Correlation between concrete strength properties and surface electrical resistivity

Araújo, Carla Cavalcante; Meira, Gibson Rocha

doi:10.1590/S1983-41952022000100003

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Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE • Rev. IBRACON Estrut. Mater. 15 (1) • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1983-41952022000100003 copy

Correlation between concrete strength properties and surface electrical resistivity

Correlação entre as propriedades de resistência do concreto e a resistividade elétrica superficial

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

abstract:

Periodic inspections in reinforced concrete structures are important to be carried out to assess their state of conservation. In this scenario, non-destructive tests can be a suitable option since destructive tests are invasive and may be difficult to be performed in some cases. Considering this option, correlations between non-destructive test parameters and the concrete properties to be analyzed are useful tools that make easier the structure inspection. In the present work, correlations between the compressive strength (f_c) and splitting tensile strength (f_t) and surface electrical resistivity (ρ) of concretes were studied. Brazilian concretes of six different mixtures were analyzed at five different ages and correlation curves between strength properties and surface electrical resistivity of concrete were obtained, which are represented by the general relationships f_c= 14.18·ln(ρ) + 18.43 and f_t = 0.69·ln(ρ) + 2.15 for compressive strength and splitting tensile strength, respectively. In addition, a general curve considering literature data and results from this work was proposed to represent the relationship between compressive strength and surface electrical resistivity - f_c = 11.89·ln(ρ) + 18.90.

Keywords:
concrete; compressive strength; electrical properties; non-destructive testing; tensile properties

Author	Equation	Determination coefficient (r²)	Specimens	Cement type	Age of test (days)	Additional information
Andrade and D'Andrea (2011) [²⁷27 C. Andrade and R. D’Andrea, "The electrical resistivity as a control parameter of the concrete and its durability," J. ALCONPAT, vol. 1, pp. 90–98, 2011.]	$f_{c} = 6.897 \cdot l n (ρ) + 6.827$	N.I.	Concrete cylinders (150 mm x 300 mm)	N.I.	N.I.	Four-point method (Wenner method) / ρ by Ω·m.
Ramezanianpour et al. (2011) [³⁰30 A. Ramezanianpour, A. Pilvar, A. Mahdikhani, and F. Moodi, "Practical evaluation of relationship between concrete resistivity, water penetration, rapid chloride penetration and compressive strength," Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 2472–2479, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.11.069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.20... ]	$f_{c} = 3.587 ρ - 9.186$	0.87	Concrete cylinders (100 mm x 200 mm) and concrete cubes with 100 mm of edges	OPC	728	Four-point method (Wenner method) / ρ by kΩ·cmΩ·cmΩ·cm.
	$f_{c} = 33.58 \cdot l n (ρ) - 27.28$	0.88		OPC	728	Four-point method (Wenner method) / ρ by kΩ·cmΩ·cmΩ·cm.
Wei et al. (2012) [²⁹29 X. Wei, L. Xiao, and Z. Li, "Prediction of standard compressive strength of cement by the electrical resistivity measurement," Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 31, pp. 341–346, Jun. 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.12.111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.20... ]	$f_{c 28} = 8.76. (ρ_{24 h}) + 20.4$	0.963	N.I	N.I.	28 – f_c	Electrical resistivity of cement paste in the fresh state measured by a non-contact device / ρ by Ω·m.
	$f_{c 28} = 8.76. (ρ_{24 h}) + 20.4$	0.963	N.I	N.I.	1 – ρ
Medeiros-Junior et al. (2014) [³¹31 R. A. Medeiros-Junior, M. G. Lima, M. H. F. Medeiros, and L. V. Real, "Investigation of the compressive strength and electrical resistivity of concrete with different types of cement," J. ALCONPAT, vol. 4, pp. 113–128, 2014.]	$f_{c} = 21.24 \cdot l n (ρ) + 11.20$	0.823	Concrete cylinders (100 mm x 200 mm) and concrete cubes with 250 mm of edges	FPC	28	Four-point method (Wenner method) / ρ by kΩ·cm.
	$f_{c} = 49.05 \cdot l n (ρ) - 43.03$	0.995		FPC	91
	$f_{c} = 32.34 \cdot l n (ρ) - 68.97$	0.997		PSC	28
	$f_{c} = 65.36 \cdot l n (ρ) - 208.67$	0.995		PSC	91
	$f_{c} = 41.50 \cdot l n (ρ) - 61.38$	0.999		PPC	28
	$f_{c} = 70.34 \cdot l n (ρ) - 175.80$	0.993		PPC	91
	$f_{c} = 14.66 \cdot l n (ρ) + 23.29$	0.992		HSPC	28
	$f_{c} = 32.28 \cdot l n (ρ) - 6.92$	0.999		HSPC	91
Bem et al. (2018) [⁹9 D. H. Bem, D. P. B. Lima, and R. A. Medeiros-Junior, "Effect of chemical admixtures on concrete’s electrical resistivity," Int. J. Build. Pathol. Adaptation, vol. 36, pp. 174–187, Apr. 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJBPA-11-2017-0058. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBPA-11-2017-00... ]	$f_{c} = 21.49 \cdot l n (ρ) - 2.71$	0.81	Concrete cylinders (100 mm x 200 mm)	FPC	28	Four-point method (Wenner method) / ρ by kΩ·cm.
Sabbağ and Uyanik (2018) [²⁸28 N. Sabbağ and O. Uyanık, "Determination of the reinforced concrete strength by apparent resistivity depending on the curing conditions," J. Appl. Geophys., vol. 155, pp. 13–25, Feb. 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2018.03.007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2018.0... ]	$f_{c} = 57.2 \cdot l n (ρ) - 84.3$	0.92	Unreinforced and reinforced cubes (150 x 150 x 150 mm)	FPC	7 – 90	Four-point method (Wenner method) / ρ by kΩ·cm.

Code	Maximum diameter (mm)	Fineness module	Specific density (g/cm³)	Bulk density (g/cm³)	Powder material (%)
AS1	2.36	1.88	2.64	1.61	3.59
AS2	2.36	1.98	2.67	1.71	4.53
BS1	1.18	1.96	2.62	1.56	2.21

Code	Size distribution interval (mm/mm)	Maximum diameter (mm)	Fineness module	Specific density (g/cm³)	Bulk density (g/cm³)	Powder material (%)
AG1	-	12.50	5.34	2.77	1.65	4.76
AG2	9.5/25	25.00	8.50	2.78	1.52	0.42
BG1	4.75/12.5	12.50	7.00	2.76	1.43	0.34
BG2	9.5/25	25.00	9.10	2.77	1.46	0.12

Analyzed characteristics		A Cement	B Cement
Chemical composition (%) XRF	Calcium oxide (CaO)	59.33%	58.51%
	Silicon dioxide (SiO₂)	24.99%	25.49%
	Ferric oxide (Fe₂O₃)	4.05%	5.89%
	Aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃)	3.91%	4.55%
	Sulfuric oxide (SO)	3.76%	2.42%
	Magnesium oxide (MgO)	2.33%	1.98%
	Phosphorus pentoxide (P₂O₅)	0.48%	0.03%
	Titanium dioxide (TiO₂)	0.46%	0.44%
	Sodium oxide (Na₂O)	0.33%	0.28%
	Potassium oxide (K₂O)	0.33%	0.20%
	Strontium oxide (SrO)	0.10%	0.04%
	Manganese oxide (MnO)	0.04%	0.14%
	Chloride (Cl)	0.03%	-
	Chromium oxide (Cr₂O₃)	0.03%	-
	Zinc Oxide (ZnO)	0.02%	-
	Zirconium dioxide (ZrO₂)	-	0.02%
	Nickel oxide (NiO)	-	0.02%
Specific weight (g/cm³)		3.07	3.08
Blaine specific surface (cm²/g)		3855.63	3377.34

Concrete	Concrete mixtures (by weight)
Concrete	Portland cement A (kg/m³)	AS1 sand (kg/m³)	AS2 sand (kg/m³)	AG1 gravel (kg/m³)	AG2 gravel (kg/m³)	w/c ratio
C30-A	304	-	875	325	720	0.54
C40-A	393	-	798	315	680	0.45
C50-A	497	348	348	318	616	0.41
	Portland cement B (kg/m³)	BS1 sand (kg/m³)		BG1 gravel (kg/m³)	BG2 gravel (kg/m³)	w/c ratio
C30-B	316	987		421	645	0.69
C40-B	328	994		515	601	0.60
C50-B	491	1007		540	550	0.41

Curve function	Coefficient of determination (r²)
Curve function	C30	C40	C50
Exponential (f_c = a^(ρ))	0.58	0.53	0.61
Linear (f_c = a·(ρ) + b)	0.67	0.52	0.63
Logarithmic (f_c = a·ln(ρ) + b)	0.83	0.73	0.84
Power (f_c = a·(ρ)^b)	0.67	0.63	0.74

IBRACON - Instituto Brasileiro do Concreto Instituto Brasileiro do Concreto (IBRACON), Av. Queiroz Filho, nº 1700 sala 407/408 Torre D, Villa Lobos Office Park, CEP 05319-000, São Paulo, SP - Brasil, Tel. (55 11) 3735-0202, Fax: (55 11) 3733-2190 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: arlene@ibracon.org.br

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[1] Corresponding author: Gibson Meira. E-mail: gibsonmeira@yahoo.com, gibson.meira@ifpb.edu.br