Can pre- and/or post-emergent herbicide application affect soybean seed quality?

Ceretta, Jamile M.; Albrecht, Alfredo J. P.; Albrecht, Leandro P.; Silva, André F. M.; Yokoyama, Andressa Sa.

doi:10.1590/1983-21252023v36n401rc

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Agronomy • Rev. Caatinga 36 (4) • Oct-Dec 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252023v36n401rc copy

Can pre- and/or post-emergent herbicide application affect soybean seed quality?

Aplicações de herbicidas em pré e/ou pós-emergência da soja podem afetar a qualidade de sementes?

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Soybean cultivation requires herbicide application in the off-season, before emergence for weed desiccation, and after emergence. It is believed that the use of preand post-emergent herbicides combined with preharvest application may negatively affect the quality of soybean seeds. As such, the present study aimed to assess the effect of preand post-emergent herbicides on soybean seed quality. Five field experiments were conducted during the 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 growing seasons to investigate the effects of synthetic auxins and pre-emergents, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors, broadleaf herbicides, and s-metolachlor or clomazone on the quality of soybean seeds. Dicamba application combined with the pre-emergent herbicides imazethapyr/flumioxazin before soybean planting reduced seed vigor and germination. ACCase inhibitors in association with broadleaf herbicides before planting had no effect on seed quality. Applying s-metolachlor (up to 2,880 g of active ingredient [ai] ha^-1) or clomazone (up to 1,800 g ai ha^-1) was safe for seed germination, even when used after soybean emergence.

Keywords
Glycine max. Synthetic auxins; Acetyl-CoA carboxylase; S-metolachlor; Clomazone

Experiment	Coordinates	Location	Growing Season	Cultivar	Maturity group	Planting date
1	24°28’28’’S 53°51’40’’W	Assis Chateaubriand	2018/2019	M5917 IPRO	5.9	09/17/2018
2	24º23’27’’S 53º84’51’’W	Palotina	2018/2019	BS2606 IPRO	6.0	09/11/2018
3	24°20’52”S 53°51’42”W	Palotina	2019/2020	M5947 IPRO	5.9	11/22/2019
4	24°20’52”S 53°51’42”W	Palotina	2019/2020	M5947 IPRO	5.9	11/22/2019
5	24°20’36”S 53°51’58”W	Palotina	2019/2020	M5947 IPRO	5.9	10/23/2019
Results of soil physical analysis and organic matter content
Experiment	Clay	Silt	Sand		Texture	Organic matter
%
1	61	19	20			2.2%
2	63	18	19			2.6%
3	65	17	18	Very clayey		2.7%
4	66	16	18			2.5%
5	62	19	19			2.5%

Treatment	Commercial product	Dose¹ 1 Doses in g of acid equivalent (ae) ha-1 for 2,4-D, dicamba and imazethapyr, and in g of active ingredient (ai) ha-1 for the remaining herbicides.
		g ae or ai ha^-1
Control with no herbicide	-	-
Saflufenacil	Heat^®	35
2,4-D	DMA^® 806 BR	1,340
Dicamba	Atectra^®	480
Saflufenacil + diclosulam	Heat^® + Spider^® 840 WG	35 + 35.3
Dicamba + saflufenacil	Atectra^® + Heat^®	480 + 35
Dicamba + chlorimuron	Atectra^® + Classic^®	480 + 20
Dicamba + diclosulam	Atectra^® + Spider^® 840 WG	480 + 35.3
Dicamba + sulfentrazone/diuron	Atectra^® + Stone^®	480 + 245/490
Dicamba + imazethapyr/flumioxazin	Atectra^® + Zethamaxx^®	480 + 120/60

Treatment	Commercial product	Dose¹ 1 Doses in g of acid equivalent (ae) ha-1 for haloxyfop, 2,4-D, triclopyr and dicamba, and in g of active ingredient (ai) ha-1 for the remaining herbicides. Except for the control, 1,080 g ae ha-1 + 192 g ai ha-1 of glyphosate (Roundup® Original) + clethodim (Select® 240 EC) were applied in all the treatments in soybean stage R1.
		g ae or ai ha^-1
Control with no herbicide	-	-
Clethodim	Select^® 240 EC	192
Haloxyfop	Verdict^® R	120
Clethodim + 2,4-D	Select^® 240 EC + DMA^® 806 BR	192 + 1,005
Haloxyfop + 2,4-D	Verdict^® R + DMA^® 806 BR	120 + 1,005
Clethodim + triclopyr	Select^® 240 EC + Triclon^®	192 + 960
Haloxyfop + triclopyr	Verdict^® R + Triclon^®	120 + 960
Clethodim + dicamba	Select^® 240 EC + Atectra^®	192 + 480
Haloxyfop + dicamba	Verdict^® R + Atectra^®	120 + 480
Clethodim + carfentrazone	Select^® 240 EC + Aurora^® 400 EC	192 + 30
Haloxyfop + carfentrazone	Verdict^® R + Aurora^® 400 EC	120 + 30
Clethodim + saflufenacil	Select^® 240 EC + Heat^®	192 + 49
Haloxyfop + saflufenacil	Verdict^® R + Heat^®	120 + 49
Clethodim + chlorimuron	Select^® 240 EC + Classic^®	192 + 20
Haloxyfop + chlorimuron	Verdict^® R + Classic^®	120 + 20

Herbicide dose		Application time
Experiment 3 (s-metolachlor)	Experiment 4 (clomazone)	Application time
g of active ingredient (ai) ha^-1		Days after planting (DAP)
960	360	0
1,920	720	14
2,880	1,080	28

Treatment	Dose¹ 1 Doses in g of acid equivalent (ae) ha-1 for 2,4-D, dicamba and imazethapyr, and in g of active ingredient (ai) ha-1 for the remaining herbicides.	Vigor	G² 2 Germination.	EC³ 3 Electrical conductivity.
Treatment	g ea or ai ha^-1	%		µS cm^-1g^-1
Control with no herbicide	-	85.0 a	86.4 a	117.6 b
Saflufenacil	35	83.3 a	84.8 a	144.6 b
2,4-D	1,340	87.0 a	88.3 a	78.1 a
Dicamba	480	86.0 a	90.5 a	96.1 a
Saflufenacil + diclosulam	35 + 35.3	78.3 a	82.0 a	131.7 b
Dicamba + saflufenacil	480 + 35	82.0 a	84.8 a	133.2 b
Dicamba + chlorimuron	480 + 20	88.3 a	90.3 a	115.0 b
Dicamba + diclosulam	480 + 35.3	77.5 a	78.0 a	122.3 b
Dicamba + sulfentrazone/diuron	480 + 245/490	77.8 a	78.8 a	152.6 b
Dicamba + imazethapyr/flumioxazin	480 + 120/60	62.3 b	63.0 b	119.8 b
	Mean	80.8	82.6	121.1
	CV (%) F	8.7 4.6^* * Means followed by the same letter in the row do not differ according to the Scott-Knott test at 5%.	7.2 7.5^* * Means followed by the same letter in the row do not differ according to the Scott-Knott test at 5%.	20.3 3.2^ns ns Not-significant, means did not differ according to the F test at 5% probability.

	Dose¹ 1 Doses in g of acid equivalent (ae) ha-1 for haloxyfop, 2,4-D, triclopyr and dicamba, and in g of active ingredient (ai) ha-1 for the remaining herbicides.	Vigor	G² 2 Germination.		EC³ 3 Electrical conductivity. 1,080 g ae ha-1 + 192 g ai ha-1 of glyphosate (Roundup® Original) + clethodim (Select® 240 EC) were applied in all the treatments in soybean stage R1, except for the control with no herbicide.
Treatment	g ae or ai ha^-1		%		µS cm^-1g^-1
Control with no herbicide	-	92.0		93.3	61.4
Clethodim	192	87.8		92.0	50.4
Haloxyfop	120	91.0		93.3	54.3
Clethodim + 2,4-D	192 + 1.005	89.5		92.8	54.2
Haloxyfop + 2,4-D	120 + 1.005	88.3		92.8	64.2
Clethodim + triclopyr	192 + 960	93.0		93.8	60.5
Haloxyfop + triclopyr	120 + 960	87.8		90.8	64.6
Clethodim + dicamba	192 + 480	85.3		89.5	57.9
Haloxyfop + dicamba	120 + 480	89.5		93.5	53.7
Clethodim + carfentrazone	192 + 30	87.5		92.5	56.2
Haloxyfop + carfentrazone	120 + 30	89.0		95.0	64.3
Clethodim + saflufenacil	192 + 49	89.8		92.3	60.8
Haloxyfop + saflufenacil	120 + 49	87.5		91.5	59.8
Clethodim + chlorimuron	192 + 20	90.6		94.3	58.6
Haloxyfop + chlorimuron	120 + 20	89.3		92.8	66.4
	Mean	89.2		92.7	59.1
	CV (%) F	4.7 15.5^ns ns Non-significant, means did not differ according to the F test at 5% probability.		3.8 7.5^ns ns Non-significant, means did not differ according to the F test at 5% probability.	15.0 87.8^ns ns Non-significant, means did not differ according to the F test at 5% probability.


Dose	Germination	Dose	Germination
g i.a. ha^-1	%	g ai ha^-1	%
960	89.4	360	90.3
1.920	88.1	720	90.3
2.880	89.6	1,080	85.7
Application		Application
DAP¹ 1 Days after planting.		DAP¹ 1 Days after planting.
0	89.4	0	88.8
14	89.9	14	89.8
28	87.8	28	87.9
Control	90.5	Control	89.5
F Dose (D) F Application (A) F D x A	0.7^ns ns Non-significant, means did not differ according to the F test at 5% probability. 0.3^ns ns Non-significant, means did not differ according to the F test at 5% probability. 0.1^ns ns Non-significant, means did not differ according to the F test at 5% probability.	F Dose (D) F Application (A) F D x A	2.2^ns ns Non-significant, means did not differ according to the F test at 5% probability. 0.2^ns ns Non-significant, means did not differ according to the F test at 5% probability. 0.3^ns ns Non-significant, means did not differ according to the F test at 5% probability.
Mean	89.2	Mean	88.9
CV (%)	5.4	CV (%)	6.9

	Doses	Germination
	g ai ha^-1	%
	0	96.3
	360	97.8
	720	97.5
	1,080	98.3
	1,440	95.5
	1,800	97.8
Mean		97.2
CV (%) F regression		2.5 0.1^ns ns Non-significant at 5% probability.

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[1] Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest related to the publication of this manuscript.