A (0.05)	1.13 A (0.07)	1.00	1.05	1.00	1.02

Chemical attribute of the soil	A		B
Chemical attribute of the soil	PC1	PC2	PC1	PC2
pH	-0.71	0.62	-0.91	0.41
Ca²⁺	0.58	0.72	0.54	0.79
Mg²⁺	0.29	0.56	0.40	0.91
K⁺	0.79	0.41	0.95	0.27
Na⁺	0.72	0.07	0.95	0.27
Al³⁺	0.71	-0.64	0.87	-0.36
H⁺+Al³⁺	0.68	-0.70	0.75	-0.63
P	0.80	0.29	0.99	0.02
TOC	0.16	0.17	0.22	0.07
TN	-0.03	0.46	-0.57	0.69
SB	0.59	0.76	0.53	0.84
CEC	0.93	0.31	0.93	-0.26
Eigenvalue	4.89	3.28	6.91	3.55
Proportion of variance	40.77	27.30	57.61	29.56
Total variance	68.08		87.16

[1] *Author for correspondence

Brasil

Brasil

Impact of land use on the chemical attributes of the soil, Cruzeiro do Sul, in the Brazilian Amazon¹ 1 Study Research

ABSTRACT

Brasil

Brasil

Impact of land use on the chemical attributes of the soil, Cruzeiro do Sul, in the Brazilian Amazon1 1 Study Research

ABSTRACT

Impact of land use on the chemical attributes of the soil, Cruzeiro do Sul, in the Brazilian Amazon¹ 1 Study Research