Aplicación de la clasificación de alimentos Nova en la Encuesta de Presupuesto Familiar 2017-2018: estrategia para monitorear la adherencia a las recomendaciones de la <i>Guía Alimentaria para la Población Brasileña</i>

Cruz, Gabriela Lopes da; Andrade, Giovanna Calixto; Rauber, Fernanda; Levy, Renata Bertazzi; Louzada, Maria Laura da Costa

doi:10.1590/S2237-96222025v34e20240369.en

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE • Epidemiol. Serv. Saúde 34 • 2025 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S2237-96222025v34e20240369.en linkcopiar

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Aplicación de la clasificación de alimentos Nova en la Encuesta de Presupuesto Familiar 2017-2018: estrategia para monitorear la adherencia a las recomendaciones de la Guía Alimentaria para la Población Brasileña

Autoría SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Objetivo Describir el método de categorización de alimentos de la Encuesta de Presupuesto Familiar 2017-2018 según la clasificación Nova, aportando transparencia y replicabilidad al proceso de seguimiento de la adhesión a las recomendaciones de la Guía Alimentaria para la Población Brasileña.

Métodos Se trató de clasificar los alimentos reportados en la Encuesta en cuatro fases. Fueron: identificación de preparaciones culinarias y elementos compuestos por más de un alimento, determinación de la receta de preparaciones culinarias y elementos a desagregar, aplicación de la clasificación Nova y análisis de sensibilidad.

Resultados Después de la desagregación, se clasificaron 1.856 artículos según la clasificación Nova, los cuales 1.050 correspondían a alimentos frescos o mínimamente procesados, 54 a ingredientes culinarios procesados, 160 a alimentos procesados y 592 a alimentos ultraprocesados. Los alimentos cuya clasificación planteaba dudas representaban el 4% de la energía de la dieta. La participación calórica de los alimentos ultraprocesados varió del 19,7% (intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%] 19,3; 20,1) al 17,7% (IC95%: 17,4; 18,1) después del análisis de sensibilidad.

Conclusión El uso de un método estandarizado para aplicar la clasificación Nova a la Encuesta de Presupuesto Familiar fue efectivo y condujo a estimaciones cuyas dudas impactaron mínimamente en el resultado. La metodología presentada podrá replicarse en futuras ediciones de la Encuesta y otros estudios de consumo de alimentos, fortaleciendo la vigilancia alimentaria y nutricional aplicada a la Guía Alimentaria.

Palabras clave
Vigilancia Alimentaria y Nutricional; Encuestas Nutricionales; Guías Alimentarias; Clasificación Nova; Estudios Transversales

Nova classification group	Definition	Examples
Unprocessed or minimally processed foods	Unprocessedfoods: fresh foods; edible parts of plants, animals, fungi and algae, which have undergone little or no change in relation to their state in nature. Minimally processed: unprocessed foods that have undergone minimal modifications, which include removing inedible parts, drying, crushing, grinding, roasting, cooking with water, pasteurization, refrigeration, freezing, packaging or vacuum packaging. Vitamins and minerals can be added to foods in this group, usually to replace nutrients lost during processing.	Cereals, legumes, vegetables, fruits, seeds, leaves, stems, roots and tubers, fresh meat (muscle meat and offal), eggs, milk, flour. They also include foods composed of two or more items from this group, such as mixed dried fruit, granola made from cereals, nuts and dried fruit without added sugar, honey or oil, pasta, couscous and polenta made with flour and water, and fortified foods such as wheat or corn flour with added iron and folic acid.
Processed culinary ingredients	Extraction of foods from the first group or directly from nature through processes such as pressing, extraction, centrifugation and refining. These processes create products used to season and prepare foods from the first group in dishes prepared from scratch. Additives are generally not necessary and are rarely found in this group.	Sugar (granulated, caster, brown and demerara), molasses, honey, vegetable oils, animal fats (such as butter and lard), corn starch, vinegar and salt. Sugar (granulated, caster, brown and demerara), molasses, honey, vegetable oils, animal fats (such as butter and lard), corn starch, vinegar and salt. They also include products made up of two items from the group, such as salted butter, and items with added vitamins or minerals, such as iodized salt.
Processed foods	They include foods produced by adding a processed culinary ingredient (such as salt, sugar, oils or fats) to unprocessed or minimally processed foods. They are relatively simple processing products, using conservation methods such as canning and bottling, non-alcoholic fermentation and cooking or baking to form bread and cheese. These processes and ingredients aim to increase durability and complexify the sensorial qualities of foods. Processed foods often contain additives that extend the life of the product, preserve its properties or inhibit the proliferation of microorganisms (such as preservatives and antioxidants). They do not contain additives with a cosmetic function.	Bread, cheese, pickled legumes and vegetables, salted or sugar sweetened nuts and seeds, fruit in syrup and jellies. Dried and cured meats, dried or canned fish. Fermented alcoholic beverages like beer and wine. When made exclusively with foods from the first two groups, pasties, cakes, cookies, ready-to-heat products such as burgers and pies, pasta and pre-prepared dishes.
Ultra-processed food	Industrial formulations resulting from different stages and types of processing. The following are markers of ultra-processed foods: a) cosmetic food additives that modify the sensorial characteristics of the product, such as flavorings, colorings, artificial sweeteners, emulsifiers, thickeners, flavor enhancers and emulsifying agents; and/or b) substances for industrial use, rarely used in cooking, such as fructose, high-fructose corn syrup, invert sugar, maltodextrin, dextrose, lactose, added gluten, hydrogenated or interesterified oils, hydrolyzed proteins, protein isolate and mechanically separated meat.	Soft drinks, fruit drinks, energy drinks, milk drinks and flavored yogurts. Mass-produced packaged bread, sweet and savory biscuits. Candies, chocolates and sweets in general, margarine, nuggets, sausages, hamburgers and other reconstituted meat products, breakfast cereals, instant noodles, powdered soups,sauces. Ready-to-eat products such as pre-prepared burgers, pies, pasta and pizza.

Items identified as “Uncertain”

Stage 1 – identification of culinary preparations and items composed of more than one food (n=77)

Stage 3 – Application of the Nova classification (n=28)

Americano
(ham, cheese, egg, bacon, lettuce and tomato toasted sandwich)
Fried cheese cake
Fried cassava cake
Fried cod fish cake
Brigadeiro dessert
Chicken cannelloni
Cheese cannelloni
Cheese and ham cannelloni
Ricotta cannelloni
Meat capeletti
Chicken capeletti
Coxinha
Croquette
Peanut butter
Puff pastry slice
Small individual pies (cheese, meat, shrimp, etc.)
Large pies (cheese, chicken, shrimp, hearts of palm, etc.)
Sfiha
Meat sfiha
Chicken sfiha
Cheese sfiha
Ricotta sfiha
Four-cheese lasagna
Maria-Mole (marshmallow)
Meringue
Mille-feuille
Minipastel (mini fried pasty)
Tomato sauce
Fried pasty with sweet filling
Baked wholemeal pasty (cheese, meat, hearts of palm, etc.)
Baked pasty (cheese, meat, hearts of palm, etc.)
Custard pie
Pizza
Pepperoni pizza
Chicken pizza with catupiry
Smoked sirloin pizza
Buffalo mozzarella and sun-dried tomato pizza
Fish pizza (tuna, salmon, sardines)
Sweet pizza of any flavor
Margherita pizza (mozzarella, tomato and basil)
Mozzarella pizza
Neapolitan pizza
Portuguese pizza
Ham pizza
Vegetarian pizza
Pepperoni pizza
Cheese pizza
Kibbeh
Rissoles (cheese, meat, shrimp, etc.)
Rondelli
Shrimp rondelli
Meat rondelli
Cheese and ham rondelli
Bauru sandwich
Tuna sandwich
Roast beef sandwich
Pork sandwich
Fillet sandwich
Chicken sandwich
Mortadella sandwich
Turkey breast sandwich
Ham sandwich
Cheese sandwich (unspecified)
Minas cheese sandwich
Yellow cheese sandwich
Yellow cheese and ham sandwich
Roast beef sandwich
Salami sandwich
Sardine sandwich
Natural sandwich
Ham, cheese and tomato sandwich
Vegetarian sandwich
Savory pies of any flavor
Shrimp yakisoba
Beef yakisoba
Chicken yakisoba
Vegetable yakisoba

Individual non-disaggregated items:
Buttered peanuts
Rice cream
Milk cream
Fruit jelly of any brand or flavor
Granola
Coconut milk
Marshmallow
Cereal mix
Tomato sauce
Peanut candy
Corn bread
Cheese bread
Jawbreaker
Juice
Guava juice
Orange juice
Mango juice
Peach juice
Peach juice syrup
Grape juice
Peanut nougat

Following disaggregation:
Cashew, juice, concentrated, bottled
Milk cream
Orange, pear, juice, unsweetened
Orange, juice, unsweetened, Citrus sinensis
Milk, condensed, with sugar, canned
Sauce, pepper, tabasco
Grape, juice, concentrated, bottled

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