O termo "nacionalismo energético" é frequentemente utilizado pela literatura e mídia acadêmicas, mas geralmente sem precisão conceitual adequada. Apesar disso, um conjunto de artigos aprofunda a discussão sobre a relação entre estados nacionais e a indústria energética, especialmente o setor de petróleo. Estes artigos permitem identificar elementos fundamentais para entender o nacionalismo energético, seja complementar ou divergente entre si. Este estudo tem por objetivo apresentar uma interpretação do conceito que preenche as lacunas deixadas pela literatura acima indicada com base numa análise global da estrutura da indústria do petróleo e da sua evolução histórica desde meados do século 19.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE:
nacionalismo energético; petróleo; as reservas; a indústria do petróleo; a economia política da energia

Autoria

NOELE DE FREITAS PEIGO

Economista e Analista de Relações Internacionais, mestranda MBP (Master Business Petroleum) na COPPE - UFRJ (RJ). E-mail: noeledefreitas@gmail.com - BrasilUFRJBrasilRJ, BrasilEconomista e Analista de Relações Internacionais, mestranda MBP (Master Business Petroleum) na COPPE - UFRJ (RJ). E-mail: noeledefreitas@gmail.com - Brasil

JOSÉ AUGUSTO GASPAR RUAS

Economista, Professor e Coordenador Adjunto do Curso de Economia na Facamp. E-mail: joseaugusto.ruas@facamp.com.br - BrasilFacampBrasilBrasilEconomista, Professor e Coordenador Adjunto do Curso de Economia na Facamp. E-mail: joseaugusto.ruas@facamp.com.br - Brasil

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figuras | Tabelas

Figuras (3)
Tabelas (2)

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Graph 1
Primary supply of world energy (%) - 1973-2009

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Graph 2
Proved oil reserves' distribution by region (%) - 1990-2000-2010

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Graph 3
International investments in E&P by region (in %) - 2012

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Table 1
Energy economics literature about "energy nationalism"

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Table 2
Revenues and net income of the largest oil and gas companies (in US$ billions) - 2013

Graph 1 Primary supply of world energy (%) - 1973-2009

Source: (IEA 2011IEA - INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY (2011). "Key World Energy Statistics 2011". http://iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/key_world_energy_stats-1.pdf. Accessed 02 January 2014.
http://iea.org/publications/freepublicat... ).

Graph 2 Proved oil reserves' distribution by region (%) - 1990-2000-2010

Source: (BP 2011BP - BRITISH PETROLEUM (2011). "Statistical Review of World Energy 2011". http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/excel/Statistical-Review/statistical_review_of_world_energy_2013_workbook.xlsx. Accessed 26 December 2013.
http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/excel/S... ).

Graph 3 International investments in E&P by region (in %) - 2012

Source: (Barclays Research Centre 2012BARCLAYS - Global E&P Capital Spending Update (2012). Accessed 24 February 2014: Accessed 24 February 2014: http://www.oilandgas360.com/analytics/BARCLAYS_EP_SPENDING_UP_103011174.pdf .
http://www.oilandgas360.com/analytics/BA... ).

Table 1 Energy economics literature about "energy nationalism"

Authors	Contributions	Inadequacies and/or gaps
(Armentano 1981ARMENTANO, D. T. (1981). "The Petroleum Industry: a historical study in power". Cato Journal, v. 1, n.1.)	-	• State intervention in the functioning of the market always causes losses in economic efficiency and well being.
(Barbieri 2011BARBIERI, R. (2011). Energy Security: the diplomacy of South Korea in Latin America. UCLA Center for Korean Studies. Los Angeles, California, USA. http://www.international.ucla.edu/media/files/Rita_Barbieri_SRG-h3-4zo.pdf. Accessed 26 February 2014. http://www.international.ucla.edu/media/... )	• Resources are unevenly distributed throughout the world; • Energetic policy is seen according to the perspective of the consuming nation states: the guarantee of energetic security; • The behavior of the producing nation states is a response to the neoliberal recipe and a way to protect their resources.	• Distinctions in the exercise of "resource nationalism" by groups of countries (positive and negative assessment); • State intervention may represent a threat; • Does not analyze the implications of the consuming countries behavior upon "energy nationalism"
(Isbell 2009ISBELL, P. (2009). Energy for the Hemisphere: reflections on the energy aspects of the draft Declaration of Commitment. FOCAL - Canadian Foundation for the Americas. http://www.focal.ca/pdf/summitV_Isbell_IAD_energy%20hemisphere_January%2013%202009_Washington.pdf. Accessed 30 January 2014. http://www.focal.ca/pdf/summitV_Isbell_I... )	-	• Distinctions about the exercise of "energy nationalism" by groups of countries (restrictive/negative for companies and more open and oriented by the market/positive).
(Mabro 2007MABRO, R. (2007). Oil Nationalism, the Oil Industry and Energy Security Concerns. Real Instituto Elcano. http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/rielcano_in/Content?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/elcano/Elcano_in/Zonas_in/ARI114-2007. Accessed 30 January 2014. http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/p... )	• Government intervention in the oil industry is not an exclusive prerogative of producing countries; • Causes of "oil nationalism"; • Takes in consideration market inefficiencies (contractual friction) and differences caused by the heterogeneity of economic and political power among the players involved in the negotiations; • Takes in consideration the changes resulting from historical factors.	-
(Stevens 2008STEVENS, P. (2008). "National oil companies and international oil companies in the Middle East: under the shadow of government and the resource nationalism cycle". Journal of World Energy Law & Business, 1(1): 5-30. http://jwelb.oxfordjournals.org/content/1/1/5.full. Accessed 30 January 2014. http://jwelb.oxfordjournals.org/content/... )	• Analysis of nationalistic cycles: set of industry's endogenous and exogenous factors; • Existence of "bargaining power"; • Institutional flexibility.	• Does not clearly show the possibility that producing and consuming countries may have on energy nationalism; • Predominantly conservative character: intervention policies by producing countries are inadequate and a supposedly natural and mechanistic movement of the energetic nationalist cycles.
(Newbery 1999NEWBERY, D. M. G. (1999 [2001]). Privatization, restructuring, and regulation of network utilities. 3 ed. Estados Unidos: The MIT Press.)	• Institutional flexibility.	-

Source: Own elaboration based on analysis and systematization of the indicated literature.

Table 2 Revenues and net income of the largest oil and gas companies (in US$ billions) - 2013

Fortune ranking	Company	Revenues	Net Income
1	Royal Dutch Shell	4811.7	26.6
3	Exxon Mobil	449.9	44.9
4	Sinopec Group	428.2	8.2
5	China National Pertroleum	408.6	18.2
6	BP	388.3	11.6
10	Total	234.3	13.7
11	Chevron	233.9	26.2
17	ENI	167.9	10.0
21	Gazprom	153.3	38.1
25	Petrobras	144.1	11.0
36	Pemex	125.2	0.2
38	PDVSA	124.5	2.7
39	Statoil	124.4	11.8
46	Luktoil	116.3	11.0

Source: Own elaboration based on data from the (Global 500 Fortune Ranking 2013FORTUNE GLOBAL 500 (2013). Annual ranking of the world's largest corporations. Accessed 2 November 2013: Accessed 2 November 2013: http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2013/full_list/index.html .
http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/g... ).

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[TFN1] Source: Own elaboration based on analysis and systematization of the indicated literature.