Revisión de espiritualidad en salud mental y enfermería psiquiátrica

En febrero de 2016 se realizó una revisión de la literatura. Se han integrado 214 estudios publicados hasta diciembre de 2015 mediante el cruce de los términos de la malla de Espiritualidad y Enfermería Psiquiátrica en las bases de datos.

Resultados:

Conceptualización sobre espiritualidad y religión, su complejidad en la investigación, la educación y el enfoque clínico de la enfermería; sus funciones para el ser humano se correlacionan con el propósito de la vida, las conexiones trascendentales y el apoyo en la salud mental; los límites profesionales en dirección a la espiritualidad en el escenario de salud mental, y recomendaciones descriptivas de literatura y un catálogo de instrumentos.

Conclusión:

La espiritualidad en la salud mental y la psiquiatría de la enfermería sigue siendo un problema teórico y tiene un enfoque clínico mal caracterizado. Recientemente, las publicaciones intentan promover una tendencia humana y holística en la práctica, como un desafío para llevar las circunstancias actuales a bases de enfermería válidas.

Descriptores:
Espiritualidad; Enfermería Psiquiátrica; Salud Mental; Enfermería Holística; Religión; Cuidado de Enfermería

Year	Country	Author	Design	Sample
1996	USA	Pullen L, Tuck I, Mix K.⁽¹³13 Pullen L, Tuck I, Mix K. Mental health nurses’ spiritual perspectives. J Holist Nurs[Internet]. 1996 [cited 2016 May 2];14(2):85-97 13p. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8708349 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8708... ⁾	Descriptive (Cross Sectional)	Mental health nurses of a public facility (n=50).
1997	USA	Tuck I., Pullen L., Lynn C.⁽¹⁴14 Tuck I, Pullen L, Lynn C. Spiritual interventions provided by mental health nurses. West J Nurs Res [Internet]. 1997[cited 2016 May 2];19(3):351-63. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/019394599701900306 http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1... ⁾	Descriptive (Cross Sectional)	Mental health nurses (n=50).
1997	UK	Nolan, P. and Crawford, P.⁽¹⁵15 Nolan P, Crawford P. Towards a rhetoric of spirituality in mental health care. J Adv Nurs [Internet]. 1997[cited 2016 May 2];26(2):289-94. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9292362 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9292... ⁾	Reflection Article
1999	USA	Aftonomos S.⁽¹⁶16 Aftonomos S. Dancing with Dianna. J Christ Nurs[Internet]. 1999[cited 2016 May 2];16(3):22-3. Available from: https://europepmc.org/abstract/med/11912649 https://europepmc.org/abstract/med/11912... ⁾	Experience Report
2001	USA	Tuck I, Pullen L, Wallace D.⁽¹⁷17 Tuck I, Pullen L, Wallace D. A comparative study of the spiritual perspectives and interventions of mental health and parish nurses. Issues Ment Health Nurs [Internet]. 2001[cited 2016 Jan 5];22(6):593-605 Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11881517 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1188... ⁾	Descriptive-comparative (Cross Sectional)	Mental Health Nursing (n=91); Parish Nursing (n=95)
2001	UK	Greasley P., Chiu L.F., Gartland M.⁽¹⁸18 Greasley P, Chiu LF, Gartland RM. The concept of spiritual care in mental health nursing. J Adv Nurs [Internet]. 2001[cited 2016 May 2];33(5):629-37. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2001.01695.x https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/... ⁾	Qualitative	Nine Focus Groups (n=9).
2002	UK	Thompson, I.⁽⁵5 Thompson I. Mental health and spiritual care. Nurs Stand[Internet]. 2002[cited 2016 May 2];17(9):33-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12478921 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1247... ⁾	Literature Review
2003	UK	Eeles, J., Lowe, T. and Wellman, N.⁽⁹9 Eeles J, Lowe T, Wellman N. Spirituality or psychosis? an exploration of the criteria that nurses use to evaluate spiritual-type experiences reported by patients. Int J Nurs Stud[Internet]. 2003[cited 2016 May 2];40(2):197-206. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0020748902000615 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve... ⁾	Literature Review	Six articles (n=6).
2003	USA	Cox T.⁽¹⁰10 Cox T. Theory and exemplars of advanced practice spiritual intervention. Compl Ther Nurs Midwifery[Internet]. 2003[cited 2016 May 2];9(1):30-4 5p. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12604323 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1260... ⁾	Theoretical
2004	USA	McLaughlin, D.⁽³3 McLaughlin D. Incorporating individual spiritual beliefs in treatment of inpatient mental health consumers. Perspect Psychiatr Care[Internet]. 2004[cited 2016 May 2];40(3):114-9. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1744-6163.2004.tb00005.x https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/... ⁾	Theoretical
2004	USA	O’Reilly M.L.⁽¹⁹19 O’Reilly ML. Spirituality and mental health clients. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2016 Jan 5];42(7):44-55 12p. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15295917⁾	Theoretical
2005	SWE	Koslander, T. and Arvidsson, B⁽²⁰20 Koslander T, Arvidsson B. How the spiritual dimension is addressed in psychiatric patient-nurse relationships. J Adv Nurs[Internet]. 2005 [cited 2016 May 2];51(6):558-66. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16129006 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1612... ⁾.	Qualitative	Nurses in psychiatric care (n=12).
2006	USA	Mohr, Wanda K.⁽¹1 Mohr WK. Spiritual issues in psychiatric care. Perspect Psychiatr Care[Internet]. 2006[cited 2016 May 2];42(3):174-83. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6163.2006.00076.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6163.20... ⁾	Literature Review	Literatures (n=56).
2007	USA	Schuhow D.A.⁽²¹21 Schuhow DA. Even Christian women get depressed: how can we help? J Christ Nurs[Internet]. 2007[cited 2016 May 2];24(2):76-80. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17432336 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1743... ⁾	Theoretical
2007	UK	Brimblecombe, N. and Tingle, A. and Tunmore, R. and Murrells, T.⁽²²22 Brimblecombe N, Tingle A, Tunmore R, Murrells T. Implementing holistic practices in mental health nursing: a national consultation. Int J Nurs Stud[Internet]. 2007 [cited 2016 May 2];44(3):339-48. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0020-7489(06)00238-0 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve... ⁾	National open consultation	Nurses network (n=327).
2007	USA	Baumann, S.L.⁽²³23 Baumann SL. Recovering from abuse: a comparison of three paths. Nurs Sci Q[Internet]. 2007[cited 2016 May 2];20(4):342-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17911332 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1791... ⁾	Theoretical
2010	USA	Stuart GW.⁽⁸8 Stuart GW. Mind to care and a future of hope. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc[Internet]. 2010 [cited 2016 May 2];16(6):360-5. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1078390310390363 http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1... ⁾	Reflection Article
2011	UK	Elliott, Ruth.⁽²⁴24 Elliott R. Spirituality, mental health nursing and assessment. J Community Nurs [Internet]. 2011 Jun 5 [cited 2016 Jan 5];25(3):4-10 5p. Available from: https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/153027872?q&versionId=166764185 https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/153027872?... ⁾	Qualitative	Psychiatric Nurses (n=14).
2012	BRA	Murakami, Rose and Campos, Claudinei José Gomes.⁽²⁵25 Murakami R, Campos CJG. Religion and mental health: the challenge of integrating religiosity to patient care. Rev Bras Enferm[Internet]. 2012 [cited 2016 May 2];65(2):361-367 7p. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/reben/v65n2/v65n2a24.pdf http://www.scielo.br/pdf/reben/v65n2/v65... ⁾	Literature Review	Thirteen papers were integrated (n=13).
2013	UK	Ledger, Peter and Bowler, David.⁽²⁶26 Ledger P, Bowler D. Meeting spiritual needs in mental health care. Nurs Times[Internet]. 2013 [cited 2016 May 2];109(9):21-3. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23550487 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2355... ⁾	Experience Report
2013	ZAF	Tokpah, M. M. and Middleton, L⁽²⁷27 Tokpah MM, Middleton L. Psychiatric nurses’ understanding of the spiritual dimension of holistic psychiatric nursing practice in South Africa: A phenomenological study. Afr J Nurs Midwifery [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 May 2];15(1):81-94. Available from: http://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/13037 http://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/1303... ⁾.	Qualitative	Psychiatric nurses (n=7).
2013	USA	Kilmer, Debra L and Lane-Tillerson, Christal.⁽²⁸28 Kilmer DL, Lane-Tillerson C. When still waters become a soul tsunami: using the Tidal Model to recover from shipwreck. J Christ Nurs[Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 May 2];30(2):100-4. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23607157 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2360... ⁾	Theoretical
2014	UK	Raffay, Julian.⁽⁷7 Raffay J. How staff and patient experience shapes our perception of spiritual care in a psychiatric setting. J Nurs Manag[Internet]. 2014[cited 2016 Jan 5];22(7):940-50. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23611737 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2361... ⁾	Literature Review	Database (n=43); Grey literature (published or not); Tools (n=3: HOPE, FICA, FACT).
2015	DEU	Lee, Eunmi and Zahn, Anne and Baumann, Klaus.⁽²⁹29 Lee E, Zahn A, Baumann K. How do psychiatric staffs approach religiosity/spirituality in clinical practice? differing perceptions among psychiatric staff members and clinical chaplains. Religions[Internet]. 2015 [cited 2016 May 2];6(3):930-47. Available from: http://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/6/3/930 http://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/6/3/930... ⁾	Descriptive-comparative (Cross Sectional)	Physicians (n=118); Psychotherapist (n=46); Nurses (n=148); Chaplains (n=124).

What	Reference #	Class	Contribution	Proprietary
DMS	(¹⁹19 O’Reilly ML. Spirituality and mental health clients. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2016 Jan 5];42(7):44-55 12p. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15295917,²⁵25 Murakami R, Campos CJG. Religion and mental health: the challenge of integrating religiosity to patient care. Rev Bras Enferm[Internet]. 2012 [cited 2016 May 2];65(2):361-367 7p. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/reben/v65n2/v65n2a24.pdf http://www.scielo.br/pdf/reben/v65n2/v65... )	Diagnose Manual	Concern under difference between pathology and religion experience and transcultural issues. Religion in mental health patient.	American Psychiatric Association
NANDA		Diagnose Manual	Diagnose of Spiritual Distress and Potential for Enhanced Spiritual Well-being.	North American Nursing Diagnose
Theory of Human Becoming	(¹⁹19 O’Reilly ML. Spirituality and mental health clients. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2016 Jan 5];42(7):44-55 12p. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15295917)	Theory	Holistic approach on client and health.	Rosemarie Rizzo Parsee
Science of Unitary Human Being and Spirituality	(¹⁰10 Cox T. Theory and exemplars of advanced practice spiritual intervention. Compl Ther Nurs Midwifery[Internet]. 2003[cited 2016 May 2];9(1):30-4 5p. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12604323 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1260... )	Theory	Spirituality in advanced practice nursing, human pandimensionalist concept.	Marta E. Rogers
Theory of Hope	(⁸8 Stuart GW. Mind to care and a future of hope. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc[Internet]. 2010 [cited 2016 May 2];16(6):360-5. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1078390310390363 http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1... )	Theory	Holistic framework elements to promote health	Anthony Scioli
Tidal Model		Model	Based on midrange theory, it proposes six guide principals focused on empowering patient in care and life experience, spirituality place.	Phil and Poppy Barker
12 Steps		Model	Self-support groupTranscendence in terms of connection with high power and others	Anonymous alcoholic

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[1] CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Gabriel Lavorato Neto E-mail: lavorato.neto@gmail.com