Prevalence and factors associated with the use of sleep-inducing medication among women receiving Primary Health Care: a cross-sectional study in Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil, 2014

Leite, Franciéle Marabotti Costa; Xavier, Jasmine Cristina Soares; Silva, Ranielle de Paula; Wandekoken, Kallen Dettmann; Tavares, Fábio Lúcio; Amorim, Maria Helena Costa

doi:10.1590/S1679-49742022000100016

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Original Article • Epidemiol. Serv. Saúde 31 (1) • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-49742022000100016 linkcopy

Prevalence and factors associated with the use of sleep-inducing medication among women receiving Primary Health Care: a cross-sectional study in Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil, 2014

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Objective To verify prevalence and factors associated with the use of sleep-inducing medication among women receiving primary health care (PHC) in Vitória, ES, Brazil.

Methods This was a cross-sectional study conducted in 2014 with women aged 20-59. We analyzed association of sleep-inducing medication use with socioeconomic factors and experiences of violence (Poisson regression).

Results Out of 991 participants, 18.5% were using sleep-inducing medication and 45.9% had used it at some point in their lives. Current and lifetime use of these medications was associated with age, years of education, as well as psychological, physical and sexual violence in the last year (p-value<0.05). Lower family income (PR=1.30; 95%CI 1.03;1.64) and controlling partner (PR=1.35; 95%CI 1.08;1.69) were associated with current use, while experience of sexual violence in childhood (PR=1.33; 95%CI 1.13;1.56) was associated with lifetime use.

Conclusion Use of sleep-inducing medication was frequent among PHC service users, and was associated with socioeconomic factors and experiences of violence.

Keywords:
Sleep Aids, Pharmaceutical; Sleep; Mental Health; Violence Against Women; Socioeconomic Factors; Observational Study

Variables	n	%	Lifetime		Current use
Variables	n	%	% (95%CI^a)	p-value	% (95%CI^a)	p-value
Socioeconomic characteristics
Age group (in years)				<0.001		<0.001
20-39	343	34.6	39.0 (35.3;42.9)		28.7 (23.3;34.7)
40-59	648	65.4	57.6 (52.5;62.6)		55.4 (46.8;60.2)
Race/skin color				0.287		0.939
White	215	21.7	51.6 (44.9;58.3)		43.2 (34.3;52.6)
Black	239	24.1	43.5 (37.3;49.9)		38.5 (29.6;48.2)
Yellow	23	2.3	34.8 (18.1;56.2)		37.5 (11.5;73.6)
Brown	503	50.8	45.3 (41.0;49.7)		39.5 (33.3;46.0)
Indigenous	11	1.1	36.4 (13.6;67.5)		50.0 (9.4;0.6)
Schooling (in years of study)				0.007		<0.001
Less than 5	112	11.3	50.9 (41.7;60.0)		64.9 (51.6;76.2)
5-8	191	19.3	49.2 (42.1;56.3)		43.6 (33.9;53.8)
9-11	521	52.5	40.9 (36.7;45.2)		32.4 (26.4;39.0)
12 or more	167	16.9	54.5 (46.9;61.9)		39.6 (30.0;50.0)
Marital status				0.342		0.785
Has a partner	733	74.0	45.0 (41.4;48.6)		40.6 (35.4;46.0)
Does not have a partner	258	26.0	48.5 (42.3;54.5)		39.2 (30.9;48.1)
Family income (in BRL)				0.736		0.083
Up to BRL 1,500	343	34.6	46.6 (41.4;51.9)		45.6 (38.0;53.4)
Above BRL 1,500	648	65.4	45.5 (41.7;49.4)		37.3 (31.9;43.0)
Experience of violence
Controlling partner				0.038		0.016
No	486	51.8	42.6 (38.3;47.1)		34.8 (28.6;41.6)
Yes	452	48.2	49.3 (44.7;53.9)		46.2 (39.7;52.7)
Sexual violence in childhood				0.003		0.364
No	870	87.8	44.1 (40.8;47.4)		39.3 (34.5;44.3)
Yes	121	12.2	58.7 (49.7;67.1)		45.1 (33.9;56.8)
Types of intimate partner violence^c				0.013^b		0.004^b
No type of violence	717	72.4	43.0 (39.4;46.6)		37.3 (32.1;42.9)
One type of violence	167	16.8	55.1 (47.5;62.5)		40.2 (30.6;50.6)
Two types of violence	83	8.4	50.6 (39.9;61.2)		46.7 (32.9;62.7)
Three types of violence	24	2.4	54.2 (34.2;72.9)		84.6 (53.3;96.4)

Variables	Lifetime				Current use
	Crude		Adjusted		Crude		Adjusted
	RP^a (95%CI^b)	p-value	RP^a (95%CI^b)	p-value	RP^a (95%CI^b)	p-value	RP^a (95%CI^b)	p-value
Socioeconomic characteristics
Age group (in years)		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001
20-39	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00
40-59	1.48 (1.29;1.68)		1.45 (1.27;1.66)		1.87 (1.48;2.36)		1.82 (1.43;2.32)
Schooling (in years of study)		0.006		0.011		<0.001		0.007
Less than 5	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00
5-8	0.97 (0.77;1.21)		1.05 (0.83;1.32)		0.67 (0.50;0.91)		0.73 (0.54;0.98)
9-11	0.80 (0.65;0.99)		0.98 (0.79;1.22)		0.50 (0.38;0.66)		0.62 (0.46;0.82)
12 or more	1.07 (0.85;1.35)		1.30 (1.03;1.64)		0.61 (0.44;0.84)		0.83 (0.58;1.17)
Family income (in BRL)		0.647			0.079		0.029
Up to BRL 1,500	1.02 (0.94;1.11)		-	-	1.22 (0.98;1.53)		1.30 (1.03;1.64)
Above BRL 1,500	1.00		-		1.00		1.00
Experience of violence
Controlling partner		0.039		0.056		0.018		0.009
No	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00
Yes	1.16 (1.01;1.33)		1.14 (0.99;1.31)		1.33 (1.05;1.68)		1.35 (1.08;1.69)
Sexual violence in childhood		0.001		0.001
No	1.00		1.00		-	-	-	-
Yes	1.33 (1.12;1.57)		1.33 (1.13;1.56)		-		-
Types of intimate partner violence^c		0.015		0.041		<0.001		<0.001
No type of violence	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00
One type of violence	1.28 (1.09;1.50)		1.24 (1.06;1.46)		1.08 (0.81;1.44)		1.08 (0.82;1.40)
Two types of violence	1.18 (0.94;1.48)		1.18 (0.93;1.48)		1.28 (0.90;1.80)		1.22 (0.89;1.66)
Three types of violence	1.26 (0.86;1.84)		1.25 (0.87;1.81)		2.27 (1.72;2.98)		2.39 (1.83;3.10)

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[TFN4] a) 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; b) Trend p-value; c) Psychological, physical and sexual intimate partner violence in the last 12 months.