Determination of the optimum plot size for tomato seedlings

The objectives of this work were to determine the optimum plot size for tomato seedlings by Hatheway’s method, using the Mestiço and Ozone cultivars, and verify the possibility to obtain the optimum plot size only by non-destructive characteristics. Non-destructives (aerial part height, stem diameter, number of leaves and leaf area) and destructives (aerial part dry matter, root dry matter, total dry matter and Dickson quality index) characteristics were evaluated. For each characteristic evaluated, experimental plans were simulated in a randomized block design with the combination of I treatments (I = 3, 4, 5, ..., 10, 15, 20 and 25) and R repetitions (R= 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7). The optimum plot size ranged according to the characteristic evaluated. Considering the number of treatments, repetitions and the same experimental accuracy, the stem diameter showed the highest size plot. Thus, the stem diameter can be used as a basis characteristic for the non-destructives characteristics, without the need to destroy the seedling.

Keywords:
Solanum lycopersicum; experimental precision; experimental planning; experimental design

Authorship

Jeniffer Ribeiro de Oliveira ^**Corresponding author: jeniffer.jr1994@gmail.com

Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Biológicas, São Mateus, Espírito Santo, Brazil. jeniffer.jr1994@gmail.com; weslley.rosario@hotmail.com; e.romais.s@gmail.comUniversidade Federal do Espírito SantoBrazilSão Mateus, Espírito Santo, BrazilUniversidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Biológicas, São Mateus, Espírito Santo, Brazil. jeniffer.jr1994@gmail.com; weslley.rosario@hotmail.com; e.romais.s@gmail.com

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7529-4037

Weslley do Rosário Santana

Mayara Nascimento Santos

Universidade de Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brazil. mayaratirsa@gmail.comUniversidade de Vila VelhaBrazilVila Velha, Espírito Santo, BrazilUniversidade de Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brazil. mayaratirsa@gmail.com

Edilson Romais Schmildt

*Corresponding author: jeniffer.jr1994@gmail.com

This work is part of the first author’s scientific research.

The authors inform that there is no conflict of interests in carrying out the research and publishing this manuscript

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Tables

Tables (7)

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Table 1:
Minimum, maximum, mean, standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variation (CV) and p-value of Shapiro-Wilk normality test (SW) for eight characteristics evaluated in tomato seedlings (Solanum Iycopersicum), Mestiço and Ozone cultivars

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Table 2:
Pearson (r) linear correlation coefficients matrix between eight characteristics of tomato seedlings (Solanum Iycopersicum), Mestiço and Ozone cultivars

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Table 3:
Canonical correlations (r) and canonical pairs estimated between destructive characteristics (group I) and non-destructive characteristics (group II) from tomato seedlings (Solanum Iycopersicum), Mestiço and Ozone cultivars

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Table 4:
Optimum plot size (X₀), in number of plants, to evaluate the aerial part height, estimated by Hatheway’s method, in an experiment disposed by a randomized block design in different scenarios formed by combinations between number of treatments (I) and number of repetitions (R) in tomato seedlings (Solanum Iycopersicum) with error of 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% around the average

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Table 5:
Optimum plot size (X₀), in number of plants, to evaluate the stem diameter, estimated by Hatheway’s method, in an experiment disposed in a randomized block design in different scenarios formed by combinations between number of treatments (I) and number of repetitions (R) in tomato seedlings (Solanum lycopersicum), with error of 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% around the average

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Table 6:
Optimum plot size (X₀), in number of plants, for assessing the number of leaves per plant, estimated by Hatheway’s method in an experiment disposed in a randomized block design in different scenarios formed by combinations between number of treatments (I ) and number of repetitions (R) in tomato seedlings (Solanum Iycopersicum) with error of 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% around the average

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Table 7:
Optimum plot size (X₀), in number of plants, for leaf area assessment, estimated by Hatheway’s method in an experiment disposed in a randomized block design in different scenarios formed by combinations between number of treatments (I) and number of repetitions (R) in tomato seedlings (Solanum Iycopersicum) with error of 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% around the average

Table 1: Minimum, maximum, mean, standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variation (CV) and p-value of Shapiro-Wilk normality test (SW) for eight characteristics evaluated in tomato seedlings (Solanum Iycopersicum), Mestiço and Ozone cultivars

Characteristics ⁽¹⁾	Minimum	Maximum	Mean ⁽²⁾	SD	CV (%)	SW ⁽³⁾
APH, ‘Mestiço’	3.85	9.00	7.26a	0.80	11.05	< 0.01
APH, ‘Ozone’	3.70	8.00	6.63b	0.55	8.37	< 0.01
SD, ‘Mestiço’	0.77	3.92	2.37a	0.58	24.26	0.01
SD. ‘Ozone’	1.43	3.21	2.25a	0.27	12.19	0.33
NL, ‘Mestiço’	2.00	4.00	2.99a	0.34	11.44	< 0.01
NL, ‘Ozone’	2.00	3.00	2.15b	0.36	16.65	< 0.01
LA, ‘Mestiço’	16.96	49.34	36.52a	5.12	14.01	< 0.01
LA, ‘Ozone’	3.98	28.71	17.41b	3.75	21.56	0.68
APDM, ‘Mestiço’	0.10	0.22	0.15a	0.03	19.6	< 0.01
APDM, ‘Ozone’	0.02	0.13	0.08b	0.02	23.9	0.61
RDM, ‘Mestiço’	0.03	0.10	0.06a	0.02	26.82	0.04
RDM, ‘Ozone’	0.01	0.05	0.03b	0.01	29.92	0.02
TDM, ‘Mestiço’	0.15	0.31	0.21a	0.04	19.53	< 0.01
TDM, ‘Ozone’	0.03	0.17	0.10b	0.02	22.09	0.54
DQI, ‘Mestiço’	0.02	0.06	0.04a	0.01	27.19	0.11
DQI, ‘Ozone’	0.01	0.03	0.02b	0.005	27.06	0.29

^*
¹⁾ APH = aerial part height (cm); SD = stem diameter (mm); NL = number of leaves; LA = leaf area per seedling (cm²); APDM = aerial part dry matter (g); RDM = root dry matter (g); TDM = total dry matter (g); DQI = Dickson quality index.
^*
²⁾ Means for the same trait, evaluated between two cultivars, followed by the same letter, do not differ statistically from each other by t test at 5% probability.
^*
³⁾ p-value above 0.05 indicates normality of the data at 5% probability.

Table 2: Pearson (r) linear correlation coefficients matrix between eight characteristics of tomato seedlings (Solanum Iycopersicum), Mestiço and Ozone cultivars

Mestiço cultivar
Characteristic ⁽¹⁾	APH	SD	NL	LA	APDM	RDM	TDM	DQI
APH	1.00	0.09	0.06	0.29	0.24	0.18	0.24	-0.01
SD	0.09⁽²⁾	1.00	0.14	0.17	0.09	-0.05	0.05	0.52
NL	0.06	0.14	1.00	0.37	0.12	0.12	0.14	0.18
LA	0.29	0.17	0.37	1.00	0.47	0.34	0.47	0.34
APDM	0.24	0.09	0.12	0.47	1.00	0.57	0.94	0.59
RDM	0.18	-0.05	0.12	0.34	0.57	1.00	0.81	0.76
TDM	0.24	0.05	0.14	0.47	0.94	0.81	1.00	0.73
QDI	-0.01	0.52	0.18	0.34	0.59	0.76	0.73	1.00
Ozone cultivar
Characteristic ⁽¹⁾	APH	SD	NL	LA	APDM	RDM	TDM	DQI
APH	1.00	0.50	0.29	0.61	0.60	0.32	0.60	0.36
SD	0.50⁽²⁾	1.00	0.23	0.50	0.50	0.28	0.50	0.49
NL	0.29	0.23	1.00	0.40	0.30	0.12	0.28	0.17
LA	0.61	0.50	0.40	1.00	0.80	0.42	0.79	0.55
APDM	0.60	0.50	0.30	0.80	1.00	0.44	0.95	0.61
RDM	0.32	0.28	0.12	0.42	0.44	1.00	0.68	0.96
TDM	0.60	0.50	0.28	0.79	0.95	0.68	1.00	0.81
QDI	0.36	0.49	0.17	0.55	0.61	0.96	0.81	1.00

^*
¹⁾ APH = aerial part height (cm); SD = stem diameter (mm); NL = number of leaves per plant; LA = leaf area (cm²); APDM = aerial part dry matter (g); RDM = root dry matter (g); TDM = total dry matter (g); DQI = Dickson quality index.
^*
²⁾ Very weak correlation between 0.00 to 0.19; weak between 0.20 to 0.39; moderate between 0.40 to 0.69; strong between 0.70 to 0.89; and very strong between 0.90 to 1.00, according to Shimakura & Júnior (2012Shimakura S & Júnior PJR (2012) Estatística Descritiva: Interpretação do coeficiente de correlação. Available at: Available at: http://leg.ufpr.br/~paulojus/CE003/ce003/node8.html . Accessed on: August 8th, 2018.
http://leg.ufpr.br/~paulojus/CE003/ce003... ). Critical value for statistical significance of the correlations: r ≥ 0.181, significant at 1%; r ≥ 0.138, significant at 5%. The following hypotheses were used for correlation: H₀: ρ = 0 and H₁: ρ ≠ 0.

Table 3: Canonical correlations (r) and canonical pairs estimated between destructive characteristics (group I) and non-destructive characteristics (group II) from tomato seedlings (Solanum Iycopersicum), Mestiço and Ozone cultivars

Characteristic ⁽¹⁾	Canonical pairs, ‘Mestiço’		Canonical pairs, ‘Ozone’
Characteristic ⁽¹⁾	1°	2°	1°	2°
	Group I		Group I
APDM	0.29	0.86	-0.50	1.29
RDM	1.20	0.15	1.34	3.61
DQI	-1.60	0.08	-1.70	-4.18
	Group II		Group II
APH	0.40	0.19	0.14	0.86
SD	-0.96	0.07	-0.53	-0.97
NL	-0.02	-0.08	0.06	0.00
LA	0.04	0.94	-0.74	0.36
r	0.95** ⁽²⁾	0.49**	0.82** ⁽²⁾	0.81**
Degrees of freedom	12	6	12	6

^*
¹⁾ APH = aerial part height (cm); SD = stem diameter (mm); NL = number of leaves per plant; LA = leaf area (cm²); APDM = aerial part dry matter (g); RDM = root dry matter (g); TDM = total dry matter (g); DQI = Dickson quality index.
^*
²⁾ Significant at 1% by chi-square test.

Table 4: Optimum plot size (X₀), in number of plants, to evaluate the aerial part height, estimated by Hatheway’s method, in an experiment disposed by a randomized block design in different scenarios formed by combinations between number of treatments (I) and number of repetitions (R) in tomato seedlings (Solanum Iycopersicum) with error of 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% around the average

I	R	D = 10%	D = 20%	D = 30%	D = 40%	I	R	D = 10%	D = 20%	D = 30%	D = 40%
1	3	7	8	2	1	1	15	2	16	4	2
2	4	5	10	3	2	1	15	3	15	4	2
3	4	6	8	2	1	1	15	4	11	3	2
4	4	7	7	2	1	1	15	5	9	3	1
5	5	4	13	4	2	1	15	6	8	2	1
6	5	5	10	3	2	1	15	7	7	2	1
7	5	6	8	2	1	1	20	2	16	4	2
8	5	7	7	2	1	1	20	3	15	4	2
9	6	4	12	3	2	1	20	4	11	3	2
10	6	5	10	3	2	1	20	5	9	3	1
11	6	6	8	2	1	1	20	6	8	2	1
12	6	7	7	2	1	1	20	7	7	2	1
13	7	3	17	5	2	2	25	2	16	4	2
14	7	4	12	3	2	1	25	3	15	4	2
15	7	5	10	3	2	1	25	4	11	3	2
16	7	6	8	2	1	1	25	5	9	3	1
17	7	7	7	2	1	1	25	6	8	2	1
18	8	3	16	4	2	1	25	7	7	2	1
19	8	4	12	3	2	1	30	2	15	4	2
20	8	5	9	3	1	1	30	3	15	4	2
21	8	6	8	2	1	1	30	4	11	3	2
22	8	7	7	2	1	1	30	5	9	3	1
23	9	3	16	4	2	1	30	6	8	2	1
24	9	4	12	3	2	1	30	7	6	2	1
25	9	5	9	3	1	1	35	2	15	4	2
26	9	6	8	2	1	1	35	3	15	4	2
27	9	7	7	2	1	1	35	4	11	3	2
28	10	2	18	5	2	2	35	5	9	3	1
29	10	3	16	4	2	1	35	6	7	2	1
30	10	4	12	3	2	1	35	7	6	2	1
31	10	5	9	3	1	1	40	2	15	4	2
32	10	6	8	2	1	1	40	3	15	4	2
33	10	7	7	2	1	1	40	4	11	3	2

Table 5: Optimum plot size (X₀), in number of plants, to evaluate the stem diameter, estimated by Hatheway’s method, in an experiment disposed in a randomized block design in different scenarios formed by combinations between number of treatments (I) and number of repetitions (R) in tomato seedlings (Solanum lycopersicum), with error of 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% around the average

I	R	D = 10%	D = 20%	D = 30%	D = 40%	I	R	D = 10%	D = 20%	D = 30%	D = 40%
3	7	17	5	2	2	15	2	38	10	5	3
4	5	23	6	3	2	15	3	35	9	4	3
4	6	19	5	3	2	15	4	26	7	3	2
4	7	16	4	2	1	15	5	20	5	3	2
5	4	29	8	4	2	15	6	17	5	2	2
5	5	22	6	3	2	15	7	15	4	2	1
5	6	18	5	2	2	20	2	36	9	4	3
5	7	15	4	2	1	20	3	34	9	4	3
6	4	28	7	4	2	20	4	25	7	3	2
6	5	22	6	3	2	20	5	20	5	3	2
6	6	18	5	2	2	20	6	17	5	2	2
6	7	15	4	2	1	20	7	14	4	2	1
7	3	39	10	5	3	25	2	35	9	4	3
7	4	27	7	3	2	25	3	34	9	4	3
7	5	21	6	3	2	25	4	25	7	3	2
7	6	18	5	2	2	25	5	20	5	3	2
7	7	15	4	2	1	25	6	17	5	2	2
8	3	38	10	5	3	25	7	14	4	2	1
8	4	27	7	3	2	30	2	35	9	4	3
8	5	21	6	3	2	30	3	34	9	4	3
8	6	17	5	2	2	30	4	25	7	3	2
8	7	15	4	2	1	30	5	20	5	3	2
9	3	37	10	5	3	30	6	17	5	2	2
9	4	27	7	3	2	30	7	14	4	2	1
9	5	21	6	3	2	35	2	35	9	4	3
9	6	17	5	2	2	35	3	34	9	4	3
9	7	15	4	2	1	35	4	25	7	3	2
10	2	41	11	5	3	35	5	20	5	3	2
10	3	36	9	4	3	35	6	17	5	2	2
10	4	26	7	3	2	35	7	14	4	2	1
10	5	21	6	3	2	40	2	34	9	4	3
10	6	17	5	2	2	40	3	33	9	4	3
10	7	15	4	2	1	40	4	25	7	3	2

Table 6: Optimum plot size (X₀), in number of plants, for assessing the number of leaves per plant, estimated by Hatheway’s method in an experiment disposed in a randomized block design in different scenarios formed by combinations between number of treatments (I ) and number of repetitions (R) in tomato seedlings (Solanum Iycopersicum) with error of 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% around the average

I	R	D = 10%	D = 20%	D = 30%	D = 40%	I	R	D = 10%	D = 20%	D = 30%	D = 40%
1	3	7	8	2	1	1	15	2	16	4	2
2	4	5	10	3	2	1	15	3	15	4	2
3	4	6	8	2	1	1	15	4	11	3	2
4	4	7	7	2	1	1	15	5	9	3	1
5	5	4	13	4	2	1	15	6	8	2	1
6	5	5	10	3	2	1	15	7	7	2	1
7	5	6	8	2	1	1	20	2	16	4	2
8	5	7	7	2	1	1	20	3	15	4	2
9	6	4	12	3	2	1	20	4	11	3	2
10	6	5	10	3	2	1	20	5	9	3	1
11	6	6	8	2	1	1	20	6	8	2	1
12	6	7	7	2	1	1	20	7	7	2	1
13	7	3	17	5	2	2	25	2	16	4	2
14	7	4	12	3	2	1	25	3	15	4	2
15	7	5	10	3	2	1	25	4	11	3	2
16	7	6	8	2	1	1	25	5	9	3	1
17	7	7	7	2	1	1	25	6	8	2	1
18	8	3	16	4	2	1	25	7	7	2	1
19	8	4	12	3	2	1	30	2	15	4	2
20	8	5	9	3	1	1	30	3	15	4	2
21	8	6	8	2	1	1	30	4	11	3	2
22	8	7	7	2	1	1	30	5	9	3	1
23	9	3	16	4	2	1	30	6	8	2	1
24	9	4	12	3	2	1	30	7	6	2	1
25	9	5	9	3	1	1	35	2	15	4	2
26	9	6	8	2	1	1	35	3	15	4	2
27	9	7	7	2	1	1	35	4	11	3	2
28	10	2	18	5	2	2	35	5	9	3	1
29	10	3	16	4	2	1	35	6	7	2	1
30	10	4	12	3	2	1	35	7	6	2	1
31	10	5	9	3	1	1	40	2	15	4	2
32	10	6	8	2	1	1	40	3	15	4	2
33	10	7	7	2	1	1	40	4	11	3	2

Table 7: Optimum plot size (X₀), in number of plants, for leaf area assessment, estimated by Hatheway’s method in an experiment disposed in a randomized block design in different scenarios formed by combinations between number of treatments (I) and number of repetitions (R) in tomato seedlings (Solanum Iycopersicum) with error of 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% around the average

I	R	D = 10%	D = 20%	D = 30%	D = 40%	I	R	D = 10%	D = 20%	D = 30%	D = 40%
1	3	7	13	4	2	1	15	2	30	8	4
2	4	5	18	5	2	2	15	3	27	7	3
3	4	6	15	4	2	1	15	4	20	5	3
4	4	7	13	4	2	1	15	5	16	4	2
5	5	4	23	6	3	2	15	6	13	4	2
6	5	5	18	5	2	2	15	7	12	3	2
7	5	6	14	4	2	1	20	2	28	7	4
8	5	7	12	3	2	1	20	3	27	7	3
9	6	4	22	6	3	2	20	4	20	5	3
10	6	5	17	5	2	2	20	5	16	4	2
11	6	6	14	4	2	1	20	6	13	4	2
12	6	7	12	3	2	1	20	7	11	3	2
13	7	3	30	8	4	2	25	2	28	7	4
14	7	4	22	6	3	2	25	3	27	7	3
15	7	5	17	5	2	2	25	4	20	5	3
16	7	6	14	4	2	1	25	5	16	4	2
17	7	7	12	3	2	1	25	6	13	4	2
18	8	3	30	8	4	2	25	7	11	3	2
19	8	4	21	6	3	2	30	2	27	7	3
20	8	5	17	5	2	2	30	3	26	7	3
21	8	6	14	4	2	1	30	4	20	5	3
22	8	7	12	3	2	1	30	5	16	4	2
23	9	3	29	8	4	2	30	6	13	4	2
24	9	4	21	6	3	2	30	7	11	3	2
25	9	5	17	5	2	2	35	2	27	7	3
26	9	6	14	4	2	1	35	3	26	7	3
27	9	7	12	3	2	1	35	4	20	5	3
28	10	2	32	8	4	2	35	5	16	4	2
29	10	3	29	8	4	2	35	6	13	4	2
30	10	4	21	6	3	2	35	7	11	3	2
31	10	5	16	4	2	1	40	2	27	7	3
32	10	6	14	4	2	1	40	3	26	7	3
33	10	7	12	3	2	1	40	4	20	5	3

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