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Is it time for a U.S. Article V Constitutional convention? A brief discussion about American constitutional reform procedure

É hora de uma convenção constitucional sobre o artigo V da Constituição dos Estados Unidos? Uma breve discussão sobre o procedimento norte-americano de reforma constitucional

Abstract

This article discusses how the United States Constitution Article V Convention can be utilized to amend the constitution. Considering the intense political climate and frequent stagnation in Congress the Article V convention is an avenue for the fifty U.S. states to spur legislative action without the cooperation of the U.S. Congress. This paper explores whether an Article V Constitutional Convention could be utilized to start the process to identify and unify critical legislative initiatives amidst the current political climate. Part II explains the function process and historical usage of Article V. Part III discusses case law developments interpreting Article V. Part IV examines individual state constitutional conventions and their efficacy. Part V discuss the arguments for and against an Article V Constitutional Convention.

Keywords:
constitutional convention; article V; constitutional reform procedure; constitutional amendment; United States

Resumo

Este artigo discute como a Convenção do Artigo V da Constituição dos Estados Unidos pode ser utilizada para emendar a Constituição. Considerando o clima político intenso e a frequente estagnação no Congresso a Convenção do Artigo V é um caminho para os cinquenta Estados dos EUA estimularem ações legislativas sem a colaboração do Congresso. Este artigo explora se uma Convenção Constitucional do Artigo V poderia ser utilizada para iniciar o processo para identificar e unificar iniciativas legislativas críticas em meio ao atual clima político. A Parte II explica a função o processo e o uso histórico do Artigo V. A Parte III discute os desenvolvimentos da jurisprudência que interpretam o Artigo V. A Parte IV examina individualmente convenções constitucionais estaduais e sua eficácia. A Parte V discute os argumentos a favor e contra a Convenção Constitucional do Artigo V.

Palavras-chave:
convenção constitucional; artigo V; procedimento de reforma constitucional; emenda constitucional; Estados Unidos

CONTENTS

1. Introduction; 2. What Is the Article V Constitutional Convention?; 3. Case Law on Article V; 4. State Constitutional Conventions; 5. Support and Opposition for Constitutional Convention; 6. Conclusion; 7. References.

1. INTRODUCTION

The United States Constitution Article V Convention is an untapped pathway to amend the constitution that has yet to be deployed.1 1 NEALE Thomas H. The Article V Convention for Proposing Constitutional Amendments: Historical Perspectives for Congress. Congressional Research Service Oct 22 2012. Available at: <https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42592.pdf>. Last visited Jun 29 2017. p. 5. Considering the intense political climate and frequent stagnation in Congress the Article V convention may be a vehicle for the fifty U.S. states to spur legislative action without the cooperation of the U.S. Congress.2 2 NEALE Thomas H. The Article V Convention for Proposing Constitutional Amendments: Historical Perspectives for Congress. Congressional Research Service Oct 22 2012. Available at: <https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42592.pdf>. Last visited Jun 29 2017. p. 5. However an Article V Convention still relies on the participation of individual states which may be a daunting task considering the polarization of American politics.3 3 NEALE Thomas H. The Article V Convention for Proposing Constitutional Amendments: Historical Perspectives for Congress. Congressional Research Service Oct 22 2012. Available at: <https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42592.pdf>. Last visited Jun 29 2017. p. 6.

This paper explores whether an Article V Constitutional Convention could be utilized to start the process to identify and unify critical legislative initiatives amidst the current political climate. Part II explains the function process and historical usage of Article V.4 4 For further discussion of Article V see infra notes 8 - 37 and accompanying text. Part III discusses case law developments interpreting Article V.5 5 For further discussion of case law on Article V see infra notes 38 - 44 and accompanying text. Part IV examines individual state constitutional conventions and their efficacy.6 6 For further discussion of state constitutional conventions see infra notes 45 - 58 and accompanying text. Part V discuss the arguments for and against an Article V Constitutional Convention.7 7 For further discussion of the argument surrounding Article V see infra notes 59 - 77 and accompanying text.

2. WHAT IS THE ARTICLE V CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION?

Article V of the United States Constitution provides two avenues each with two steps to amend the Constitution.8 8 See supra notes 9 - 17 and accompanying text. Article V states that:

The Congress whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary shall propose Amendments to this Constitution or on the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments which in either Case shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes as Part of this Constitution when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several States or by Conventions in three fourths thereof as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article; and that no State without its Consent shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate.9 9 U.S. Const. art. V.

By way of the first avenue Congress can propose an amendment by a vote of two-thirds of the Senate and of the House of Representatives.10 10 U.S. Const. art. V. The amendment is then sent to the states to determine whether to ratify the amendment.11 11 U.S. Const. art. V. If three-fourths of the states ratify the amendment it is added to the Constitution.12 12 EDITORS OF THE TENNESSEE LAW REVIEW. Article V Constitutional Conventions: A Primer. Tennessee Law Review vol. 78 n. 3 p. 663-692 mar./may 2011. p. 664. Thirty-three amendments have been proposed through this method and twenty-seven have been ratified and added to the Constitution.13 13 RAPPAPORT Michael B.; STRAUSS David A. Common Interpretation: Article V. National Constitution Center. Available at: <https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/articles/article-v/article-v-by-michael-b-rappaport-and-david-a-strauss/interp/22>. Last visited Jun 29 2017. Aside from the Twenty-Seventh Amendment no amendments have been added to the Constitution since 1971.14 14 RAPPAPORT Michael B.; STRAUSS David A. Common Interpretation: Article V. National Constitution Center. Available at: <https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/articles/article-v/article-v-by-michael-b-rappaport-and-david-a-strauss/interp/22>. Last visited Jun 29 2017.

The states can circumnavigate Congress through the second avenue if two-thirds of state legislatures request Congress to call an Article V Constitutional convention to propose Constitutional amendments.15 15 EDITORS OF THE TENNESSEE LAW REVIEW. Article V Constitutional Conventions: A Primer. Tennessee Law Review vol. 78 n. 3 p. 663-692 mar./may 2011. p. 664. If such a request is successfully made the states must set the agenda for the convention and Congress must hold a convention limited to that agenda.16 16 PULIGNANO Vincent. A Known Unknown: The Call for an Article V Convention. Florida Law Review vol. 67 p. 151-160 2016. p. 152. Proposed amendments are then sent to the states for the same ratification process as if they were submitted by Congress.17 17 EDITORS OF THE TENNESSEE LAW REVIEW. Article V Constitutional Conventions: A Primer. Tennessee Law Review vol. 78 n. 3 p. 663-692 mar./may 2011. p. 664.

The Framers’ intent behind Article V appears to have been to balance out the power of the federal government and allow the states to collectively act if Congress did not.18 18 NEALE Thomas H. The Article V Convention for Proposing Constitutional Amendments: Historical Perspectives for Congress. Congressional Research Service Oct 22 2012. Available at: <https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42592.pdf>. Last visited Jun 29 2017. p. 11. Further the Article V convention was intended to give more direct power to the people through their state legislatures.19 19 PULIGNANO Vincent. A Known Unknown: The Call for an Article V Convention. Florida Law Review vol. 67 p. 151-160 2016. p. 151. The Article V convention option was added after George Mason commented that Congress would be unlikely to propose an amendment that would limit its own power thus Article V was aimed to curtail Congress’s power and provide more direct power to individual citizens through their state constitutional convention representatives.20 20 ROGERS James Kenneth. The Other Way to Amend the Constitution: The Article V Constitutional Convention Amendment Process. Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy Cambridge vol. 30 p. 1005-1022 2007. p. 1007.

Furthermore the Framers intended that it would not be excessively difficult to call an Article V convention.21 21 HANSON Walker. The States’ Power to Effectuate Constitutional Change: Is Congress Currently Required to Convene a National Convention for the Proposing of Amendments to the United States Constitution. Geo. J. L. & Pub. Pol’y vol. 9 n. 1 p. 245-? 2011. p. 249-249. Under the Articles of Confederation every state needed to ratify proposed amendments thus Article V aimed to make it easier for the people to change the Constitution.22 22 HANSON Walker. The States’ Power to Effectuate Constitutional Change: Is Congress Currently Required to Convene a National Convention for the Proposing of Amendments to the United States Constitution. Geo. J. L. & Pub. Pol’y vol. 9 n. 1 p. 245-? 2011. p. 248-249.

The Article V convention circumnavigates Congress and empowers people with the ability to amend the constitution because “[a]lthough a convention is summoned by the Legislature it derives its power from the sovereign people.”23 23 In re Opinion of the Justices 132 Me. 491 167 A. 176 179 (1933) James Madison remarked in The Federalist Papers that “a constitutional road to the decision of the people ought to be marked out and kept open for certain great and extraordinary occasions.”24 24 MADISON James. No. 49. In: HAMILTON Alexander; MADISON James; JAY John. The Federalist Papers. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2008.

The Article V convention has not been effectively utilized to date.25 25 NEALE Thomas H. The Article V Convention for Proposing Constitutional Amendments: Historical Perspectives for Congress. Congressional Research Service Oct 22 2012. Available at: <https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42592.pdf>. Last visited Jun 29 2017. 743 requests for Article V conventions have been made over time most of which occurred in the 1900s.26 26 NEALE Thomas H. The Article V Convention for Proposing Constitutional Amendments: Historical Perspectives for Congress. Congressional Research Service Oct 22 2012. Available at: <https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42592.pdf>. Last visited Jun 29 2017. p. 9. Every state has petitioned for an Article V convention at some point.27 27 PENROSE Mary Margaret. Conventional Wisdom: Acknowledging Uncertainty in the Unknown. Tennessee Law Review vol. 78 p. 789-805 2011. p. 793. Three notable examples are the campaigns for the direct election of senators by states reapportionment of state legislatures and a balanced budget requirement.28 28 NEALE Thomas H. The Article V Convention for Proposing Constitutional Amendments: Historical Perspectives for Congress. Congressional Research Service Oct 22 2012. Available at: <https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42592.pdf>. Last visited Jun 29 2017. p. 12-13. The direct election effort failed around the turn of the 20th century but ultimately led to the Seventeenth Amendment therefore providing a good example of the “prodding effect” where the effort from states is sufficient to prod Congress to act in a given area.29 29 NEALE Thomas H. The Article V Convention for Proposing Constitutional Amendments: Historical Perspectives for Congress. Congressional Research Service Oct 22 2012. Available at: <https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42592.pdf>. Last visited Jun 29 2017. p. 14.

The apportionment initiative gained the support of thirty-three states in the 1950s; however some states withdrew their applications over time.30 30 EDITORS OF THE TENNESSEE LAW REVIEW. Article V Constitutional Conventions: A Primer. Tennessee Law Review vol. 78 n. 3 p. 663-692 mar./may 2011. p. 666. An initiative for a federal budget amendment came close to an Article V convention with the support of thirty-two of the requisite thirty-eight states.31 31 NEALE Thomas H. The Article V Convention for Proposing Constitutional Amendments: Historical Perspectives for Congress. Congressional Research Service Oct 22 2012. Available at: <https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42592.pdf>. Last visited Jun 29 2017. Similarly to the direct election campaign the federal budget initiative prodded Congress to enact the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 which required a balanced budget by 1993.32 32 EDITORS OF THE TENNESSEE LAW REVIEW. Article V Constitutional Conventions: A Primer. Tennessee Law Review vol. 78 n. 3 p. 663-692 mar./may 2011. p. 666. After the budget amendment effort Article V convention interest waned until recent years.33 33 NEALE Thomas H. The Article V Convention for Proposing Constitutional Amendments: Historical Perspectives for Congress. Congressional Research Service Oct 22 2012. Available at: <https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42592.pdf>. Last visited Jun 29 2017. p. 5.

Efforts for a balanced budget amendment continue with twenty seven state applications as of 2015.34 34 Doing the math for a new Constitutional Convention - National Constitution Center National Constitution Center - constitutioncenter.org (2015) https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/doing-the-math-for-a-new-constitutional-convention (last visited Jul 17 2017). In 2010 the Tea Party gained traction surrounding the Repeal Amendment which would allow for the repeal of any federal law if the legislatures of two-thirds of the states agreed. The Repeal Amendment gained the support of twelve states.35 35 ZERNIKE Kate. Proposed Amendment Would Enable States to Repeal Federal Law. The New York Times New York Dec 20 2010. Available at: <http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/20/us/politics/20states.html>. Last visited Jul 2 2017. According to a Harris Interactive survey in 2005 more than sixty-five percent of the population supports seven theoretical amendments where Congress has not acted.36 36 ROGERS James Kenneth. The Other Way to Amend the Constitution: The Article V Constitutional Convention Amendment Process. Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy Cambridge vol. 30 p. 1005-1022 2007. p. 1007. As of 2011 thirty-three states were applying for a general Article V constitutional convention.37 37 PAULSEN Michael Stokes. How to Count to Thirty-Four: the Constitutional Case for a Constitutional Convention. Harv. J.L. & Pub. Pol’y Cambridge vol. 34 p. 837-? 2011. p. 857.

3. CASE LAW ON ARTICLE V

Amendments to the Constitution are primarily a legislative function.38 38 Wilson v. Guggenheim 70 F. Supp. 417 419 (E.D.S.C. 1947). The president has no official role in the Article V amendment process.39 39 Hollingsworth v. State of Virginia 3 U.S. 378 379 (1798). In Hollingsworth v. Virginia the Supreme Court held that constitutional amendments should not be presented to the president for signature and the president has no veto power over a constitutional amendment because of the lack of role set out in Article V.40 40 Hollingsworth v. State of Virginia 3 U.S. 378 379 (1798).

The Constitution does not set any deadlines for ratification of proposed amendments.41 41 U.S. Const. art. V In Dillon v. Gloss the Supreme Court held that Congress has the power to impose a deadline for ratification stating that:

We do not find anything in the article which suggests that an amendment once proposed is to be open to ratification for all time or that ratification in some of the states may be separated from that in others by many years and yet be effective. We do find that which strongly suggests the contrary. First proposal and ratification are not treated as unrelated acts but as succeeding steps in a single endeavor the natural inference being that they are not to be widely separated in time. Secondly it is only when there is deemed to be a necessity therefore that amendments are to be proposed the reasonable implication being that when proposed they are to be considered and disposed of presently. Thirdly as ratification is but the expression of the approbation of the people and is to be effective when had in three-fourths of the states there is a fair implication that it must be sufficiently contemporaneous in that number of states to reflect the will of the people in all sections at relatively the same period which of course ratification scattered through a long series of years would not do.42 42 Dillon v. Gloss 256 U.S. 368 374-75 (1921).

Congress has since imposed a seven-year deadline for ratification of amendments.43 43 RAPPAPORT Michael B.; STRAUSS David A. Common Interpretation: Article V. National Constitution Center. Available at: <https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/articles/article-v/article-v-by-michael-b-rappaport-and-david-a-strauss/interp/22>. Last visited Jun 29 2017. This can prove challenging for an Article V convention because of the time-consuming process of organizing movements and state legislatures in coordination with other states.44 44 NEALE Thomas H. The Article V Convention for Proposing Constitutional Amendments: Historical Perspectives for Congress. Congressional Research Service Oct 22 2012. Available at: <https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42592.pdf>. Last visited Jun 29 2017. p. 5.

4. STATE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONS

State constitutional conventions can provide a model for the way a potential Article V convention should or could function.45 45 DINAN Josh. State Constitutional Amendments and American Constitutionalism. Okla. City U. L. Rev. vol. 41 n. 1 p. 27-52 mar./may 2016. Every state has amended its constitution and the states collectively have amended their constitutions 7481 times.46 46 DINAN Josh. State Constitutional Amendments and American Constitutionalism. Okla. City U. L. Rev. vol. 41 n. 1 p. 27-52 mar./may 2016. p. 30. All of the states allow their state legislatures to call constitutional conventions and fourteen states provide for the people to periodically decide by referendum whether to call a constitutional convention.47 47 DINAN Josh. State Constitutional Amendments and American Constitutionalism. Okla. City U. L. Rev. vol. 41 n. 1 p. 27-52 mar./may 2016. p. 32-33. For instance Florida holds a commission every twenty years to determine whether to amend their constitution.48 48 DINAN Josh. State Constitutional Amendments and American Constitutionalism. Okla. City U. L. Rev. vol. 41 n. 1 p. 27-52 mar./may 2016. p. 34. Fifteen states have held constitutional conventions since 1965.49 49 Other State Solutions for Convention | Citizens’ Committee for an Effective Constitution Nyconstitution.org. Available at: <http://nyconstitution.org/other-states/convention/1965-15-states-have-held-constitutional-conventions >. Last visited Jul 16 2017.

Additionally New York will have a referendum on the ballot this November to determine whether to hold a constitutional convention.50 50 FODERARO Lisa W. A Constitutional Convention for New York? This May Be the Year. The New York Times New York Jul 5 2017. Available at: <https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/05/nyregion/constitutional-convention-voting-new-york.html>. This option is available to New Yorkers every twenty years; however it has not been exercised for the past eighty years.51 51 FODERARO Lisa W. A Constitutional Convention for New York? This May Be the Year. The New York Times New York Jul 5 2017. Available at: <https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/05/nyregion/constitutional-convention-voting-new-york.html>. Many believe that voters will decide to call for a convention this year based on motivations surrounding the current President and federal administration.52 52 FODERARO Lisa W. A Constitutional Convention for New York? This May Be the Year. The New York Times New York Jul 5 2017. Available at: <https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/05/nyregion/constitutional-convention-voting-new-york.html>. Groups campaigning for a constitutional convention champion causes such as campaign finance reform redistricting term limits marijuana legalization the judiciary structure and home rule for counties and municipalities.53 53 FODERARO Lisa W. A Constitutional Convention for New York? This May Be the Year. The New York Times New York Jul 5 2017. Available at: <https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/05/nyregion/constitutional-convention-voting-new-york.html>.

The process for a New York constitutional convention commences when a majority of voters elect to do so.54 54 See infra notes 9 - 17 and accompanying text. As a result electors from every senate district elect three delegates to send to the convention and electors voting at the same election elect fifteen delegates-at-large.55 55 Article XIX Section 2 New York Constitution Elected delegates would convene for the convention in April 2018.56 56 Article XIX Section 2 New York Constitution The convention has the power to appoint officers and set the rules of proceedings.57 57 Article XIX Section 2 New York Constitution Amendments are approved by a majority of delegates and approved amendments are submitted to a vote of electors six weeks after the convention.58 58 Article XIX Section 2 New York Constitution

5. SUPPORT AND OPPOSITION FOR CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION

Momentum has been building surrounding recent attempts to call an Article V convention. Current dissolution and polarization of U.S. citizens has emerged due to the political climate.59 59 DOHERTY Carroll. 7 things to know about polarization in America Pew Research Center. Pew Research Jun 12 2014. Available at: <http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/06/12/7-things-to-know-about-polarization-in-america>. Last visited Jul 18 2017. Consequently the intended use of Article V at this time would correspond with the Framers’ intent of giving more direct power to the people.60 60 See infra notes 16-18 and accompanying text. Individuals’ trust and confidence in the government has reached a low point and as of 2016 only 42 percent of citizens trust the country’s political leaders.61 61 GALLUP.COM. “Americans’ Trust in Political Leaders Public at New Lows”. Available at: <http://www.gallup.com/poll/195716/americans-trust-political-leaders-public-new-lows.aspx>. Last visited Jul 17 2017.

The 2016 presidential election was composed of poorly rated candidates and many attribute Donald Trump’s success in the election to voter dissatisfaction with the government and politicians.62 62 GALLUP.COM. “Americans’ Trust in Political Leaders Public at New Lows”. Available at: <http://www.gallup.com/poll/195716/americans-trust-political-leaders-public-new-lows.aspx>. Last visited Jul 17 2017. Trump’s presidency is extraordinary given the factor that not since the 1928 election of Herbert Hoover has the U.S. had a president that did not have either a political or military background.63 63 SOUSA Gregory. U.S. Presidents With The Least Prior Political Experience. World Atlas 2016. Available at: <http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/u-s-presidents-with-the-least-prior-political-experience.html>. Last visited Jul 31 2017. Moreover Americans trust in Washington is at historical lows with more than eighty percent of the population believing there is little to no trust that the government in D.C. is capable of doing what is right.64 64 GALLUP.COM “Trust in Government”. Available at: <http://www.gallup.com/poll/5392/trust-government.aspx>. Last visited Jul 31 2017.

Considering the election results an Article V convention could be a means of restoring federalism where the President and Congress do not impose constitutional limits.65 65 NATELSON Robert G. The Article V Convention Process and the Restoration of Federalism. Harv. J.L. & Pub. Pol’y Cambridge vol. 36 n. 3 p. 955-960 2016. Additionally polarization between political parties is growing over time resulting in deadlocks in government.66 66 DOHERTY Carroll. 7 things to know about polarization in America Pew Research Center. Pew Research Jun 12 2014. Available at: <http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/06/12/7-things-to-know-about-polarization-in-america>. Last visited Jul 18 2017. President Obama began to use executive orders to implement policy amidst Congress’s failure to act.67 67 COHEN Tom. Obama uses executive orders as a political tool. CNN Nov 01 2011. Available at: <http://www.cnn.com/2011/11/01/politics/obama-executive-orders/index.html>. Last visited Aug 1 2017.

The wide use and popularity of the internet and social media also make now the opportune time for an Article V Convention because initiatives for amendments can be organized and executed much broader and faster than the prior attempts in the 1960s-1980s.68 68 NEALE Thomas H. The Article V Convention for Proposing Constitutional Amendments: Historical Perspectives for Congress. Congressional Research Service Oct 22 2012. Available at: <https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42592.pdf>. Last visited Jun 29 2017. p. 5.

However many arguments against an Article V Constitution exist.69 69 PULIGNANO Vincent. A Known Unknown: The Call for an Article V Convention. Florida Law Review vol. 67 p. 151-160 2016. p. 158. For instance many scholars agree that the risk of a runaway convention is the most notable problem with a potential Article V constitutional convention.70 70 PULIGNANO Vincent. A Known Unknown: The Call for an Article V Convention. Florida Law Review vol. 67 p. 151-160 2016. p. 158. The possibility of a “runaway convention” or a convention where adverse amendments are adopted is also cited as a primary concern with an Article V convention.71 71 PULIGNANO Vincent. A Known Unknown: The Call for an Article V Convention. Florida Law Review vol. 67 p. 151-160 2016. p. 158.

Similarly some argue that an Article V convention could result in replacing the entire constitution.72 72 PULIGNANO Vincent. A Known Unknown: The Call for an Article V Convention. Florida Law Review vol. 67 p. 151-160 2016. p. 158. However this risk is curtailed several ways.73 73 See supra notes 74 - 75 and accompanying text. First an Article V convention can be limited by issue.74 74 ABBOTT Greg. The Myths and Realities of Article V. Tex. Rev. L. & Pol. vol. 21 n. 1 p. 1-61 sept./nov. 2016. p. 31-32. Second the ratification process provides a safety net in case delegates propose undesirable amendments.75 75 ABBOTT Greg. The Myths and Realities of Article V. Tex. Rev. L. & Pol. vol. 21 n. 1 p. 1-61 sept./nov. 2016. p. 56.

The brief text of Article V leaves several questions open such as how convention members are chosen how convention rules are adopted and Congress’s power to create an alternative ratification procedure.76 76 COLON-RIOS Joel; HUTCHINSON Allan C. Democracy and Revolution: An Enduring Relationship? Denver Law Review vol. 89 n. 3 593-610 2012. p. 603. Nevertheless the Supreme Court has provided some clarity on the process and Congress can make further rules as necessary.77 77 WALKER Bill. The Article V Convention: Discussing the Reality Versus the Fantasy. 28 Thomas M. Cooley L. Rev. vol. 28 n. 1 p. 21-36 2011. p. 27.

6. CONCLUSION

In conclusion the political climate polarization of political parties discontentment of the 2016 Presidential election and widespread distrust of government warrants use of the Article V convention as intended by the Constitutional framers.78 78 See infra notes 59-68 and accompanying text. The question remains: has history brought the United States to an “extraordinary occasion” as envisioned by James Madison and the other framers to finally implement an Article V Constitutional convention?79 79 See infra note 21 and accompanying text. An Article V convention may be the path to quell the political discord and congressional inaction and empower U.S. citizens and states to circumnavigate Congress or at the very least “prod” it into legislative action.80 80 NEALE Thomas H. The Article V Convention for Proposing Constitutional Amendments: Historical Perspectives for Congress. Congressional Research Service Oct 22 2012. Available at: <https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42592.pdf>. Last visited Jun 29 2017. p. 14. However as awe-inspiring as the idea may be to actually curtail Congress’s power and provide citizens and individuals with some control of the legislative agenda the prodigious task of a Constitutional convention requires the active participation of individual states and citizens given the division in American politics such a task may be possible but formidable.81 81 See infra note 18 and accompanying text.

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    NEALE Thomas H.NEALE Thomas H. The Article V Convention for Proposing Constitutional Amendments: Historical Perspectives for Congress. Congressional Research Service Oct 22 2012. Available at: <https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42592.pdf>. Last visited Jun 29 2017.
    https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42592.pdf...
    The Article V Convention for Proposing Constitutional Amendments: Historical Perspectives for Congress. Congressional Research Service Oct 22 2012. Available at: <https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42592.pdf>. Last visited Jun 29 2017. p. 5.
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    NEALE Thomas H.NEALE Thomas H. The Article V Convention for Proposing Constitutional Amendments: Historical Perspectives for Congress. Congressional Research Service Oct 22 2012. Available at: <https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42592.pdf>. Last visited Jun 29 2017.
    https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42592.pdf...
    The Article V Convention for Proposing Constitutional Amendments: Historical Perspectives for Congress. Congressional Research Service Oct 22 2012. Available at: <https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42592.pdf>. Last visited Jun 29 2017. p. 5.
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    NEALE Thomas H.NEALE Thomas H. The Article V Convention for Proposing Constitutional Amendments: Historical Perspectives for Congress. Congressional Research Service Oct 22 2012. Available at: <https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42592.pdf>. Last visited Jun 29 2017.
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    The Article V Convention for Proposing Constitutional Amendments: Historical Perspectives for Congress. Congressional Research Service Oct 22 2012. Available at: <https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42592.pdf>. Last visited Jun 29 2017. p. 6.
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    For further discussion of Article V see infra notes 8 - 37 and accompanying text.
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    For further discussion of case law on Article V see infra notes 38 - 44 and accompanying text.
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    For further discussion of state constitutional conventions see infra notes 45 - 58 and accompanying text.
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    For further discussion of the argument surrounding Article V see infra notes 59 - 77 and accompanying text.
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    See supra notes 9 - 17 and accompanying text.
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    U.S. Const. art. V.
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    U.S. Const. art. V.
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    U.S. Const. art. V.
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    EDITORS OF THE TENNESSEE LAW REVIEWEDITORS OF THE TENNESSEE LAW REVIEW. Article V Constitutional Conventions: A Primer. Tennessee Law Review vol. 78 n. 3 p. 663-692 mar./may 2011.. Article V Constitutional Conventions: A Primer. Tennessee Law Review vol. 78 n. 3 p. 663-692 mar./may 2011. p. 664.
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    RAPPAPORT Michael B.; STRAUSS David A.RAPPAPORT Michael B.; STRAUSS David A. Common Interpretation: Article V. National Constitution Center. Available at: <https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/articles/article-v/article-v-by-michael-b-rappaport-and-david-a-strauss/interp/22>. Last visited Jun 29 2017.
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    Common Interpretation: Article V. National Constitution Center. Available at: <https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/articles/article-v/article-v-by-michael-b-rappaport-and-david-a-strauss/interp/22>. Last visited Jun 29 2017.
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    RAPPAPORT Michael B.; STRAUSS David A.RAPPAPORT Michael B.; STRAUSS David A. Common Interpretation: Article V. National Constitution Center. Available at: <https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/articles/article-v/article-v-by-michael-b-rappaport-and-david-a-strauss/interp/22>. Last visited Jun 29 2017.
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    Common Interpretation: Article V. National Constitution Center. Available at: <https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/articles/article-v/article-v-by-michael-b-rappaport-and-david-a-strauss/interp/22>. Last visited Jun 29 2017.
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    EDITORS OF THE TENNESSEE LAW REVIEWEDITORS OF THE TENNESSEE LAW REVIEW. Article V Constitutional Conventions: A Primer. Tennessee Law Review vol. 78 n. 3 p. 663-692 mar./may 2011.. Article V Constitutional Conventions: A Primer. Tennessee Law Review vol. 78 n. 3 p. 663-692 mar./may 2011. p. 664.
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    PULIGNANO VincentPULIGNANO Vincent. A Known Unknown: The Call for an Article V Convention. Florida Law Review vol. 67 p. 151-160 2016.. A Known Unknown: The Call for an Article V Convention. Florida Law Review vol. 67 p. 151-160 2016. p. 152.
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    PAULSEN Michael StokesPAULSEN Michael Stokes. How to Count to Thirty-Four: the Constitutional Case for a Constitutional Convention. Harv. J.L. & Pub. Pol’y Cambridge vol. 34 p. 837-? 2011.. How to Count to Thirty-Four: the Constitutional Case for a Constitutional Convention. Harv. J.L. & Pub. Pol’y Cambridge vol. 34 p. 837-? 2011. p. 857.
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    Hollingsworth v. State of Virginia 3 U.S. 378 379 (1798).
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    Hollingsworth v. State of Virginia 3 U.S. 378 379 (1798).
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    U.S. Const. art. V
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    Dillon v. Gloss 256 U.S. 368 374-75 (1921).
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    RAPPAPORT Michael B.; STRAUSS David A.RAPPAPORT Michael B.; STRAUSS David A. Common Interpretation: Article V. National Constitution Center. Available at: <https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/articles/article-v/article-v-by-michael-b-rappaport-and-david-a-strauss/interp/22>. Last visited Jun 29 2017.
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    DINAN JoshDINAN Josh. State Constitutional Amendments and American Constitutionalism. Okla. City U. L. Rev. vol. 41 n. 1 p. 27-52 mar./may 2016.. State Constitutional Amendments and American Constitutionalism. Okla. City U. L. Rev. vol. 41 n. 1 p. 27-52 mar./may 2016.
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    DINAN JoshDINAN Josh. State Constitutional Amendments and American Constitutionalism. Okla. City U. L. Rev. vol. 41 n. 1 p. 27-52 mar./may 2016.. State Constitutional Amendments and American Constitutionalism. Okla. City U. L. Rev. vol. 41 n. 1 p. 27-52 mar./may 2016. p. 30.
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    DINAN JoshDINAN Josh. State Constitutional Amendments and American Constitutionalism. Okla. City U. L. Rev. vol. 41 n. 1 p. 27-52 mar./may 2016.. State Constitutional Amendments and American Constitutionalism. Okla. City U. L. Rev. vol. 41 n. 1 p. 27-52 mar./may 2016. p. 32-33.
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    DINAN JoshDINAN Josh. State Constitutional Amendments and American Constitutionalism. Okla. City U. L. Rev. vol. 41 n. 1 p. 27-52 mar./may 2016.. State Constitutional Amendments and American Constitutionalism. Okla. City U. L. Rev. vol. 41 n. 1 p. 27-52 mar./may 2016. p. 34.
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    Other State Solutions for Convention | Citizens’ Committee for an Effective Constitution Nyconstitution.org. Available at: <http://nyconstitution.org/other-states/convention/1965-15-states-have-held-constitutional-conventions >. Last visited Jul 16 2017.
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    FODERARO Lisa W.FODERARO Lisa W. A Constitutional Convention for New York? This May Be the Year. The New York Times New York Jul 5 2017. Available at: <https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/05/nyregion/constitutional-convention-voting-new-york.html>.
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    FODERARO Lisa W.FODERARO Lisa W. A Constitutional Convention for New York? This May Be the Year. The New York Times New York Jul 5 2017. Available at: <https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/05/nyregion/constitutional-convention-voting-new-york.html>.
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    FODERARO Lisa W.FODERARO Lisa W. A Constitutional Convention for New York? This May Be the Year. The New York Times New York Jul 5 2017. Available at: <https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/05/nyregion/constitutional-convention-voting-new-york.html>.
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    A Constitutional Convention for New York? This May Be the Year. The New York Times New York Jul 5 2017. Available at: <https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/05/nyregion/constitutional-convention-voting-new-york.html>.
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    FODERARO Lisa W.FODERARO Lisa W. A Constitutional Convention for New York? This May Be the Year. The New York Times New York Jul 5 2017. Available at: <https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/05/nyregion/constitutional-convention-voting-new-york.html>.
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    A Constitutional Convention for New York? This May Be the Year. The New York Times New York Jul 5 2017. Available at: <https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/05/nyregion/constitutional-convention-voting-new-york.html>.
  • 54
    See infra notes 9 - 17 and accompanying text.
  • 55
    Article XIX Section 2 New York Constitution
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    Article XIX Section 2 New York Constitution
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    Article XIX Section 2 New York Constitution
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    Article XIX Section 2 New York Constitution
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    DOHERTY CarrollDOHERTY Carroll. 7 things to know about polarization in America Pew Research Center. Pew Research Jun 12 2014. Available at: <http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/06/12/7-things-to-know-about-polarization-in-america>. Last visited Jul 18 2017.
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    See infra notes 16-18 and accompanying text.
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    PULIGNANO VincentPULIGNANO Vincent. A Known Unknown: The Call for an Article V Convention. Florida Law Review vol. 67 p. 151-160 2016.. A Known Unknown: The Call for an Article V Convention. Florida Law Review vol. 67 p. 151-160 2016. p. 158.
  • 70
    PULIGNANO VincentPULIGNANO Vincent. A Known Unknown: The Call for an Article V Convention. Florida Law Review vol. 67 p. 151-160 2016.. A Known Unknown: The Call for an Article V Convention. Florida Law Review vol. 67 p. 151-160 2016. p. 158.
  • 71
    PULIGNANO VincentPULIGNANO Vincent. A Known Unknown: The Call for an Article V Convention. Florida Law Review vol. 67 p. 151-160 2016.. A Known Unknown: The Call for an Article V Convention. Florida Law Review vol. 67 p. 151-160 2016. p. 158.
  • 72
    PULIGNANO VincentPULIGNANO Vincent. A Known Unknown: The Call for an Article V Convention. Florida Law Review vol. 67 p. 151-160 2016.. A Known Unknown: The Call for an Article V Convention. Florida Law Review vol. 67 p. 151-160 2016. p. 158.
  • 73
    See supra notes 74 - 75 and accompanying text.
  • 74
    ABBOTT GregABBOTT Greg. The Myths and Realities of Article V. Tex. Rev. L. & Pol. vol. 21 n. 1 p. 1-61 sept./nov. 2016.. The Myths and Realities of Article V. Tex. Rev. L. & Pol. vol. 21 n. 1 p. 1-61 sept./nov. 2016. p. 31-32.
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    ABBOTT GregABBOTT Greg. The Myths and Realities of Article V. Tex. Rev. L. & Pol. vol. 21 n. 1 p. 1-61 sept./nov. 2016.. The Myths and Realities of Article V. Tex. Rev. L. & Pol. vol. 21 n. 1 p. 1-61 sept./nov. 2016. p. 56.
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    COLON-RIOS Joel; HUTCHINSON Allan C.COLON-RIOS Joel; HUTCHINSON Allan C. Democracy and Revolution: An Enduring Relationship? Denver Law Review vol. 89 n. 3 593-610 2012. Democracy and Revolution: An Enduring Relationship? Denver Law Review vol. 89 n. 3 593-610 2012. p. 603.
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    WALKER BillWALKER Bill. The Article V Convention: Discussing the Reality Versus the Fantasy. 28 Thomas M. Cooley L. Rev. vol. 28 n. 1 p. 21-36 2011.. The Article V Convention: Discussing the Reality Versus the Fantasy. 28 Thomas M. Cooley L. Rev. vol. 28 n. 1 p. 21-36 2011. p. 27.
  • 78
    See infra notes 59-68 and accompanying text.
  • 79
    See infra note 21 and accompanying text.
  • 80
    NEALE Thomas H.NEALE Thomas H. The Article V Convention for Proposing Constitutional Amendments: Historical Perspectives for Congress. Congressional Research Service Oct 22 2012. Available at: <https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42592.pdf>. Last visited Jun 29 2017.
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  • 81
    See infra note 18 and accompanying text.

7. REFERENCES

  • ABBOTT Greg. The Myths and Realities of Article V. Tex. Rev. L. & Pol. vol. 21 n. 1 p. 1-61 sept./nov. 2016.
  • COHEN Tom. Obama uses executive orders as a political tool. CNN Nov 01 2011. Available at: <http://www.cnn.com/2011/11/01/politics/obama-executive-orders/index.html>. Last visited Aug 1 2017.
    » http://www.cnn.com/2011/11/01/politics/obama-executive-orders/index.html
  • COLON-RIOS Joel; HUTCHINSON Allan C. Democracy and Revolution: An Enduring Relationship? Denver Law Review vol. 89 n. 3 593-610 2012.
  • DINAN Josh. State Constitutional Amendments and American Constitutionalism. Okla. City U. L. Rev. vol. 41 n. 1 p. 27-52 mar./may 2016.
  • DOHERTY Carroll. 7 things to know about polarization in America Pew Research Center. Pew Research Jun 12 2014. Available at: <http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/06/12/7-things-to-know-about-polarization-in-america>. Last visited Jul 18 2017.
    » http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/06/12/7-things-to-know-about-polarization-in-america
  • EDITORS OF THE TENNESSEE LAW REVIEW. Article V Constitutional Conventions: A Primer. Tennessee Law Review vol. 78 n. 3 p. 663-692 mar./may 2011.
  • FODERARO Lisa W. A Constitutional Convention for New York? This May Be the Year. The New York Times New York Jul 5 2017. Available at: <https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/05/nyregion/constitutional-convention-voting-new-york.html>.
    » https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/05/nyregion/constitutional-convention-voting-new-york.html
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    » http://www.gallup.com/poll/5392/trust-government.aspx
  • GALLUP.COM. “Americans’ Trust in Political Leaders Public at New Lows”. Available at: <http://www.gallup.com/poll/195716/americans-trust-political-leaders-public-new-lows.aspx>. Last visited Jul 17 2017.
    » http://www.gallup.com/poll/195716/americans-trust-political-leaders-public-new-lows.aspx
  • HANSON Walker. The States’ Power to Effectuate Constitutional Change: Is Congress Currently Required to Convene a National Convention for the Proposing of Amendments to the United States Constitution. Geo. J. L. & Pub. Pol’y vol. 9 n. 1 p. 245-? 2011.
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  • NEALE Thomas H. The Article V Convention for Proposing Constitutional Amendments: Historical Perspectives for Congress. Congressional Research Service Oct 22 2012. Available at: <https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42592.pdf>. Last visited Jun 29 2017.
    » https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42592.pdf
  • PAULSEN Michael Stokes. How to Count to Thirty-Four: the Constitutional Case for a Constitutional Convention. Harv. J.L. & Pub. Pol’y Cambridge vol. 34 p. 837-? 2011.
  • PENROSE Mary Margaret. Conventional Wisdom: Acknowledging Uncertainty in the Unknown. Tennessee Law Review vol. 78 p. 789-805 2011.
  • PULIGNANO Vincent. A Known Unknown: The Call for an Article V Convention. Florida Law Review vol. 67 p. 151-160 2016.
  • RAPPAPORT Michael B.; STRAUSS David A. Common Interpretation: Article V. National Constitution Center Available at: <https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/articles/article-v/article-v-by-michael-b-rappaport-and-david-a-strauss/interp/22>. Last visited Jun 29 2017.
    » https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/articles/article-v/article-v-by-michael-b-rappaport-and-david-a-strauss/interp/22
  • ROGERS James Kenneth. The Other Way to Amend the Constitution: The Article V Constitutional Convention Amendment Process. Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy Cambridge vol. 30 p. 1005-1022 2007.
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    » http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/u-s-presidents-with-the-least-prior-political-experience.html
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    » http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/20/us/politics/20states.html

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    Jan-Apr 2018

History

  • Received
    20 Sept 2017
  • Accepted
    27 Oct 2017
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