Cyert & March (1963CYERT, R. M; & MARCH, J. G. (1963) Behavioral Theory of the Firm. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Wiley.) |
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Bourgeois (1981BOURGEOIS, L. J. (1981) On the Measurement of Organizational Slack. Academy of Management Review, 6(1), 29-39.) |
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Bourgeois (1981BOURGEOIS, L. J. (1981) On the Measurement of Organizational Slack. Academy of Management Review, 6(1), 29-39.); Cyert & March (1963CYERT, R. M; & MARCH, J. G. (1963) Behavioral Theory of the Firm. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Wiley.) |
Bateman & Zeithaml (1989BATEMAN, T. S; & ZEITHAML, C. P. (1989). The psychological context of strategic decisions: A model and convergent experimental findings. Strategic Management Journal, 10(1), 59-74.); Bowen (2002BOWEN, F. E. (2002) Organizational slack and corporate greening: Broadening the debate. British Journal of Management, 13(4), 305-316.); Daniel, Lohrke, Fornaciari, & Turner Jr (2004DANIEL, F; LOHRKE, F. T; FORNACIARI, C. J; & TURNER JR, R. A. (2004) Slack resources and firm performance: a meta-analysis. Journal of Business Research, 57(6), 565-574.); Haas (2006HAAS, M. R. (2006) Knowledge gathering, team capabilities, and project performance in challenging work environments. Management Science, 52(8), 1170-1184.); Hicheon et al. (2008HICHEON, K; HEECHUN, K; & LEE, P. M. (2008). Ownership Structure and the Relationship Between Financial Slack and R&D Investments: Evidence from Korean Firms. Organization Science, 19(3), 404-418.); Love & Nohria (2005LOVE, E. G; & NOHRIA, N. (2005) Reducing slack: the performance consequences of downsizing by large industrial firms, 1977-93. Strategic Management Journal, 26(12), 1087-1108.); Tan (2003TAN, J; & PENG, M. W. (2003) Organizational slack and firm performance during economic transitions: Two studies from an emerging economy. Strategic Management Journal, 24(13), 1249-1263.); Tan & Peng (2003)TAN, J. (2003) Curvilinear Relationship Between Organizational Slack and Firm Performance: Evidence from Chinese State Enterprises. European Management Journal, 21(6), 740-749.; Wan & Yiu (2009WAN, W. P; & YIU, D. W. (2009) From crisis to opportunity: environmental jolt, corporate acquisitions, and firm performance. Strategic Management Journal, 30, 791-801.) |
Cyert & March (1963CYERT, R. M; & MARCH, J. G. (1963) Behavioral Theory of the Firm. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Wiley.); Nohria & Gulati (1997NOHRIA, N; & GULATI, R. (1997) What is the optimum amount of organizational slack?: A study of the relationship between slack and innovation in multinational firms. European Management Journal, 15(6), 603-611.) |
Dembla, Palvia, & Brooks (2007DEMBLA, P; PALVIA, P; & BROOKS, L. (2007) Organizational Adoption of Web-enabled Services for Information Dissemination. Journal of Information Science & Technology, 3(3), 24-49.); Geiger & Cashen (2002GEIGER, S. W; & CASHEN, L. A(2002) Multidimensional Examination of Slack and Its Impact On Innovation. Journal of Managerial Issues, 14(1), 68-84.); Seifert, Morris, & Bartkus (2004SEIFERT, B; MORRIS, S. A; & bartkus, b. r. (2004) Having, Giving, and Getting: Slack Resources, Corporate Philanthropy, and Firm Financial Performance. Business and Society, 43(2), 135-161.) |
Bourgeois (1981BOURGEOIS, L. J. (1981) On the Measurement of Organizational Slack. Academy of Management Review, 6(1), 29-39.); Cyert & March (1963CYERT, R. M; & MARCH, J. G. (1963) Behavioral Theory of the Firm. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Wiley.); Nohria & Gulati (1997NOHRIA, N; & GULATI, R. (1997) What is the optimum amount of organizational slack?: A study of the relationship between slack and innovation in multinational firms. European Management Journal, 15(6), 603-611.) |
Álvarez-Gil, Berrone, Husillos, & Lado (2007)ÁLVAREZ-GIL, J; BERRONE, P; HUSILLOS, F. J; & LADO, N. (2007) Reverse logistics, stakeholders’ influence, organizational slack, and managers’ posture. Journal of Business Research, 60(5), 463-473.; Lin et al. (2009LIN, W.T; CHENG, K.Y; & LIU, Y. (2009) Organizational slack and firm’s internationalization: A longitudinal study of high-technology firms. Journal of World Business, 44(4), 397-406.) |
Slack is defined according to other authors |
Damanpour (1987DAMANPOUR, F. (1987) The Adoption of Technological, Administrative, and Ancillar. Journal of Management, 13(4), 675-688.); Heng & Xiuhao (2010HENG, L. I. U; & XIUHAO, D. (2010) Organizational Slack, Entrepreneurial Orientation and Product Innovativeness: Evidence from China. Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings: 1-7.); Patrick & Trussel (2011PATRICK, P. A; & TRUSSEL, J. M. (2011) The Financial Indicators Associated with Reductions of Public Services by Pennsylvania Municipalities. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(15), 53-62.); Poynter & White (1984POYNTER, T. A; & WHITE, R. E. (1984) The Strategies of Foreign Subsidiaries: Responses to Organizational Slack. International Studies of Management & Organization, 14(4), 91-106.); Ruiz-Moreno, García-Morales, & Llorens-Montes (2008)RUIZ-MORENO, A; GARCÍA-MORALES, V. J; & LLORENS-MONTES, F. J. (2008) The moderating effect of organizational slack on the relation between perceptions of support for innovation and organizational climate. Personnel Review, 37(5), 509-525.; Subramanian & Nilakanta (1996SUBRAMANIAN, A; & NILAKANTA, S. (1996) Organizational innovativeness: Exploring the relationship between organizational determinants of innovation, types of innovations, and measures of organizational performance. Omega, 24(6), 631-647.) |
Slack is not defined |
Jacobsen (2006JACOBSEN, D. I. (2006) Public Sector Growth: Comparing Politicians’ and Administrators’ Spending Preferences. Public Administration, 84(1), 185-204.); Meyer (1982MEYER, A. D. (1982) Adapting to Environmental Jolts. Administrative Science Quarterly, 27(4), 515-537.); Panzano & Billings (1994PANZANO, P. C; & BILLINGS, R. S. (1994) The Influence of Issue Frame and Organizational Slack on Risky Decision Making: A Field Study. Academy of Management Best Papers Proceedings p. 377-381.); Richtnér & Åhlström (2010RICHTNÉR, A; & ÅHLSTRÖM, P. (2010) Organizational Slack and Knowledge Creation in Product Development Projects: The Role of Project Deliverables. Creativity & Innovation Management, 19(4), 428-437.); Rosner (1968ROSNER, M. M. (1968) Economic Determinants of Organizational Innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, v. 12(4), 614-625.); Schiff & Lewin (1968SCHIFF, M; & LEWIN, A. Y. (1968) When Traditional Budgeting Fails. Management Review, 57(8), 18-23.); Singh (1986SINGH, J. V. (1986) Performance, Slack, and Risk Taking in Organizational Decision Making. Academy of Management Journal, 29(3), 562-585.); Su et al. (2009SU, Z; XIE, E; & LI, Y. (2009) Organizational slack and firm performance during institutional transitions. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 26(1), 75-91.); Wefald et al. (2010bWEFALD, A. J; KATZ, J. P; DOWNEY, R. G; & RUST, K. G. (2010b) Organizational Slack and Performance: The Impact of Outliers. Journal of Applied Business Research, 26(1), 1-9.); Yasai-Ardekani (1986)YASAI-ARDEKANI, M. (1986). Structural adaptations to environments. Academy of Management Review, 11(1), 9-21.; Young (1999YOUNG, M. N. (1999) The Impact of Capital Markets on Compensation Incentives, Organizational Slack, and Firm Innovation. Academy of Management Proceedings & Membership Directory: K1-K6.) |