MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND GENETIC DIVERSITY IN ORNAMENTAL SPECIMENS OF THE GENUS SANSEVIERIA

CARACTERIZAÇÃO MORFOLÓGICA E DIVERSIDADE GENÉTICA EM ESPÉCIMES ORNAMENTAIS DO GÊNERO SANSEVIERIA

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to characterize and estimate genetic divergence among twelve specimens of the Sansevieria genus from the collection of the Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI). A completely randomized experimental design was used with three replicates, and the plot consisted of four plants. In morphological characterization, qualitative and quantitative descriptors of leaves were evaluated. Genetic divergence among the specimens was determined by the Tocher clustering method and the hierarchical UPGMA. There is genetic variation among specimens evaluated, which was also expressed by the variability of colors, shapes, and sizes of the leaves. The Tocher clustering method and the hierarchical UPGMA were effective in differentiation of the specimens from multi-categorical qualitative descriptors, as the Tocher method grouped the accessions in two groups and the UPGMA in seven different groups. We highlight the accessions SSV 09 and SSV 10 as exhibiting the highest mean values in weekly leaf growth and in leaf height, important characteristics for local sale and for export.

Keywords:
Germplasm collection; Genetic diversity; Ornamental plants

RESUMO

Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar e estimar a divergência genética entre doze espécimes do gênero Sansevieria da Coleção da Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI). Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, com três repetições, sendo a parcela constituída por quatro plantas. Para caracterização morfológica foram avaliados descritores foliares de natureza qualitativa e quantitativa. A divergência genética entre os espécimes foi determinada pelos métodos de agrupamento de Tocher e o hierárquico UPGMA. Foi possível verificar que existe variação genética entre os indivíduos avaliados, em relação às cores, formatos e tamanhos das folhas. O método de agrupamento de Tocher e o método hierárquico UPGMA foram eficientes na diferenciação dos espécimes, a partir de descritores qualitativos multicategóricos, de modo que o método de Tocher reuniu os acessos em dois grupos e o UPGMA em sete grupos distintos. Destacamos os acessos SSV 09 e SSV 10 por apresentarem as maiores médias em crescimento foliar semanal e na altura da folha, características importantes para comercialização local e exportação.

Palavras-chave:
Coleção de Germoplasma; Diversidade genética; Plantas ornamentais

INTRODUCTION

Ornamental plants are economically important for the horticulture industry, admired throughout the world, and valued for their aesthetic properties (MITROFANOVA; ZAKUBANSKIY; MITROFANOVA, 2018). The expansion of ornamental plants in the production sector, especially in Brazil, directly depends on the introduction of new items on the market. This basically occurs through plant breeding studies, with the creation of new cultivars or with the introduction and selection of new materials with favorable characteristics (BIONDI; LEAL, 2019; JUNQUEIRA; PEETZ, 2014; NASCIMENTO; GRAZIANO; LOPES, 2003).

Knowledge of the morphology, growth habit, and data regarding biology of species are of fundamental importance to define strategies in breeding programs. Such practices aim at creating conditions favorable to plant development, and visual quality is an important criterion for consumers that look for plants with immediate decorative effects (GARBEZ et al., 2017; OLIVEIRA et al., 2017).

Studies of characterization and evaluation of genetic diversity through morphological markers provide basis for breeding programs since they generate information related to distribution of diversity. This type of characterization should consider botanical descriptors of high heritability, easy measurement, and little genotype x environment interaction (COSTA et al., 2015; MELO et al., 2016).

The Sansevieria genus (Asparagaceae) includes a group of plants with ornamental foliage, valued for wide variety in the shape of their leaves. They are popularly known as mother-in-law's tongue, devil's tongue, jinn's tongue, bow string hemp, snake plant, and snake tongue. In addition to their aesthetic qualities, they are hardy plants, adapting to environments that are not always favorable to development of most plants (NASCIMENTO; GRAZIANO; LOPES, 2003; PÉREZ-LEÓN et al., 2015). It is a cosmopolitan genus, with Eastern Africa as its center of origin (NEWTON, 2018).

Their diversity in shape is quite surprising, ranging from miniscule plants, some with strong pointed leaves and others that are delicate and flat, up to formidable shrubs of 2 to 4 meters height. They are interesting plants recommended for urban landscaping due to their hardiness and characteristic shape of their leaves (BALDWIN; WEBB, 2016).

However, this genus has not been greatly studied, and it is necessary to generate basic knowledge regarding the species, such as taxonomy, morphology, the natural genetic variability that exists, and mode of propagation, important aspects for use in landscaping and floriculture.

The Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI) has a collection with twelve specimens of this genus. There is currently no study related to characterization and genetic divergence for the accessions of the collection. Investigation of the genetic resources available in the Germplasm bank is important to generate new products to meet the needs of the market. Based on this information, the aim of this study was to morphologically characterize and estimate the genetic diversity of the ex situ collection, as the information generated contributes to the pre-breeding of the species.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The genetic material used consisted of twelve specimens from the ex situ collection of the Sansevieria genus of the Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI) (Table 3) at the Plant Science Department of the Centro de Ciências Agrárias in Teresina, PI, Brazil, at 05°05’ S, 42°05’ W, and an altitude of 72.7 m. A completely randomized experimental design was used, with three replicates, and each plot consisted of four plants.

Table 1
Common name and botanical identification of the collection of the Sansevieria genus of UFPI. Teresina, PI, Brazil.

Code	Common name	Species
SSV 01	Espada de São Jorge	Sansevieria sp.
SSV 02	Jacinto do Quênia	Sansevieria parva
SSV 03	Espadinha	Sansevieria sp.
SSV 04	Espadinha	Sansevieria sp.
SSV 05	Espadinha	Sansevieria trifasciata
SSV 06	Espadinha verde e amarelo	Sansevieria trifasciata
SSV 07	Espada de São Jorge	Sansevieria sp.
SSV 08	Lança de São Jorge, Flecha de Índio	Sansevieria cyilindrica
SSV 09	Lança de São Jorge	Sansevieria masoniana
SSV 10	Mason do Congo	Sansevieria zanzibarica
SSV 11	Língua de Sogra, Rabo de Lagarto	Sansevieria trifasciata
SSV 12	Espada de São Jorge	Sansevieria trifasciata var. laurenti

Table 2
Morphological descriptors¹: shape of the apex (SA), shape of the leaf in the transversal section (STS), leaf color (LC), color of leaf spots (CLS), color of leaf margin (CLM), phyllotaxis (PHY), rhizome color (RC), and plant size (PS), evaluated in twelve specimens of Sansevieria, in the municipality of Teresina, PI, Brazil.

Specimen	SA	STS	LC	CLS	CLM	PHY	RC	PS
SSV 01	CA	EL	DG	LG	G	RS	O	M
SSV 02	CA	EL	DG	LG	O	RS	O	M
SSV 03	CA	EL	LG	DG	G	RS	O	S
SSV 04	CA	EL	LG	DG	G	RS	O	S
SSV 05	CA	EL	DG	LG	G	RS	O	S
SSV 06	CA	EL	VG	DG	G	RS	O	S
SSV 07	CA	EL	DG	LG	G	RS	O	M
SSV 08	AC	CL	LG	DG	*	EQ	BG	L
SSV 09	CA	EL	DG	LG	O	RS	O	L
SSV 10	AC	CL	DG	LG	*	RS	BG	L
SSV 11	CA	EL	DG	LG	G	RS	O	L
SSV 12	CA	EL	VG	DG	G	RS	O	L

• ¹
  AC - Acuminate, CA - Caudate; CL - Cylindrical, EL - Elliptical; LG - Light Green, DG - Dark Green, VG - Variegated; O - Orange, G - Green; EQ - Equitant, RS - Rosulate; BG - Beige; S - Small, M - Medium, L - Large.
• ^*
  Specimen without margin.

Table 3
Mean values of the quantitative descriptors of the leaf: width of the leaf base (WLB), width of the middle region of the leaf (WMRL), width of the leaf apex (WLA), and leaf height (LH), evaluated in twelve specimens of the Sansevieria genus in the municipality of Teresina, PI, Brazil.

Specimen	WLB (mm)	WMRL( mm)	WLA (mm)	LH (cm)
SSV 01	14.80 B	53.26 B	6.09 A	22.87 D
SSV 02	12.56 B	16.72 D	3.94 A	29.28 D
SSV 03	11.75 B	28.22 C	1.25 B	9.82 E
SSV 04	19.58 A	37.43 C	4.04 A	11.90 E
SSV 05	18.36 A	47.40 B	4.04 A	12.08 E
SSV 06	10.95 B	34.46 C	3.40 A	8.59 E
SSV 07	10.18 B	30.97 C	3.67 A	31.99 D
SSV 08	21.21 A	19.01 D	3.52 A	71.25 B
SSV 09	19.69 A	83.67 A	4.26 A	77.93 A
SSV 10	21.47 A	16.10 D	3.77 A	54.61 C
SSV 11	21.70 A	48.67 B	3.65 A	67.58 B
SSV 12	24.96 A	53.19 B	2.64 A	80.27 A

• Mean values followed by the same letter in the column do not differ from each other by the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability.

In the absence of morphological descriptors defined for the Sansevieria genus, morphological characterization was based on characteristics described for the Sansevieria trifasciata Prain “Hahnii” species and vascular plants (GILMAN, 1999). The following qualitative leaf descriptors were evaluated: general shape of the lamina/leaf blade (GSL), shape of the base of the lamina/leaf blade (SBL), shape of the apex (SA), shape of the margin of the lamina/leaf blade (SML), shape of the leaf in transversal section (STS), type of venation (TV), leaf color (LC), color of leaf spots (CLS), color of the leaf margin (CLM), type of indumentum (TI), phyllotaxis (PHY), rhizome color (RC), and plant size (S, M, L). For plant size, small (S) was considered up to 25 cm; medium (M), from 25 to 50 cm; and large (L), greater than 50 cm. The quantitative descriptors evaluated were as follows: width of the leaf base (WLB), width of the middle region of the leaf (WMRL), width of the leaf apex (WLA), and leaf height (LH).

In determination of leaf size, in cm, a tape measure was used; and for widths of the base, middle region, and apical region, a digital caliper was used, in each example of the specimens characterized.

The rate of leaf growth of the widths of the base, middle region, and apex of the leaf and height of the leaf were measured in four examples of each specimen with the aid of a measuring tape over two months. Weekly growth of leaf height was determined in four examples of each specimen over seven weeks.

Comparison between the mean values of the specimens, the Scott-Knott clustering criteria at 5% probability was used. Genetic divergence among the specimens was determined by the Tocher cluster method and the hierarchical UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean). In these analyses, the Genes 2013.5.1 program was used (CRUZ, 2016).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The twelve specimens from the collection of the Sansevieria genus of UFPI were morphologically characterized, exhibiting variation for color, shape, and arrangement of the leaves (Table 2), except in regard to the general shape of the lamina/leaf blade, shape of the base of the lamina/leaf blade, shape of the margin of the lamina/leaf blade, type of venation, type of leaf indumentum, and root color - in that respect, the leaves are 100% lanceolate, cuneate, with the margin of the lamina/leaf blade whole, with parallel venation, and glabrous, and the root is orange colored. Some studies related to the economic importance of Sansevieria worldwide in horticulture, where many species are grown in pots and gardens as ornamental plants (TAKAWIRA-NYENYA et al., 2014).

Considering the shape of the apex of the lamina/leaf blade, 83% have a caudate apex, and 17%, acuminate. Regarding the shape of the leaf in transversal section, 83% have an elliptical shape, 17%, a cylindrical shape.

A dark green leaf color with light green spots is borne by 58% of the specimens; 25% have an inverse combination, and variegated leaves with dark green spots appear in 17% of the total. A margin of green color characterizes 75% of the specimens, and 25% of orange color. Generally leaves vary regarding color; colors are initially brighter and margins are concave, but as leaves age, they become yellowed and convex. In some plants, when they reach the adult phase, the bases of the leaves become more attenuated and the spots on the leaves become darker.

In regard to phyllotaxis, 92% are rosulate and 8%, equitant. An orange colored rhizome occurs in 83% and beige rhizome in 7%. For plant size, 25% are medium, 33% are small, and 42% are large. According Baldwin and Webb (2016), the phenotypic variation observed in the Sansevieria genus for leaf morphology may be the result of phylogenetic inheritance or ecological adaptation.

For the quantitative descriptors of the leaf, a significant difference (P < 0.05) is observed among the specimens of Sansevieria characterized, indicating the existence of genetic variability (Table 3).

The width of the leaf base, with variation from 10.18 mm (SSV 07) to 24.96 mm (SSV 12), formed two groups, showing little contribution to divergence among the specimens. For the middle region of the leaves, four groups were formed, with a higher mean value for SSV 09 (83.67 mm), whose leaves are quite attractive for their width, and lower mean values for SSV 08 (19.01 mm), SSV 02 (16.72 mm), and SSV 10 (16.10 mm). Regarding the width of the apex, the variation was from 1.25 mm (SSV 03) to 6.09 mm (SSV 01), forming two groups.

Knowledge of the leaf height of Sansevierias represents an initial reference for establishing parks and gardens, as well as for production of species used for manufacturing fibers. For leaf height, five groups were formed. The specimens SSV 09 and SSV 12 are of greater size, 77.93 cm and 80.27 cm, respectively. Lower mean values were observed for SSV 06 (8.59 cm), SSV 03 (9.82 cm), SSV 04 (11.90 cm), and SSV 05 (12.08 cm), commonly called “little swords” or “dwarf swords”. The species Sansevieria trifasciata has up to 6 leaves per rosette. In addition, most of the commercially important cultivars in Florida were selected from Sansevieria trifasciata (FRANCK, 2012).

The observations made regarding weekly leaf growth in height show that the specimens SSV 09 and SSV 10 grew more quickly, arriving at a mean increase greater than 5 cm per week, which may be an advantage in systems of multiplication for local commercialization and/or export, considering that this character is the most relevant to the pre-breeding crop, since it has a direct relationship with the quantity and quality of the leaf fiber. The Sansevierias SSV 02, SSV 03, SSV 04, SSV 05, and SSV 06, which are dwarf varieties, except for SSV 02, obtained the lowest mean values for leaf growth (Table 4).

Table 4
Weekly record of growth in leaf height of Sansevieria sp. in Teresina, PI, Brazil.

Specimen	Mean growth (cm)	Maximum (cm)
SSV 01	1.19	3.70
SSV 02	0.86	6.00
SSV 03	0.89	6.10
SSV 04	0.79	6.00
SSV 05	0.43	5.50
SSV 06	0.65	6.30
SSV 07	1.88	4.60
SSV 08	1.60	11.10
SSV 09	5.49	15.20
SSV 10	5.54	12.00
SSV 11	2.73	21.30
SSV 12	2.71	8.80

Additional knowledge of species of Sansevieria that can be successfully cultivated as ornamentals reported here widens the knowledge on the range of genetic resources that can be potentially exploited commercially. Thus, specimens SSV 09 and SSV 10 are indicated for crop breeding programs. The identification of a certain accession with potential to be used as potted plant, or for landscape plants, foliage or even as ornamental minifruits depends on the set of characteristics related to each of these categories. Besides, these accessions may be potential parents in breeding programs for the generation of hybrids with the desired characteristics, even without having all the desirable characteristics for a certain use.

Different methods of multivariate analysis use morphological variations of plants in estimation of genetic divergence, and among them are clustering methods. The use of multivariate techniques allows evaluation of genetic material from a set of characteristics considering the importance of each variable in the total variation (CoStA et al., 2016; MENEGATTI et al., 2017). Thus, knowledge about similarity and dissimilarity may contribute to the rational planning of genetic breeding programs and optimization of the management of the preserved germplasm, which contributed to the knowledge of the phenotypic variation and divergence patterns of the species (FIGÁS et al., 2018).

Seven groups were formed using data of leaf qualitative descriptors (WLB, WMRL, WLA and LH) by the hierarchical UPGMA method, based on the average Euclidean distance (Figure 1). The cophenetic correlation coefficient of the dendrogram (r = 0.839) revealed good fit between the graphic representation of the distances and its original matrix (ROHLF; FISHER, 1968).

Based on the dissimilarity matrix, it can be observed that the accessions that showed the highest dissimilarity were SSV 09 and SS V03 (D = 2.57). Dissimilarity between different individuals was mostly found with respect to genotype SSV 09 mainly because it has wide and tall leaves. The genotype SSV 12 also revealed a large genetic dissimilarity in relation to the others, due to the features width of the base, width of the leaf apex and leaf height.

Figure 1
Dendrogram of genetic dissimilarity among twelve specimens of the genus Sansevieria, obtained by the hierarchical UPGMA. Teresina, PI, Brazil.

Group I contained the accessions SSV 01, SSV 07, and SSV 02, which were similar in relation to the following characteristics: leaf color, leaf spot color, and plant size. Group II consisted of the specimens SSV 09 (Sansevieria trifasciata) and SSV 11 (Sansevieria masoniana), which had thirteen descriptors in common, differing only in relation to the color of the leaf margin.

Group III had Sansevierias of green and green and yellow color and small size (SSV 05 and SSV 06). The SSV 06 specimen, also known as “little sword”, is a chimera of SSV 05. When reproduced by tillers, its leaves have characteristics identical to those of the original plant, but if it is reproduced by leaf cuttings, the new plant will have characteristics of the specimen SSV 05 since the chimeric form tends to return to its original form.

Group IV is represented by SSV 12 (Sansevieria trifasciata var. laurentii), characterized by green and yellow leaf color and by large size of the plant. The specimens SSV 03 and SSV 04 are identical, with light green leaf color and small size, and were placed in Group V.

Group VI, formed by SSV 08, plant with cylindrical leaves, beige rhizome color, large size, and light green leaf color. Group VII, represented by SSV 10, has cylindrical leaves, beige rhizome color, large size, and dark green leaves. Analysis of the results obtained, through characterization of the Sansevierias, shows that the accessions vary greatly regarding their leaves, from short, fleshy, thick leaves to long, narrow, leathery ones.

Santos (2014) evaluated the genetic dissimilarity between accessions of the Agave genus conserved in the EMBRAPA Cotton germplasm bank by UPGMA method and observed the formation of groups 4, in which group I was the largest, comprising 51.35% of the accessions. The variables that had the most contribution to these groups formation were leaf color and number of leaves. Moreover, Carneiro (2017) characterized sisal accessions from quantitative traits and observed the formation of two groups by UPGMA method, indicating that, although there is phenotypic diversity, the results may be indicative of a narrow genetic basis among individuals. The Tocher optimization method is normally used concomitantly with the UPGMA hierarchical method, providing correspondence for the allocation of elements in the clusters (CANTELLI et al., 2016). In cluster analysis of the specimens by the Tocher method, two groups were observed (Table 5).

Table 5
Groups of the specimens of Sansevieria sp., established by the Tocher method, using the dissimilarity matrix. Teresina, PI, Brazil.

Group	Specimens
I	SSV 01, SSV 07, SSV 02, SSV 05, SSV 11, SSV 09, SSV 06, SSV 12, SSV 03, SSV 04
II	SSV 08, SSV 10

The study of divergence performed by Tocher cluster analysis grouped the accessions through analysis of the descriptors evaluated in such a way that there was greater homogeneity within the group and a higher level of heterogeneity among the groups (CRUZ; REGAZZI; CARNEIRO, 2013; ROSA et al., 2019). Group I was formed by eight accessions that were similar in relation to the shape of the apex (caudate), shape of the leaf in the transversal section (elliptical), and rhizome color (orange). Included in this group were the specimens SSV 03, SSV 04, SSV 05, and SSV 06, known as “Little Swords”, since they had linear, whole, small leaves. Group II contained the specimens SSV 08 and SSV 10, the popular “St. George’s Lance”, plants that have leaves in the shape of lances. This group is also characterized by beige colored rhizomes.

In this is study the UPGMA and Tocher methods demonstrated that the clusters in the dendrograms could be used for identification of the method yielding the highest number of clusters and, consequently, constitute an improvement in the possibility of selecting the most divergent parents.

For commercialization of the Sansevieria genus to increase in the ornamental market, the types of varieties must increase. In this perspective, morphological characterization and establishment of genetic distance among the plants constitute important contributions to the choice of divergent and complementary plants for the development of segregating populations in plant breeding programs, with the aim of diversifying the ornamental market. Therefore, the characterization of these accessions is crucial to identify the ornamental potential of the collection. This study of Sansevieria germplasm provides important data on the accessions evaluated, highlighting the relevance of maintaining an active germplasm bank, in which the genetic variation of certain species can be used for different purposes.

CONCLUSION

The application of morphological descriptors to characterize selected accessions of Sansevieria revealed variation of the active germplasm bank and allowed the identification of accessions SSV 09 and SSV 10 with ornamental potential, as the most advantageous in systems of multiplication for local commercialization and export, since they had the highest mean values in relation to weekly leaf growth and plant height, aggregating value to the germplasm preserved. The Tocher cluster method and the hierarchical UPGMA were effective in estimating the genetic differentiation of the accessions; the Tocher method grouped them in two groups and the UPGMA, in seven different groups.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors would like to thank the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education (CAPES) for the scholarships granted and its assistance.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  23 Nov 2020
• Date of issue
  Oct-Dec 2020

History

• Received
  26 Mar 2020
• Accepted
  03 Sept 2020