Partial replacement of Portland cement with industrial glass waste in mortars

Lopes, Raduan Krause; Piovesan, Jayne Carlos; Tutikian, Bernardo Fonseca; Grondona, Atilio Efrain Bica

doi:10.1590/S1983-41952021000200014

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE • Rev. IBRACON Estrut. Mater. 14 (2) • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1983-41952021000200014 copy

Partial replacement of Portland cement with industrial glass waste in mortars

Substituição parcial de cimento Portland por resíduo moído de vidro industrial em argamassas

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The necessity to reduce the consumption of cement in cementitious composites is a worldwide concern and the partial replacement of cement with industrial waste has gathered considerable interest. One type of industrial waste is glass, which is rich in amorphous silica but can present problems with its use due to the alkali-silica reaction (ASR). The objective of this study was to analyze the compressive strengths of mortars using ground glass residue (GLR). Milling times of 16 h and 32 h were conducted and GLR tested in cement substitutions of 10 w.t.%, 15 w.t.% and 20 w.t.%. A statistical analysis was performed to verify which factors affected mortar strength. The mitigating effect of GLR in ASR was also tested. Results showed that milling time did not affect resistance significantly but w.t.% substitution did. The substitution of 20 w.t.% proved to provide the best result as it was statistically equal to the standard mixture.

Keywords:
ground glass residue (GLR); mortar; pozzolanic activity; alkali-silica reaction (ASR)

Type	Chemical base	Aspect	Color	pH	Density (g/cm³)	Solid %
3^rd generation superplasticizer	Polycarboxylate ether (PCE)	Liquid	Murky white	5 to 7	1.066	28.50 – 31.50

Test	Norm	Units	Results
Specific mass	NBR NM 52:2009 [¹⁰10 Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas, Agregado Miúdo - Determinação de Massa Específica e Massa Específica Aparente, NBR NM 52, 2009.]	kg/dm³	2.67
Apparent specific mass	NBR NM 45:2006 [¹¹11 Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas, Agregados – Determinação da Massa Unitária e do Volume de Vazios, NBR NM 45, 2006.]	kg/dm³	1.45
Powdered material %	NBR NM 46:2003 [¹²12 Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas, Agregados – Determinação do Material Fino que Passa Através da Peneira 75 Micrometro, por Lavagem, NBR NM 46, 2003.]	%	4.70
Organic impurities	NBR NM 49:2001 [¹³13 Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas, Agregado Miúdo – Determinação de Impurezas Orgânicas, NBR NM 49, 2001.]	ppm	300
Fineness modulus	NBR NM 248:2003 [¹⁴14 Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas, Agregados – Determinação da Composição Granulométrica, NBR NM 248, 2003.]	-	2.69
Maximum diameter	NBR NM 248:2003 [¹⁴14 Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas, Agregados – Determinação da Composição Granulométrica, NBR NM 248, 2003.]	mm	2.40
Clay and fracturing material %	NBR 7218:2010 [¹⁵15 Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas, Agregados – Determinação do Teor de Argila em Torrões e Materiais Friáveis, NBR 7218, 2010.]	%	1.50

Ratio/Test Sample	TC	T10A	T10B	T15A	T15B	T20A	T20B
Ratio/Test Sample	Quantity of Material (kg/m³)
Cement	544.12	489.71	489.71	462.50	462.50	435.30	435.30
Glass	0.00	54.41	54.41	81.62	81.62	108.82	108.82
Sand	1088.24	1088.24	1088.24	1088.24	1088.24	1088.24	1088.24
Water	217.65	217.65	217.65	217.65	217.65	217.65	217.65
Plasticizer	0.54	0.65	0.65	0.76	0.76	0.87	0.87
water/cementitious material ratio	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.40

Chemical compond	Ground glass residue – GLR (w.t.%)	Portland cement CP II-Z-32 (w.t.%)
SiO₂ – silicon dioxide	74.07	22.94
CaO – calcium oxicde	13.27	57.61
Na₂O – sodium oxide	7.94	-
MgO – magnesium oxide	1.93	3.99
Al₂O₃ – aluminum oxide	0.99	5.60
Fe₂O₃ – iron oxide	0.66	3.99
P₂O₅ – phosphorous pentoxide	0.49	0.37
K₂O – potassium oxide	0.35	1.68

Mixture	Compression resistance and standard deviation (MPa)		Spread (mm)
Mixture	7 days	28 days	Spread (mm)
TC	25.61 ± 3.32	27.95 ± 4.35	200
T10A	21.60 ± 0.90	24.76 ± 2.97	241
T10B	21.21 ± 1.15	21.76 ± 2.60	246
T15A	18.84 ± 1.23	23.73 ± 1.92	241
T15B	17.25 ± 1.04	21.16 ± 4.13	245
T20A	18.28 ± 1.31	25.78 ± 2.54	259
T20B	16.33 ± 1.03	22.95 ± 3.02	225

VF	DOF	SM	SA	F
Factor 1 (f1)	1	12.84456	12.84456	4.8517
Factor 2 (f2)	2	95.42349	47.71174	18.0218
Interaction f1 x f2	2	3.33525	1.66762	0.6299
Factor x Test Control	1	191.67808	191.67808	72.4012
Treatment	6	303.28138	50.5469	5.74840
Residual	28	74.12844	2.64744
Total	34	377.40982
Factor 1 (f1) – GLR ground time of 16 h and 32 h; Factor 2 (f2) – GLR substitution of cement in 10 w.t.%, 15 w.t.% and 20 w.t.%.
VF – variation factor; DOF – degrees of freedom; SM – squares sum; SA – squared average; F – F-test statistic.

Multiple Comparisons
Level	Center	Lower Limit	Upper Limit	P-value
16 - 0	-6.033333333	-8.982922991	-3.083743676	5.35652 x 10^-5
32 - 0	-7.342	-10.29158966	-4.392410343	2.28147 x 10^-6
32 - 16	-1.308666667	-3.394341515	0.777008182	0.285355015

Multiple Comparisons
Levels	Center	Lower Limit	Upper Limit	P-value
0.1 - 0	-4.202	-6.73925933	-1.66474067	0.000503383
0.15 - 0	-7.56	-10.09725933	-5.02274067	2.30941 x 10^-8
0.2 - 0	-8.301	-10.83825933	-5.76374067	2.98239 x 10^-9
0.15 - 0.1	-3.358	-5.429663568	-1.286336432	0.000657038
0.2 - 0.1	-4.099	-6.170663568	-2.027336432	4.23709 x 10^-5
0.2 - 0.15	-0.741	-2.812663568	1.330663568	0.766864077

VF	DOF	SM	SA	F
Factor 1 (f1)	1	58.8	58.8	5.8154
Factor 2 (f2)	2	18.48971	9.24485	0.9143
Interaction f1 x f2	2	0.23192	0.11596	0.0115
Factor x Test Control	1	90.34432	90.34432	8.9352
Treatment	6	303.28138	50.5469	2.767
Residual	28	74.12844	2.64744
Total	34	377.40982
Factor 1 (f1) – GLR ground time of 16 h and 32 h; Factor 2 (f2) – GLR substitution of cement in 10 w.t.%, 15 w.t.% and 20 w.t.%.
VF – variation factor; DOF – degrees of freedom; SM – squares sum; SA – squared average; F – F-test statistic.

Multiple Comparisons
Levels	Center	Lower Limio	Upper Limit	P-value
16 - 0	-3.191333333	-7.088629343	0.705962676	0.125567274
32 - 0	-5.991333333	-9.888629343	-2.094037324	0.001835111
32 - 16	-2.8	-5.555804437	-0.044195563	0.045817363

Multiple Comparisons
Levels	Center	Lower Limit	Upper Limit	P-value
0.1 - 0	-4.686	-9.624613052	0.252613052	0.067853009
0.15 - 0	-5.502	-10.44061305	-0.563386948	0.024373398
0.2 - 0	-3.586	-8.524613052	1.352613052	0.220773465
0.15 - 0.1	-0.816	-4.848360671	3.216360671	0.946059845
0.2 - 0.1	1.1	-2.932360671	5.132360671	0.880013391
0.2 - 0.15	1.916	-2.116360671	5.948360671	0.576250688

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[1] Corresponding author: Bernardo Fonseca Tutikian. E-mail: bftutikian@unisinos.br