Comportamiento de riesgo para la obesidad: análisis conceptual según Walker y Avant

Oliveira, Vinícius Rodrigues de; Soares, Amanda; Vitor, Allyne Fortes; Fernandes, Maria Isabel da Conceição Dias; Souza, Francisca Marta de Lima Costa; Oliveira, Jonas Sâmi Albuquerque de

doi:10.1590/0034-7167-2024-0293

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REVIEW • Rev. Bras. Enferm. 78 (03) • 2025 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2024-0293 linkcopiar

Comportamiento de riesgo para la obesidad: análisis conceptual según Walker y Avant

Autoría SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

RESUMEN

Objetivo: Analizar el concepto de comportamiento de riesgo para la obesidad utilizando el método de Walker y Avant.

Métodos: Estudio teórico, del tipo análisis conceptual, operacionalizado a través de una revisión de alcance (scoping review). Las búsquedas se realizaron en las siguientes fuentes de datos: BVS, MEDLINE, Embase y Scopus. Se incluyeron estudios disponibles en su totalidad, excluyéndose aquellos duplicados o que no se ajustaban al tema de la revisión.

Resultados: El análisis conceptual se basó en 16 artículos que señalaron el uso más prevalente del concepto en el campo de la salud pública y la nutrición. Se identificaron 12 atributos definitorios relacionados con la alimentación, la actividad física y los hábitos generales. Entre los antecedentes y los consecuentes, destacaron, respectivamente, la influencia del género y del grupo etario, y la mayor susceptibilidad al sobrepeso/obesidad.

Consideraciones Finales: El análisis contribuyó a la definición del concepto de comportamiento de riesgo para la obesidad. Se recomienda la aplicación de este concepto en la práctica de Enfermería.

Descriptores:
Obesidad; Mantenimiento del Peso Corporal; Riesgo; Asunción de Riesgos; Formation de Concepts.

Uses of the concept
Public Health(¹⁴,¹⁵,¹⁸-²⁰)
Nutrition(²-²⁴)
Medicine(¹⁷,²⁵,²⁶)
Physical Education(²⁷,²⁸)
Nursing(¹⁶,²⁹)
Defining attributes of the concept
Related to diet: -Consumption of sugary beverages(¹⁴,¹⁶,¹⁷,²⁰-²⁴,²⁸) -Diets high in carbohydrates and fat(¹⁴,¹⁹-²⁵,²⁸) -Low intake of fruits and/or vegetables(¹⁶,¹⁷,²⁰-²⁶) -Skipping breakfast(¹⁴-¹⁶,¹⁸,²⁰,²⁴,²⁵) -Frequent consumption of fast food and ultra-processed foods(¹⁵,¹⁶,¹⁹-²¹,²⁹)
Related to physical activity: -Physical inactivity(¹⁶-²⁶,²⁸) -Sedentary behavior(²⁰,²¹,²⁵,²⁸) -Lack of participation in physical education classes(²⁴)
Related to general habits: -Excessive screen time(¹⁴,¹⁵,¹⁷-²¹,²⁶,²⁹) -Smoking(¹⁶,²⁰,²¹,²⁶,²⁷) -Alcohol consumption(¹⁹-²¹,²⁸,²⁹) -Eating while watching television(¹⁵,²⁴,²⁹)

Model Case
Nurse Anna, while collecting anthropometric data from schoolchildren, attended to A.S.M., a 16-year-old Black adolescent weighing 74.7 kg, with a height of 162 cm and a Z-score BMI of +2, corresponding to a classification of obesity. After identifying the condition, the nurse initiated a conversation with the adolescent to discuss his health situation. During the initial approach, she completed a food consumption form and discussed lifestyle habits to identify risk behaviors for obesity and plan an intervention based on the findings.During the conversation, the adolescent reported that he did not consume fruits or vegetables, except for potatoes, which he mentioned liking, particularly “French fries with cheddar and bacon.” Additionally, he stated that he preferred soft drinks over fruit juices. A.S.M. also revealed that he skipped breakfast in the mornings because he often woke up late for school due to poor sleep quality at night. Throughout the day, he reported consuming quick snacks, such as stuffed cookies or fried savory snacks. For dinner, he mentioned frequently eating instant noodles because it was a more practical option, as his mother worked outside the home, leaving him responsible for preparing his meals. Finally, the adolescent stated that he did not engage in physical activities, not even during school physical education classes, and instead preferred watching series or playing video games.
Related Case
V.C.O., a 17-year-old female, visited the Basic Health Unit for a family planning consultation. The patient has Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). Before the consultation, her anthropometric measurements were taken, revealing a Z-score BMI of +3, indicative of obesity. The nurse conducting the consultation began by addressing the patient’s nutritional status. V.C.O. reported being aware of her condition and believed that her situation was related to genetic factors, as obesity cases were frequent on her maternal side of the family. Additionally, she stated that her excess weight might be associated with PCOS and/or the use of antidepressants. The patient also disclosed that she did not engage in physical activity and spent a significant amount of time using her phone. In response, the nurse provided brief recommendations regarding physical activity and reducing excessive screen time. The consultation then continued, focusing on the patient’s family history and PCOS while emphasizing concerns related to the diagnosis of obesity.

Antecedents

Consequences

-Influence of gender and age group(¹⁶-¹⁸,²⁰,²²,²⁴,²⁷-²⁹)
-Unfavorable socioeconomic conditions(¹⁶-²¹,²³,²⁵,²⁶)
-Food insecurity(¹⁷,¹⁹,²¹,²³,²⁶)
-Obesogenic home or school environment(¹⁵,¹⁶,¹⁹,²²,²³)
-Sexual, racial, or ethnic minority groups(¹⁴,¹⁷,²⁶,²⁹)
-Lack of parental control/monitoring*(¹⁴,¹⁵,²⁹)
-Absence of support/encouragement to avoid the behavior(¹⁹-²¹)
-Need for social approval(¹⁶,¹⁹,²⁷)
-Influence of social media and advertisements for obesogenic foods(¹⁵,¹⁹,²⁴)
-Unfavorable environment for physical exercise**(¹⁷,¹⁹,²¹)
- Limited nutritional knowledge among caregivers*(²³)

-Greater susceptibility to overweight and obesity(¹⁴-²⁹)
-Increased risk of developing chronic endocrine and cardiovascular diseases and cancers(¹⁵,¹⁷,¹⁹-²²,²⁴,²⁵,²⁸,²⁹)
-Physical and mental health impairments in later life stages(¹⁴-¹⁶,²⁴,²⁹)
-Reduced sleep duration and quality(¹⁵,¹⁶,¹⁸)
-Premature death(²⁵,²⁸)
- Triggering of other risk behaviors (²⁰,²⁴)

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Associação Brasileira de Enfermagem SGA Norte Quadra 603 Conj. "B" - Av. L2 Norte 70830-102 Brasília, DF, Brasil, Tel.: (55 61) 3226-0653, Fax: (55 61) 3225-4473 - Brasília - DF - Brazil
E-mail: reben@abennacional.org.br

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[1] Legend: Specific to children and adolescents

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Considerations include safety issues and limited physical spaces.