Herein is described a methodology developed to evaluate concrete expansion and consequent abnormal behavior in gravity dams suffering from internal sulfate attack. The work presented here encompasses the analysis, in different phases, of three Spanish dams plagued by sulfate reactions. The aggregate and concrete of the Torán dam were characterized at a microscopic level. The principal iron sulfides and the products resulting from oxidation of the aggregate, and the products of the subsequent sulfate attack of the concrete were all identified. Moreover, macrostructural studies of the upstream displacement observed in the Graus and Tavascán dams were performed using a mathematical model.
internal sulfate attack; expansion; gravity dam; pyrrhotite; aggregate