Healthy aging promotion model referenced in Nola Pender’s theory

this is a descriptive and theoretical study, with a qualitative approach. Elements resulting from conceptual analysis were used to model a healthy aging promotion process based on Nola Pender’s Health Promotion Model.

Results:

in conceptual analysis, seven antecedents, seven attributes and three consequences of the concept of healthy aging were identified.

Final Considerations:

the proposed Health Promotion Model represents a structure that in an instrumental way can guide the nursing process application in gerontological clinical practice. This can guide nurses in identifying diagnoses, establishing outcomes and implementing interventions aimed at promoting the elderly’s health.

Descriptors:
Health Promotion; Nursing Theory; Healthy Aging; Nursing Process; Health of the Elderly

Conceptual element		Operational settings
ANTECEDENTS	Spiritual support	Personal search to understand life-related issues, which may or may not lead to the development of religious practices⁽¹²12 Dias EN, Pais-Ribeiro JL. Espiritualidade e qualidade de vida de pessoas idosas: um estudo relacional. Psicol, Saúde Doenças. 2018;19(3):591-604. https://doi.org/10.15309/18psd190310 https://doi.org/10.15309/18psd190310... ⁾.
	Family support	Have a family network available to assist in overcoming crises that will inevitably occur throughout life⁽¹³13 Seibel BL, Falceto OG, Hollist CS, Springer P, Fernandes CLC, Koller SH. Rede de apoio social e funcionamento familiar: estudo longitudinal sobre famílias em vulnerabilidade social. Pensando Fam. [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2020 Apr 08];21(1):120-36. Available from: http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-494X2017000100010&lng=pt&nrm=iso http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?scr... ^-¹⁴14 Bôas SSV, Araújo CM, Prates RV, Novais MM, Pinto DS, Reis LA. Capacidade funcional e suporte familiar em idosos longevos residentes em domicílio. Saúde (Santa Maria). 2020;46(1). https://doi.org/10.5902/2236583434375 https://doi.org/10.5902/2236583434375... ⁾.
	Self-care	Individuals' ability to take care of themselves⁽¹⁵15 Orem DE. Nursing: concepts of practice. St. Louis: Mosby; 2001. 542 p.⁾.
	Well educated	The fulfillment of a certain cycle of studies, which implies reading and writing so that individuals in the aging process can effectively enter society⁽¹⁶16 Gonçalves Lima M, Carvalho J, Vasconcelos EM, Borba AK, Zimmermann R, Costa E. A importância da avaliação do letramento funcional em saúde no idoso: revisão integrativa. Rev Enferm Atual [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2020 Apr 08];90(28). Available from: http://revistaenfermagematual.com.br/index.php/revista/article/view/537 http://revistaenfermagematual.com.br/ind... ⁾.
	Ability to perform activities of daily living	Ability to decide and perform the activities of daily living necessary for an independent and self-cared life⁽¹⁷17 Araújo GKN, Souto RQ, Alves AP, Sousa RCR, Ceballos AGC, Santos RC, et al. Functional capability and associated factors in the elderly living in the community. Acta Paul Enferm. 2019;32(3):312-8. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0194201900043 https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-01942019000... ⁾.
	Healthy lifestyle	Maintain a balanced diet, practice physical activity regularly, do not smoke and moderately consume alcoholic beverages⁽¹⁸18 Flores TR, Nunes BP, Assunção MCF, Bertoldi AD. Healthy habits: what kind of guidance the elderly population is receiving from health professionals? Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2016;19(1):167-80. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5497201600010015 https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-54972016000... ⁾.
	Resilience	Coping ability, adaptation and positive responses to changes that occur with advancing age⁽¹⁹19 Lima GS, Souza IMO, Storti LB, Silva MMJ, Kusumota L, Marques S. Resilience, quality of life and symptoms of depression among elderlies receiving outpatient care. Rev Latino-Am Enferm. 2019;27:e3212. https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.3133.3212 https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.3133.3... ⁾.
ATTRIBUTES	Absence of cognitive impairment	Without memory impairment, it involves the entire sphere of mental functioning and implies the ability to feel, think, perceive, remember, reason, form complex structures of thought and the ability to produce responses to external requests and stimuli⁽²⁰20 Andrade FLJP, Lima JMR, Fidelis KNM, Jerez-Roig J, Lima KC. Cognitive impairment and associated factors among institutionalized elderly persons in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Rev Bras Geriatr Gerontol. 2017;20(2):186-96. https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-22562017020.160151 https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-22562017020... ⁾.
	Absence of physical impairment	Absence of physical disability and disabilities that hinder physical performance and the performance of instrumental and daily activities of life⁽²¹⁾.
	Absence of disease	Absence of disease that compromises functional capacity⁽²²22 Mota TA, Alves MB, Silva VA, Oliveira FA, Brito PMC, Silva RS. Factors associated with the functional capacity of elderly individuals with hypertension and/or diabetes mellitus. Esc Anna Nery. 2020;24(1):e20190089. https://doi.org/10.1590/2177-9465-ean-2019-0089 https://doi.org/10.1590/2177-9465-ean-20... ⁾.
	Absence of pain	Absence of chronic and severe pain in the hands, knees, hips or back⁽²³23 Ferretti F, Silva MR, Pegora F, Baldo J, Sá CA. Chronic pain in the elderly, associated factors and relation with the level and volume of physical activity. BrJP. 2019;2(1):3-7. https://doi.org/10.5935/2595-0118.20190002 https://doi.org/10.5935/2595-0118.201900... ⁾.
	Psychological well-being	Involves self-acceptance, managing life situations, autonomy, positive relationships, personal growth and life purposes⁽²⁴24 Cachioni M, Delfino LL, Yassuda MS, Batistoni SST, Melo RC, Domingues MARC. Subjective and psychological well-being among elderly participants of a University of the Third Age. Rev Bras Geriatr Gerontol. 2017;20(3):340-51. https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-22562017020.160179 https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-22562017020... ⁾.
	Self-perceived health	Good self-reported health status, which for the elderly should be linked to the physical, cognitive and emotional context regarding aspects related to well-being and satisfaction with their own lives⁽²⁵25 Confortin SC, Giehl MWC, Antes DL, Schneider IJC, d’Orsi E. Positive self-rated health in the elderly: a population-based study in the South of Brazil. Cad Saude Publica. 2015;31(5):1049-60. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00132014 https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0013201... ⁾.
	Social engagement	Have a relationship and family interaction available, which is able to assist in overcoming crises that will inevitably occur throughout life⁽²⁶26 Silva Jr EG, Eulálio MC, Souto RQ, Santos KL, Melo RLP, Lacerda AR. The capacity for resilience and social support in the urban elderly. Ciênc Saude Colet. 2019;24(1):7-16. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232018241.32722016 https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232018241... ^-²⁷27 Pinto JM, Neri AL. Trajectories of social participation in old age: a systematic literature review. Rev Bras Geriatr Gerontol. 2017;20(2):259-72. https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-22562017020.160077 https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-22562017020... ⁾.
CONSEQUENCE	Autonomy	Individual ability to decision and command over actions, establishing and following the rules⁽²⁸28 Lange C, Heidemann ITSB, Castro DSP, Pinto AH, Peters CW, Durand MK. Promoting the autonomy of rural older adults in active aging. Rev Bras Enferm. 2018;71(5):2411-7. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0570 https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0... ⁾.
	Independence	Ability to live according to their own terms and participate in their own care⁽²⁹29 Silva AM, Castro LFA, Botelho ACF, Santos DR, Frutuoso JRC, Marques AP, et al. Equilíbrio, autonomia e independência funcional de idosos ativos e sedentários: estudo preliminar. Rev Kairós. 2015;18(19):129-42. https://doi.org/10.23925/2176-901X.2015v18iEspecial18p129-142 https://doi.org/10.23925/2176-901X.2015v... ⁾.
	Quality of life	"Individuals' perception of their insertion in life, in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns"⁽³⁰30 The WHOQOL Group. The World Health Organization quality of life assessment (WHOQOL): position paper from the World Health Organization. Soc Sci Med. 1995;41(10):1403-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(95)00112-K https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(95)001... ⁾.

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[1] Corresponding author: Rosane Barreto Cardoso E-mail: rosane.bcardoso@gmail.com