A review on the evolution of Portland cement and chemical admixtures in Brazil

Natalli, Juliana Fadini; Thomaz, Eduardo Christo Silveira; Mendes, Júlia Castro; Peixoto, Ricardo André Fiorotti

doi:10.1590/S1983-41952021000600003

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE • Rev. IBRACON Estrut. Mater. 14 (6) • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1983-41952021000600003 copy

A review on the evolution of Portland cement and chemical admixtures in Brazil

Uma revisão da evolução do cimento Portland e das misturas químicas no Brasil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

abstract:

Over the years, Portland cement concretes have undergone increasing demands for constructability, cost, quality, and environmental impact. These demands were met, mainly, through changes in the cement composition and the introduction of chemical admixtures. In this sense, through a literature review, the authors sought to create a collection of information on the evolution of these materials and their standards from 1937 to 2020 in Brazil . This work is part of a research project that aims to elaborate a dating protocol for Brazilian concretes. From the review conducted, the authors observed that the absence of systematic records in the Brazilian civil construction sector hinders the attempt to create a chronology of the development of concrete in the country. In addition, we concluded that the knowledge of the evolution of Portland cement and chemical admixtures is relevant information that can assist in concrete dating processes. The reliable comparison data, posteriorly combined with microstructural characterisation techniques, may lay the basis for an effective dating methodology.

Keywords:
Portland cement; chemical admixtures Brazil; cement industry; review; concrete dating

Brazilian ABNT Type	Name	Composition (range of percentage by mass)				American ASTM equivalent	British BSI equivalent
Brazilian ABNT Type	Name	Clinker + calcium sulphate	Granulated blast furnace slag	pozzolanic materials	limestone filler	American ASTM equivalent	British BSI equivalent
CP I	Ordinary Portland cement	95-100	0-5			Type I	CEM I
CP I-S	Ordinary Portland cement with admixtures	90-94	0	0	6-10	Type I	CEM II A-L or A-LL1
CP II-E	Portland-composite cement with blast furnace slag	51-94	6-34	0	0-15	Type IT(Lα)(Sβ)²	-
CP II-Z	Portland-composite cement with pozzolanic materials	71-94	0	6-14	0-15	Type IT(Lα)(Pβ) ²	-
CP II-F	Portland-composite cement with limestone filler	75-89	0	0	11-25	Type IL(α) 2	CEM II A-L, A-LL, B-L, or B-LL
CP III	Portland blast-furnace slag cement	25-65	35-75	0	0-10	Type IS(α) ^2,3	CEM III A or B³
CP IV	Portland-pozzolan cement	45-85	0	15-50	0-10	Type IP(α) ^2,3	CEM IV A or B³
CP V	High early strength Portland cement	90-100	0	0	0-10	Type III	Notation “-N” or “-R” to the other types

Standard	Year	Allowed content of mineral admixtures for CP I	Allowed content of mineral admixtures for CP I-S	Strength classes
EB-1 (originally) NBR 5732	1937	0%	-	25
EB-1 (originally) NBR 5732	1973	0%	-	25 32 40
NBR 5732	1977	0 to 10% blast furnace slag	-	25 32
NBR 5732	1977	0%	-	40
NBR 5732	1988	0 to 5% limestone filler (CPS)	-	25 32 40
		0% to 10% blast furnace slag (CPE)
		0% to 10% pozzolanic materials (CPZ)
NBR 5732	1991	0%	0% to 5% blast furnace slag or pozzolanic materials or limestone filler	25 32 40
NBR 16697	2018	0% to 5% blast furnace slag or pozzolanic materials or limestone filler	6 to 10% limestone filler	25 32 40

Standard	Year	Allowed content of mineral admixtures for CP III	Strength classes
EB-208 (originally)	1966	25% to 65% blast furnace slag	25
NBR 5735	1966	25% to 65% blast furnace slag	25
NBR 5735	1974	25% to 65% blast furnace slag	25 32
NBR 5735	1987	35% to 70% blast furnace slag	25 32 40
NBR 5735	1987	0% to 5% limestone filler	25 32 40
NBR 5735	1991	35% to 70% blast furnace slag	25 32 40
NBR 5735	1991	0% to 5% limestone filler	25 32 40
NBR 16697	2018	35% to 75% blast furnace slag	25 32 40
NBR 16697	2018	0% to 10% limestone filler	25 32 40

Standard	Year	Allowed content of mineral admixtures for CP IV	Strength classes
EB-758 (originally)	1974	10% to 40% pozzolanic materials	25
NBR 5735 (later)	1974	10% to 30% pozzolanic materials	32
NBR 5736	1986	15% to 40% pozzolanic materials	25 32
NBR 5736	1991	15% to 50% pozzolanic materials	25 32
NBR 5736	1991	0% to 5% limestone filler	25 32
NBR 16697	2018	15% to 50% pozzolanic materials	25 32 40
NBR 16697	2018	0% to 10% limestone filler	25 32 40

Standard	Year	Allowed content of mineral admixtures for CP II-E	Allowed content of mineral admixtures for CP II-Z	Allowed content of mineral admixtures for CP II-F	Strength classes
NBR 11578	1991	6% to 34% blast furnace slag	6% to 14% pozzolanic materials	6% a 10% limestone filler	25 32 40
NBR 11578	1991	filler0% to 10% limestone	limestone 0% to 10% filler	6% a 10% limestone filler	25 32 40
NBR 16697	2018	6% to 34% blast furnace slag	6% to 14% pozzolanic materials	11% a 25% limestone filler	25 32 40
NBR 16697	2018	0% to 15% limestone filler	0% to 15% limestone filler	11% a 25% limestone filler	25 32 40

Standard	Year	Allowed content of mineral admixtures for CP V	Minimum strength (MPa)
Standard	Year	Allowed content of mineral admixtures for CP V	1 day	3 days	7 days
EB-2 (originally)	1940	0% to 1% of any material	11	22	31
NBR 5733 (later)	1940	0% to 1% of any material	11	22	31
NBR 5733	1974	0%	11	22	31
NBR 5733	1991	0 to 5% limestone filler	14	24	34
NBR 16697	2018	0 to 10% limestone filler	14	24	34

Brazilian ABNT Type	Chemical admixture	Characteristics	American ASTM Equivalent	British BSI Equivalent
PN	Water-reducing	First-generation plasticizer, based on lignosulfonates.	A1	Water reducing/ plasticizing¹
SP-I N	High-range water-reducing Type I	Second-generation superplasticizer, based on condensates of formaldehyde sulfonates.	F¹	High range water reducing/ superplasticizing¹
SP-II N	High-range water-reducing Tipo II	Third generation superplasticizer, based on polycarboxylate.	F¹	High range water reducing/ superplasticizing¹
IA	Air-entraining	Incorporates uniformly distributed micropores of air during the mixing of the concrete, which remain in the hardened state.	Air-Entraining²	Air entraining
AP	Set Accelerating	Decreases the transition time from the plastic to the rigid state of the concrete.	C	Set accelerating
AR	Strength accelerator	Increases the rate of development of the initial strength of the concrete, with or without affecting setting time.	-3	Hardening accelerating
PP	Set Retarding	Increases the transition time from the plastic to the rigid state of the concrete.	B	Set retarding
PR	Water-reducing and Set Retarding	Combines the effects of a plasticizer (main function) and the effects of a retarder (secondary function)	D¹	Set retarding/ water reducing/ plasticizing¹
SP-I R or SP-II R	High-range water-reducing and Set Retarding	Combines the effects of type I or II superplasticizer (main function) and the effects of a retarder (secondary function).	G¹	Set retarding/ high range water reducing/ superplasticizing¹
PA	Water-reducing and Set Accelerating	Combines the effects of a plasticizer (main function) and the effects of an accelerator (secondary function)	E¹	Set accelerating/ water reducing/ plasticizing¹
SP-I A or SP-II A	High-range water-reducing and Set Accelerating	Combines the effects of type I or II superplasticizer (main function) and the effects of an accelerator (secondary function).	-	-
MV-RT	Water retainer viscosity modifier	Retains water inside the concrete reducing the bleeding effect	-³	Water retaining
MV-AS	Anti-washout viscosity modifier	Reduces segregation of fluid or self-compacting concretes and allows the pouring of submerged concretes	-³	Viscosity modifying4

1992 (4 pages)		2011 (25 pages)		2019 (33 pages)
Type	Description1	Type	Description2	Type	Description4
P	Plasticiser	PN	Water-reducing/Plasticiser	RA1	Water-reducing type 1
	· Minimum 6% water reduction³.		· Minimum 6% water reduction³.		· Minimum 8% water reduction³.
	· No references to chemical composition.		· First-generation plasticizer, based on lignosulfonates.		· No references to chemical composition.
SP	Superplasticiser	SP-I N	High-range water-reducing Type I	RA2	Water-reducing type 2
	· Minimum 12% water reduction³.		· Minimum 12% water reduction³.		· Minimum 15% water reduction³.
	· No references to chemical composition.		· Second-generation superplasticizer, based on condensates of formaldehyde sulfonates.		· No references to chemical composition.
		SP-II N	High-range water-reducing Tipo II
			· Minimum 20% water reduction³.
			· Third generation superplasticizer, based on polycarboxylate.
A	Set Accelerating and Strength accelerator	AP	Set Accelerating	AP	Set Accelerating
	· Minimum initial set time: -1:00h³		· Minimum initial set time: -0:30h³	AP	· Setting time of test mortar must be smaller than the reference mortar (no value specified)
	· Minimum final set time: -1:00h³		· No requirements regarding minimum final set time.	APP	Set Accelerating for shotcrete
					· Initial setting of cement paste: ≤ 0:10h3
					· Final setting of cement paste: ≤ 1:00h³
		AR	Strength accelerator	AR	Strength accelerator
			· Minimum strength increase in 24h: +120%³		· Minimum strength increase in 24h: 120%³
			· No requirements regarding setting time (may or may not alter)		· Maximum initial set time: 120%³
R	Set Retarding	RP	Set Retarding	-
R	· Minimum initial set time: + 1:00h³	RP	· Minimum initial set time: + 1:30h³	-
PA	Plasticiser and Set Accelerating	PA	Water-reducing and Set Accelerating	RA1-A	Water-reducing type 1 and Set Accelerating
	· Combined requirements		· Combined requirements		· Minimum 8% water reduction³.
					· Minimum initial set time: -0:30h³
SPA	Superplasticiser and Set Accelerating	SP-I A or	High-range water-reducing and Set Accelerating	RA2-A	Water-reducing type 2 and Set Accelerating
	· Combined requirements	SP-II A	· Combined requirements		· Minimum 15% water reduction³.
					· Minimum initial set time: -0:30h³
PR	Plasticiser and Set Retarding	PR	Water-reducing and Set Retarding	RA1-R	Water-reducing type 1 and Set Retarding
	· Combined requirements		· Combined requirements		· Minimum 8% water reduction³.
					· Minimum initial set time: +2:00h³
SPR	Superplasticiser and Set Retarding	SP-I R or	High-range water-reducing and Set Retarding	RA2-R	Water-reducing type 2 and Set Retarding
	· Combined requirements	SP-II R	· Combined requirements		· Minimum 15% water reduction³.
					· Minimum initial set time: +1:30h³
IAR	Air-entraining	IA	Air-entraining	IA	Air-entraining
	· Maximum bleeding: 2%		· Minimum air-entrainment: +2.5%³		· Minimum air-entrainment: +2.5%³
	No references to air entrainment potential.		Total air-entrainment content: 4 to 6%		Total air-entrainment content: 4 to 6%
				IA-L	Air-entraining for lightweight concretes
				IA-L	· No requirements specified⁵
-		-		CH	Hydration controller
					· Slump > 10mm³
					· No setting time or heat of hydration requirements specified.
-		-		CR	Shrinkage compensating
					· Shrinkage at 28 days: ≤ 95%³
					· Final setting time: ≤ 1:30h³
					· Other physical and chemical requirements.
-		-		RR	Shrinkage reducing
					· Shrinkage at 28 days: ≤ 95%³
					· Final setting time: ≤ 2:00h³
					· No other physical and chemical requirements specified.
-		-		RC	Corrosion-inhibiting
-		-		RC	· No requirements specified⁵
-		-		MV-RT	Water retainer viscosity modifier
					· Bleeding < 15%
					· No workability requirements specified.
-		-		MV-AS	Anti-washout viscosity modifier
-		-		MV-AS	· No requirements specified⁵
-		-		RAC	Capillary absorption reducer
-		-		RAC	· No requirements specified⁵
-		-		RP	Permeability reducer
-		-		RP	· No requirements specified⁵
-		-		CVP	Admixtures for vibro-pressed concrete
-		-		CVP	· No requirements specified5

IBRACON - Instituto Brasileiro do Concreto Instituto Brasileiro do Concreto (IBRACON), Av. Queiroz Filho, nº 1700 sala 407/408 Torre D, Villa Lobos Office Park, CEP 05319-000, São Paulo, SP - Brasil, Tel. (55 11) 3735-0202, Fax: (55 11) 3733-2190 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: arlene@ibracon.org.br

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[1] Corresponding author: Juliana Fadini Natalli. E-mail: juliananatalli24@gmail.com