Non-pharmacological analgesia strategies in adult and elderly endovascular procedures: a scoping review

Santos, Kauanny Vitoria Gurgel dos; Rocha, Mayara Araujo; Dantas, Joyce Karolayne dos Santos; Araújo, Sara Cristina Matias de; Dantas, Daniele Vieira; Dantas, Rodrigo Assis Neves

doi:10.1590/0034-7167-2021-0741

Kauanny Vitoria Gurgel dos Santos Corresponding author: Kauanny Vitoria Gurgel dos Santos E-mail: kauannygurgel@hotmail.com

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4679-1840

Mayara Araujo Rocha

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4991-0430

Joyce Karolayne dos Santos Dantas

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5259-8556

Sara Cristina Matias de Araújo

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1564-3063

Daniele Vieira Dantas

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0307-2424

Rodrigo Assis Neves Dantas

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9309-2092

Corresponding author: Kauanny Vitoria Gurgel dos Santos E-mail: kauannygurgel@hotmail.com

EDITOR IN CHIEF: Dulce Barbosa

ASSOCIATE EDITOR: Carina Dessotte

Source	Syntax
Catalogue of Theses and Dissertations (CAPES)	(adult OR aged) AND (complementary therapies OR analgesia OR pain management) AND (endovascular procedures OR cardiac catheterization OR angioplasty)
Cochrane Library	adult OR aged in Title Abstract Keyword AND complementary therapies OR analgesia OR pain management in Title Abstract Keyword AND endovascular procedures OR cardiac catheterization OR angioplasty in Title Abstract Keyword - (Word variations have been searched)
CINAHL	(adult OR aged) AND (complementary therapies OR analgesia OR pain management) AND (endovascular procedures OR cardiac catheterization OR angioplasty)
Gale - Academic OneFile	Keyword: adult OR aged AND Keyword: complementary therapies OR analgesia OR pain management AND Keyword: endovascular procedures OR cardiac catheterization OR angioplasty
Google Scholar	(adult OR aged) AND (complementary therapies OR analgesia OR pain management) AND (endovascular procedures OR cardiac catheterization OR angioplasty)
LILACS	adult OR aged [Words] and complementary therapies OR analgesia OR pain management [Words] and endovascular procedures OR cardiac catheterization OR angioplasty [Words]
PubMed	(((adult OR aged)) AND (complementary therapies OR analgesia OR pain management)) AND (endovascular procedures OR cardiac catheterization OR angioplasty)
Science Direct	(adult OR aged) AND (complementary therapies OR analgesia OR pain management) AND (endovascular procedures OR cardiac catheterization OR angioplasty)
SciELO	(adult OR aged) AND (complementary therapies OR analgesia OR pain management) AND (endovascular procedures OR cardiac catheterization OR angioplasty)
Scopus	(TITLE-ABS-KEY (adult OR aged) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (complementary AND therapies OR analgesia OR pain AND management) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (endovascular AND procedures OR cardiac AND catheterization OR angioplasty))
Web of Science	TOPIC: (adult OR aged) AND TOPIC: (complementary therapies OR analgesia OR pain management) AND TOPIC: (endovascular procedures OR cardiac catheterization OR angioplasty)
Wiley Online Library	“adult OR aged” anywhere AND “complementary therapies OR analgesia OR pain management” anywhere and “endovascular procedures OR cardiac catheterization OR angioplasty” anywhere

Reference/Country/Year	Sample	Study Type
S1(¹³13 Akbari F, Rezaei M, Khatony A. Effect of peppermint essence on the pain and anxiety caused by intravenous catheterization in cardiac patients: a randomized controlled trial. J Pain Res. 2019;12:2933-9. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S226312 https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S226312... )/Iran/2019	80 patients with a mean age of 55.1 ± 8.1 years	Randomized clinical trial
S2(¹⁴14 Balanyuk I, Ledonne G, Provenzano M, Bianco R, Meroni C, Ferri P, et al. Distraction technique for pain reduction in Peripheral Venous Catheterization: randomized, controlled trial. Acta Biomed. 2018;89(Suppl 4):55-63. https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v89i4-S.7115 https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v89i4-S.711... )/Italy/2018	72 patients with a mean age of 61.9 and 63 years in the intervention and control groups	Randomized clinical controlled trial
S3(¹⁵15 BayJndJr SK, Çürük GN, Oguzhan A. Effect of ice bag application to femoral region on pain in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Pain Res Manag. 2017;2017:1-7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6594782 https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6594782... )/Turkey/2017	104 patients from 51 to 70 years	Randomized clinical trial
S4(¹⁶16 Chan MF, Wong OC, Chan HL, Fong MC, Lai SY, Lo CW et al. Effects of music on patients undergoing a C-clamp procedure after percutaneous coronary interventions. J Adv Nurs. 2006;53(6):669-79. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03773.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006... )/China/2006	43 patients from 35 to 75 years or more	Randomized clinical controlled trial
S5(¹⁷17 Foji S, Tadayonfar MA, Mohsenpour M, Rakhshani MH. The study of the effect of guided imagery on pain, anxiety and some other hemodynamic factors in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2015;21(2):119-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2015.02.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2015.02.0... )/Iran/2015	62 patients from 35 to 69 years	Randomized clinical trial
S6(¹1 Hilário TS, Santos SM, Kruger J, Goes MG, Casco MF, Rabelo-Silva ER. Pain assessment and management in patients undergoing endovascular procedures in the catheterization laboratory. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2017;51:1-5. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2016018003229. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X201601... )/Brazil/2017	385 patients with a mean age of 61 ± 13 years	Cross-sectional study
S7(¹⁸18 Kardan M, Zarei B, BahramiTaghanaki H, Vagharseyyedin SA, Azdaki N. The effects of foot reflexology on back pain after coronary angiography: a randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2020;38:1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2019.101068 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2019.1010... )/Iran/2020	120 patients from 30 to 60 years	Randomized clinical trial
S8(¹⁹19 Kim S, Park K, Son B, Jeon Y. The effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on pain during venous cannulation. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2012;73(4-5):134-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.curtheres.2012.05.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.curtheres.2012... )/South Korea/2012	100 patients with a mean age of 48.2 and 51.2 years in the experimental and control groups	Randomized clinical controlled trial
S9(²⁰20 Kurt Y, Kaşıkçı M. The effect of the application of cold on hematoma, ecchymosis, and pain at the catheter site in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Int J Nurs Sci. 2019;6(4):378-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2019.09.005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2019.09.... )/Pakistan/2019	200 patients from 55 to 66 years or more	Quasi-experimental study
S10(²¹21 Rejeh N, Tadrisi SD, Yazdani S, Saatchi K, Vaismoradi M. The effect of hand reflexology massage on pain and fatigue in patients after coronary angiography: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Nurs Res Pract. 2020;2020:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8386167 https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8386167... )/Iran/2020	90 patients with a mean age of 60.60 in the intervention group and 57.75 years in the control group	Randomized clinical controlled trial
S11(²²22 Scaglione M, Battaglia A, Donna PD, Peyracchia M, Bolzan B, Mazzucchi P, et al. Hypnotic communication for periprocedural analgesia during transcatheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc. 2019;24:1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcha.2019.100405 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcha.2019.100... )/Italy/2019	140 patients with a mean age of 58.1 and 60.2 years in each group	Prospective observational study
S12(²³23 Taman RO, Shehata AES, Sallam SAEG, Mady MM. Effect of foot massage on pain level among patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. Menoufia Nurs J. 2018;3(2):63-71. https://doi.org/10.21608/menj.2018.121025 https://doi.org/10.21608/menj.2018.12102... )/Egypt/2018	120 patients from 19 to 65 years	Quasi-experimental study
S13(²⁴24 Zengin S, Kabul S, Al B, Sarcan E, Doğan M, Yildirim C. Effects of music therapy on pain andanxiety in patients undergoing portcatheter placement procedure. Complement Ther Med. 2013;21(6):689-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2013.08.017 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2013.08.0... )/Turkey/2013	100 patients from 18 to 75 years	Randomized clinical controlled trial

References	Non-pharmacological strategies	Procedure	Pain scale used	Outcome
S1(¹³13 Akbari F, Rezaei M, Khatony A. Effect of peppermint essence on the pain and anxiety caused by intravenous catheterization in cardiac patients: a randomized controlled trial. J Pain Res. 2019;12:2933-9. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S226312 https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S226312... )	Aromatherapy by inhaling three drops of peppermint essence dripped onto a piece of absorbent cotton, 10 centimeters from the nose, for five minutes	Intravenous catheterization in cardiac patients with a 20G Angiocath	Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NRS)	Significant reduction in pain intensity caused by IV catheterization
S2(¹⁴14 Balanyuk I, Ledonne G, Provenzano M, Bianco R, Meroni C, Ferri P, et al. Distraction technique for pain reduction in Peripheral Venous Catheterization: randomized, controlled trial. Acta Biomed. 2018;89(Suppl 4):55-63. https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v89i4-S.7115 https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v89i4-S.711... )	Distraction technique by asking several questions on a variety of subjects	Peripheral Venous Catheterization (PVC)	NRS	Significant reduction of pain in the experimental group, when compared to the control group
S3(¹⁵15 BayJndJr SK, Çürük GN, Oguzhan A. Effect of ice bag application to femoral region on pain in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Pain Res Manag. 2017;2017:1-7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6594782 https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6594782... )	Ice pack compress at the site of the femoral catheter for 20 minutes before catheter removal	Withdrawal of the femoral catheter four hours after percutaneous coronary intervention	NRS	Pain intensity in the experimental group was significantly lower compared to the control group at catheter removal
S4(¹⁶16 Chan MF, Wong OC, Chan HL, Fong MC, Lai SY, Lo CW et al. Effects of music on patients undergoing a C-clamp procedure after percutaneous coronary interventions. J Adv Nurs. 2006;53(6):669-79. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03773.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006... )	Patients’ music-of-choice based on a pre-selection of slow, soft, lyric-free music, applied via an MP3 player with headphones	C-clamp procedure after percutaneous coronary interventions	Universal Pain Assessment Tool (UPAT)	Significant reduction in pain scores, systolic blood pressure, heart and respiratory rates, and oxygen saturation, mainly at 45 minutes after the intervention
E5(¹⁷17 Foji S, Tadayonfar MA, Mohsenpour M, Rakhshani MH. The study of the effect of guided imagery on pain, anxiety and some other hemodynamic factors in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2015;21(2):119-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2015.02.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2015.02.0... )	18-minute guided imagery through a headset	Coronary angiography	Pain scale not specified	The levels of pain, mean arterial pressure, pulse, and respiratory rate in the experimental group were reduced, but had no significant differences in the control group.
S6(¹1 Hilário TS, Santos SM, Kruger J, Goes MG, Casco MF, Rabelo-Silva ER. Pain assessment and management in patients undergoing endovascular procedures in the catheterization laboratory. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2017;51:1-5. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2016018003229. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X201601... )	Turning and positioning in bed in only four patients (3% of the sample)	Endovascular diagnostic or therapeutic procedures in hemodynamics	NRS and Verbal Rating Scale	41% of patients who had some intervention for pain management did not have their pain levels reassessed Outcomes were not reported
S7(¹⁸18 Kardan M, Zarei B, BahramiTaghanaki H, Vagharseyyedin SA, Azdaki N. The effects of foot reflexology on back pain after coronary angiography: a randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2020;38:1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2019.101068 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2019.1010... )	Foot reflexology for 16 minutes, eight minutes on each foot. Gentle pressure was applied, stimulating the solar plexus and spinal areas	Coronary angiography	Visual Analog Scale (VAS)	The level of back pain in the experimental group was significantly lower than the control group at all four moments of verification
S8(¹⁹19 Kim S, Park K, Son B, Jeon Y. The effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on pain during venous cannulation. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2012;73(4-5):134-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.curtheres.2012.05.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.curtheres.2012... )	TENS, with two electrodes placed in the radial area of the dominant forearm, delivering a stimulation of 80 pulses per second for 20 minutes	Venous cannulation with a 22-gauge cannula	VAS	The pain intensity of the experimental group was significantly lower than the control group
S9(²⁰20 Kurt Y, Kaşıkçı M. The effect of the application of cold on hematoma, ecchymosis, and pain at the catheter site in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Int J Nurs Sci. 2019;6(4):378-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2019.09.005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2019.09.... )	Cold compress of saline solution (100 ml) applied within the first 15 minutes after femoral arterial catheter removal	Femoral arterial catheter removal	NRS	Significant reduction of ecchymosis, hematoma, and pain levels
S10(²¹21 Rejeh N, Tadrisi SD, Yazdani S, Saatchi K, Vaismoradi M. The effect of hand reflexology massage on pain and fatigue in patients after coronary angiography: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Nurs Res Pract. 2020;2020:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8386167 https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8386167... )	Hand reflexology with pressure, according to the Ingham method, for 20 minutes, ten minutes on each hand. Three areas were pressured: solar plexus, heart, and pituitary	Elective coronary angiography	NRS	Reflexology significantly reduced the pain and fatigue levels of the patients
S11(²²22 Scaglione M, Battaglia A, Donna PD, Peyracchia M, Bolzan B, Mazzucchi P, et al. Hypnotic communication for periprocedural analgesia during transcatheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc. 2019;24:1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcha.2019.100405 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcha.2019.100... )	Hypnotic communication as adjuvant to analgesia during the procedure	Transcatheter ablation for atrial fibrillation	NRS	The procedure became painless in 77.9% of the cases. There were reductions in anxiety, procedure time, and use of sedatives
S12(²³23 Taman RO, Shehata AES, Sallam SAEG, Mady MM. Effect of foot massage on pain level among patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. Menoufia Nurs J. 2018;3(2):63-71. https://doi.org/10.21608/menj.2018.121025 https://doi.org/10.21608/menj.2018.12102... )	Reflexology, stimulating the points of the solar plexus, pituitary gland, and heart. Foot massage, for 30 minutes, 15 minutes on each foot. Prior to the procedure it was performed from the ankle to the toes with moderate pressure	Cardiac catheterization	VAS	Reduction of pain levels in the experimental group, presenting a statistically significant difference at the post-intervention moment
S13(²⁴24 Zengin S, Kabul S, Al B, Sarcan E, Doğan M, Yildirim C. Effects of music therapy on pain andanxiety in patients undergoing portcatheter placement procedure. Complement Ther Med. 2013;21(6):689-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2013.08.017 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2013.08.0... )	Music therapy with Turkish classical music, as it is slower and more relaxing, before and during port insertion	Insertion of the port catheter in oncologic patients	VAS	Reduction in heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and cortisol, 30 minutes and immediately after the procedure. Pain and anxiety scores were significantly reduced

[1] Corresponding author: Kauanny Vitoria Gurgel dos Santos E-mail: kauannygurgel@hotmail.com

Brasil

Brasil

Non-pharmacological analgesia strategies in adult and elderly endovascular procedures: a scoping review

Estrategias no farmacológicas en la analgesia de adultos y ancianos en procedimientos endovasculares: revisión de escopo

ABSTRACT

Objectives:

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