Infecciones por coronavirus: planificación de la atención basada en la Teoría de Enfermería de Orem

Nascimento, Tayomara Ferreira; Almeida, Graziela Maria Ferraz de; Bello, Marielle Poyo; Silva, Rosemary Pereira Lino da; Fontes, Cassiana Mendes Bertoncello

doi:10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0281

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EXPERIENCE REPORT • Rev. bras. enferm. 74 (Suppl 1) • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0281 linkcopiar

Infecciones por coronavirus: planificación de la atención basada en la Teoría de Enfermería de Orem

Autoría SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

RESUMEN

Objetivo: reportar la experiencia de docentes y estudiantes de un curso de posgrado en cuidados de enfermería en la lucha contra el nuevo coronavirus basado en la Teoría del Autocuidado.

Método: las metodologías activas utilizadas fueron: búsqueda de literatura y presentaciones en seminarios, con conocimiento de los conceptos teóricos de Orem: salud; hombre; cuidados personales; requisitos universales, de desarrollo y de desviación de la salud; actividades de autocuidado; déficit de autocuidado; la demanda terapéutica requerida; sistemas de enfermería. La pandemia se consideró una desviación de la salud que requiere pensamiento crítico y planificación de la atención de enfermería. Se utilizaron marcos metodológicos para la clasificación de diagnósticos, intervenciones y resultados de enfermería.

Resultados: para cada desviación de salud, se identificaron sistemas de enfermería; déficit de autocuidado, diagnósticos; acciones, intervenciones; y la forma de evaluación, los resultados.

Consideraciones finales: reflexiones teórico-prácticas del contexto académico corroboran la planificación del cuidado de enfermería.

Descriptors:
Proceso de Enfermería; Planificación de Atención al Paciente; Teoría de Enfermería; Diagnóstico de Enfermería; Infecciones por Coronavirus

ND/Self-Care Deficit	NI	NO
Ineffective airway clearance	Medication administration Airway suctioning and management Mechanical ventilation management: invasive	Respiratory status: airway patency Aspiration prevention Mechanical ventilation response
Risk for aspiration	Artificial airway management Vomiting management Chest physiotherapy Neurologic/respiratory/positioning	Nausea & vomiting control Risk detection and control Aspiration prevention Mechanical ventilation response: adult
Dysfunctional ventilatory weaning response	Artificial airway management Airway suctioning/pneumonia prevention Mechanical ventilation management	Gas exchange Mechanical ventilation weaning response Cardiopulmonary status
Impaired spontaneous ventilation Impaired gas exchange	Acid-base management/monitoring Mechanical ventilation management: invasive	Gas exchange Mechanical ventilation and weaning Anxiety level
Impaired bed mobility Impaired physical mobility	Bathing/skin surveillance Body mechanics promotion Self-care assistance Traction/immobilization care Urinary elimination/bowel management Bed rest careMassage	Imobility consequences: physical Fatigue, discomfort and pain/mobility level Tissue perfusion: pulmonary Joint movement
Ineffective health maintenance Ineffective protection	Self-care assistance Medication and pressure management Ventilation assistance Peripheral sensation management Learning facilitation Emergency care Risk identification Coping enhancement Respiratory monitoring Reality orientation	Health promoting and complicance behavior Knowledge: treatment Symptom management Risk detection Knowledge: treatment regimen Symptom management Participation in health care decisions
Ineffective thermoregulation	Bathing Environmental and water management Hyperthermia treatment Vital signs monitoring	Risk control: hyperthermia Thermoregulation
Ineffective peripheral tissue perfusion	Acid-base management Hypervolemia management Hypovolemia management Nutrition management Peripheral sensitivity management Shock management	Circulatory status Tissue integrity: skin & mucous membranes Tissue perfusion: cellular Tissue perfusion: peripheral
Risk for infection	Pressure ulcer prevention Airway management Tube care Tube care: urinary	Imobility consequences: physiological Risk detection and control: infectious process
Risk for impaired skin integrity Risk for pressure ulcer	Circulatory precautions/embolism Hyper/hypoglycemia management Lower extremity monitoring Skin surveillance Immobilization and positioning Vital signs monitoring Fall prevention Nutrition management/planning Bowel constipation/incontinence Infection control Bed rest care Surveillance Immobilization and positioning	Cognition, anxiety and agitation Management/risk detection Infectious process, hyper and hypothermia Respiratory status and vital signs Gastrointestinal, renal, circulatory and cardiopulmonary function Bowel elimination Nutritional status: food and fluid intake Hydration/mobility Acid-base balance
Impaired oral mucous membrane integrity	Water management Oral health maintenance Airway suctioning	Oral hygiene/eye care Risk control: infectious process Hydration
Risk for falls	Area restriction Body mechanics promotion Dementia and pain management	Fall prevention Risk control Agitation and acute confusion level

ND/Self-Care Deficit	NI	NO
Ineffective health maintenance Decisional conflict	Self-care assistance Self-responsibility facilitation Risk identification Culture brokerage Self-awareness/coping enhancement Behavior modification Health system guidance	Health promoting behavior Knowledge: health promotion and resources Risk detection Participation in health care decisions
Impaired gas exchange	Acid-base/vital signs monitoring Mechanical ventilation management: noninvasive Anxiety reduction	Respiratory status: gas exchange and ventilation
Ineffective breathing pattern	Mechanical ventilation management: noninvasive and weaning Vital signs monitoring Oxygen therapy Anxiety reduction	Respiratory status: airway patency, gas exchange and ventilation Anxiety level
Impaired spontaneous ventilation	Emotional support Airway/acid-base management Mechanical ventilation management: noninvasive/oxygen therapy Vital signs monitoring	Respiratory status: gas exchange Respiratory status: ventilation
Readiness for enhanced self-care	Self-modification and self-care assistance Mutual goal setting Self-responsibility facilitation	Self-care: hygiene compliance behavior
Relocation stress syndrome	Emotional support/counseling Anger control assistance Active listening Mutual goal setting Self-responsibility facilitation	Personal autonomy Coping Loneliness severity Anxiety level Fear level
Anxiety	Antecipatory guidance/counseling Relocation stress reduction Increased safety/emotional support	Anxiety self-control Coping
Fear	Counseling Emotional and decision-making support Support system enhancement Anxiety reduction/presence/calming technique	Fear self-control Fatigue level Fear level
Ineffective thermoregulation	Bathing/hygiene Environmental management/water management Hyperthermia treatment/vital signs monitoring	Risk control: hyperthermia Thermoregulation
Social isolation	Counseling/emotional support Self-awareness enhancement Relocation stress reduction	Social support

ND/Self-Care Deficit	NI/Activities	NO
Feeding self-care deficit	Nutrition management Nutrition monitoring • Discuss supportive habits for purchasing food and isolation restrictions; • Determine food consumption habits; • Facilitate the identification of eating behaviors to be changed.	Self-care: food and activities of daily living Nutritional status
Decreased diversional activity engagement	Activity therapy Recreation therapy • Promote occupational therapy or art therapy activities; • Set goals for performing exercises and recreational activities; • Encourage activities with music therapy.	Social involvement motivation Leisure and play participation Personal well-being Health promoting behavior
Risk for loneliness	Coping enhancement Emotional support Counseling Family integrity promotion Support system enhancement • Develop social skills of distance interaction using the internet; • Promote stress reduction through change.	Social support Family well-being Social interaction skills
Impaired social interaction	Self-awareness enhancement Support group Communication enhancement • Encourage resilience promotion; • Promote remembrance therapy and improve family support, animal therapy, and recreational therapy.	Family well-being Social involvement Social interaction skills Leisure and play participation
Risk for contamination	Infection control Environmental management: community and safety Health policy monitoring • Use masks.	Safe home Self-care: hygiene Personal safety behavior Community risk control: infectious diseases
Anxiety	Anxiety reduction Coping enhancement Relaxation therapy • Use a calm and reassuring approach; • Listen carefully; • Promote anxiety reduction measures.	Anxiety self-control Coping Acceptance: health status Social interaction skills
Risk for spiritual distress	Community disaster preparedness Antecipatory guidance Conflict mediation Coping enhancement Emotional support Environmental management: comfort Relocation stress reduction Resiliency promotion	Psychosocial adjustment: life change Personal well-being Management and risk detection CopingHope Spiritual health
Risk for infection	Infection protection Infection control • Protect against infection and guidance to avoid physical contact and visits; • When leaving and returning, take the necessary hygiene precautions: wear a mask; do not touch the hand on the face, mouth, eyes and nose; make use of respiratory etiquette; wash the hands with soap and water frequently; • Use 70% gel alcohol, when hand washing is impossible. Surveillance Risk identification	Self-care: hygiene Immunization behavior Community risk control: infectious diseases Risk detection
Deficient knowledge	Counseling Health screening Health education Teaching: disease process • Guide clients on necessary inputs, hygiene techniques, mechanisms for maintaining home isolation and providing support regarding changes in their standard of living with better acceptance and promotion of well-being; • Bring clients to know the aspects of the spread of the disease and take actions to reduce the potential risk for infection.	Knowledge: health behavior Knowledge: disease process/health promotion Information processing Client satisfaction: teaching

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Associação Brasileira de Enfermagem SGA Norte Quadra 603 Conj. "B" - Av. L2 Norte 70830-102 Brasília, DF, Brasil, Tel.: (55 61) 3226-0653, Fax: (55 61) 3225-4473 - Brasília - DF - Brazil
E-mail: reben@abennacional.org.br

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[TFN1] Note: ND: Nursing Diagnosis; NI: Nursing Intervention; NO: Nursing Outcomes.