Cross-national prevalence of mental disorders in older adults exposed to COVID-19 information

Ribeiro, Daniele Knopp; Carbogim, Fábio da Costa; Braz, Patricia Rodrigues; Lavado-Huarcaya, Sofia Sabina; Díaz-Oviedo, Aracely; Bulgarelli, Alexandre Favero; Santana, Rosimere Ferreira; Pinto, Ione Carvalho; Zacharias, Fabiana Costa Machado; Cavalcante, Ricardo Bezerra

doi:10.1590/1518-8345.7580.4632

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Original Article • Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem 33 • 2025 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.7580.4632 linkcopy

Cross-national prevalence of mental disorders in older adults exposed to COVID-19 information^*

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Objective: to verify the association between exposure to COVID-19 news and information through social networks, television and radio, as well as to screen for geriatric anxiety and depression comparing Peru, Brazil and Mexico.

Method: a cross-sectional design, web-based survey with non-probability sampling and validated scales to screen for geriatric anxiety and depression, as well as data analysis by hierarchical binary logistic regression.

Results: there was prevalence of female gender (n=4,937; 61.9%), non-white race/skin color (n=4,724; 59.2%) and age group of 60 to 64 years old (n=2,584; 32.4%) among the 7,976 participants. COVID-19 news and information were accessed through television (n=6,187;77.6%), a few or some times a week (n=4,322, 54.2%) and for at least three hours (n=2,596; 32.5%). In the final models and both for anxiety and for depression, the significant differences (p-value<0.001) for the “use”, “exposure frequency” and “exposure hours” aspects changed depending on the media. The prevalence of the outcomes in the three countries was low.

Conclusion: frequent exposure to media was associated with higher prevalence of geriatric anxiety and depression, although the difference across the countries under study was small.

Descriptors:
Infodemic; Mental Health; Aged; Latin America; Covid-19; Cross-Sectional Studies

Highlights:

(1) The variables associated with the outcomes indicate consumption of news and information. (2) Media exposure frequency and time matter for screening. (3) The prevalence of the outcomes when comparing all three countries was small. (4) Screening was 42.6% for anxiety and 59.4% for depression. (5) Media consumption was 77.6% television, 46.6% social media and 42.7% radio.

Variables	Countries
	Peru Frequency (n=4,377) ^†		Brazil Frequency (n=3,307) ^‡		Mexico Frequency (n=292) ^§		Total Frequency (n=7,976)*
	N ^\|\|	% ^¶	N ^\|\|	% ^¶	N ^\|\|	% ^¶	N ^\|\|	% ^¶
Block 2 - Socioeconomic and demographic variables
Biological sex
Female	2,452	56.0	2,250	68.0	239	81.8	4,941	61.9
Male	1,925	44.0	1,039	31.4	53	18.2	3,017	37.8
I prefer not to answer	0	0.0	18	0.5	0	0.0	18	0.2
Age group (years)
60-64	1,241	28.4	1,285	38.9	61	20.9	2,587	32.4
65-69	1,284	29.3	921	27.9	86	29.5	2,291	28.7
70-74	705	16.1	503	15.2	60	20.5	1,268	15.9
75-79	547	12.5	334	10.1	43	14.7	924	11.6
80+	600	13.7	264	8.0	42	14.4	906	11.4
Marital status
Single	423	9.7	365	11.0	36	12.3	824	10.3
Married/Living together	2,670	61.0	1,835	55.5	137	46.9	4,642	58.2
Separated/Divorced	322	7.4	509	15.4	23	7.9	854	10.7
Widowed	962	22.0	598	18.1	96	32.9	1,656	20.8
Race/Skin color
White	607	13.9	2,364	71.5	281	96.2	3,252	40.8
Non-white	3,770	86.1	943	28.5	11	3.8	4,724	59.2
Number of people living in the same house
Lives alone	189	4.3	587	17.8	33	11.3	809	10.1
One or two	1,412	32.3	1,886	57.0	125	42.8	3,423	42.9
Three or more	2,776	63.4	834	25.2	134	45.9	3,744	46.9
Own house
No	872	19.9	551	16.7	39	13.4	1,462	18.3
Yes	3,505	80.1	2,756	83.3	253	86.6	6,514	81.7
Area of residence
Urban	3,380	77.2	3,160	95.6	290	99.3	6,830	85.6
Rural	997	22.8	147	4.4	2	0.7	1,146	14.4
Maximum schooling level
Did not study or Incomplete Basic Education	355	8.1	295	8.9	25	8.6	675	8.5
Basic Education or Elementary School	1,133	25.9	713	21.6	116	39.7	1,962	24.6
High School	1,305	29.8	718	21.7	56	19.2	2,079	26.1
Complete Higher Education	1,446	33.0	645	19.5	29	9.9	2,120	26.6
Others	138	3.2	936	28.3	66	22.6	1,140	14.3
Change in income during the COVID-19 pandemic
No	1,536	35.1	2,437	73.8	139	47.6	4,112	51.6
Yes, it increased	172	3.9	80	2.4	15	5.1	267	3.3
Yes, it decreased	2,669	61.0	787	23.8	138	47.3	3,594	45.1
Block 3 - Exposure to COVID-19 news and information variables
Uses social media to access COVID-19 news and information* *
No	2,719	62.1	1,361	41.2	179	61.3	4,259	53.4
Yes	1,658	37.9	1,943	58.8	113	38.7	3,714	46.6
Exposure frequency to COVID-19 news and information on social media in the last week
Not once	2,280	52.1	822	24.9	159	54.5	3,261	40.9
A few or some times	1,571	35.9	1,464	44.3	102	34.9	3,137	39.3
Frequently	526	12.0	1,021	30.9	31	10.6	1,578	19.8
Exposure hours to COVID-19 news and information on social media**
0	2,097	47.9	848	25.7	182	62.3	3,127	39.2
1	1,080	24.7	811	24.6	49	16.8	1,940	24.3
2-5	1,004	22.9	1,084	32.8	58	19.9	2,146	26.9
6+	196	4.5	560	17.0	3	1.0	759	9.5
Uses television to access COVID-19 news and information**
No	1,002	22.9	624	18.9	160	54.8	1,786	22.4
Yes	3,375	77.1	2,680	81.1	132	45.2	6,187	77.6
Exposure frequency to COVID-19 news and information on television in the last week
Not once	601	13.7	394	11.9	41	14.0	1,036	13.0
A few or some times	2,669	61.0	1,440	43.5	213	72.9	4,322	54.2
Frequently	1,107	25.3	1,473	44.5	38	13.0	2,618	32.8
Exposure hours to COVID-19 news and information on television**
0	597	13.6	431	13.1	53	18.2	1,081	13.6
1	1,595	36.4	884	26.8	111	38.0	2,590	32.5
2	947	21.6	686	20.8	71	24.3	1,704	21.4
3+	1,238	28.3	1,301	39.4	57	19.5	2,596	32.5
Uses radio to access COVID-19 news and information**
No	1,866	42.6	2,429	73.5	273	93.5	4,568	57.3
Yes	2,511	57.4	876	26.5	19	6.5	3,406	42.7
Exposure frequency to COVID-19 news and information on the radio in the last week
Not once	1,317	30.1	1,956	59.1	211	72.3	3,484	43.7
A few or some times	2,333	53.3	956	28.9	65	22.3	3,354	42.1
Frequently	727	16.6	395	11.9	16	5.5	1,138	14.3
Exposure hours to COVID-19 news and information on the radio**
0	1,330	30.4	2,083	63.0	223	76.4	3,636	45.6
1+	3,047	69.6	1,223	37.0	69	23.6	4,339	54.4

Variables	Screening for geriatric anxiety				p*	Screening for geriatric depression				p*
	No		Yes			No		Yes
	N ^‡	% ^§	N ^‡	% ^§		N ^‡	% ^§	N ^‡	% ^§
Block 1 - Participants’ origin variable and Block 2 - Socioeconomic and demographic variables
Biological sex
Female	2,985	65.2	1,956	57.6	<0.001	2,036	62.8	2,905	61.4	0.434
Male	1,584	34.6	1,433	42.2		1,199	37.0	1,818	38.4
I prefer not to answer	12	0.3	6	0.2		7	0.2	11	0.2
Country of origin
Peru	1,599	34.9	2,778	81.8	<0.001	1,134	35.0	3,243	68.5	<0.001
Brazil	2,712	59.2	595	17.5		1,987	61.3	1,320	27.9
Mexico	270	5.9	22	0.6		121	3.7	171	3.6
Marital status
Single	434	9.5	390	11.5	<0.001	352	10.9	472	10.0	<0.001
Married/Living together	2,662	58.1	1,980	58.3		1,842	56.8	2,800	59.1
Separated/Divorced	552	12.0	302	8.9		432	13.3	422	8.9
Widowed	933	20.4	723	21.3		616	19.0	1,040	22.0
Race/Skin color
White	2,492	54.4	760	22.4	<0.001	1,674	51.6	1,578	33.3	<0.001
Non-white	2,089	45.6	2,635	77.6		1,568	48.4	3,156	66.7
Own house
No	828	18.1	634	18.7	0.501	549	16.9	913	19.3	0.008
Yes	3,753	81.9	2,761	81.3		2,693	83.1	3,821	80.7
Area of residence
Urban	4,050	88.4	2,780	81.9	<0.001	2,920	90.1	3,910	82.6	<0.001
Rural	531	11.6	615	18.1		322	9.9	824	17.4
Block 3 - Exposure to COVID-19 news and information variables
Uses social media to access COVID-19 news and information
No	2,300	50.2	1,959	57.7	<0.001	1,613	49.8	2,646	55.9	<0.001
Yes	2,278	49.8	1,436	42.3		1,627	50.2	2,087	44.1
Uses television to access COVID-19 news and information
No	1,060	23.2	726	21.4	0.061	690	21.3	1,096	23.2	0.052
Yes	3,518	76.8	2,669	78.6		2,550	78.7	3,637	76.8
Uses radio to access COVID-19 news and information
No	2,877	62.8	1,691	49.8	<0.001	2,111	65.2	2,457	51.9	<0.001
Yes	1,702	37.2	1,704	50.2		1,129	34.8	2,277	48.1

Variables	Screening for geriatric anxiety				p*	Screening for geriatric depression				p*
	No		Yes			No		Yes
	N ^‡	% ^§	N ^‡	% ^§		N ^‡	% ^§	N ^‡	% ^§
Block 1 - Participants’ origin variable and Block 2 - Socioeconomic and demographic variables
Age group (years)
60-64	1,570	34.3	1,017	30.0	<0.001	1,191	36.7	1,396	29.5	<0.001
65-69	1,303	28.4	988	29.1		889	27.4	1,402	29.6
70-74	730	15.9	538	15.8		514	15.9	754	15.9
75-79	507	11.1	417	12.3		358	11.0	566	12.0
80+	471	10.3	435	12.8		290	8.9	616	13.0
Number of people living in the same house
Lives alone	569	12.4	240	7.1	<0.001	427	13.2	382	8.1	<0.001
One or two	2,155	47.0	1,268	37.3		1,520	46.9	1,903	40.2
Three or more	1,857	40.5	1,887	55.6		1,295	39.9	2,449	51.7
Maximum schooling level
Did not study or Incomplete Basic Education	403	8.8	272	8.0	0.032	234	7.2	441	9.3	<0.001
Basic Education or Elementary School	1,163	25.4	799	23.5		751	23.2	1,211	25.6
High School	1,135	24.8	944	27.8		807	24.9	1,272	26.9
Complete Higher Education	1,029	22.5	1.091	32.1		784	24.2	1,336	28.2
Others	851	18.6	289	8.5		666	20.5	474	10.0
Change in income during the COVID-19 pandemic
No	2,564	56.0	1,548	45.6	<0.001	1,977	61.0	2,135	45.1	<0.001
Yes, it increased	149	3.3	118	3.5		105	3.2	162	3.4
Yes, it decreased	1,866	40.8	1,728	50.9		1,158	35.7	2,436	51.5
Block 3 - Exposure to COVID-19 news and information variables
Exposure frequency to COVID-19 news and information on social media in the last week
Not once	1,686	36.8	1,575	46.4	<0.001	1,146	35.3	2,115	44.7	<0.001
A few or some times	1,913	41.8	1,224	36.1		1,325	40.9	1,812	38.3
Frequently	982	21.4	596	17.6		771	23.8	807	17.0
Exposure hours to COVID-19 news and information on social media
0	1,635	35.7	1,492	43.9	<0.001	1,118	34.5	2,009	42.4	<0.001
1	1,059	23.1	881	25.9		836	25.8	1,104	23.3
2-5	1,368	29.9	778	22.9		930	28.7	1,216	25.7
6+	515	11.3	244	7.2		355	11.0	404	8.0
Exposure frequency to COVID-19 news and information on television in the last week
Not once	572	12.5	464	13.7	<0.001	421	13.0	615	13.0	<0.001
A few or some times	2,414	52.7	1,908	56.2		1,662	51.3	2,660	56.2
Frequently	1,595	34.8	1,023	30.1		1,159	35.7	1,459	30.8
Exposure hours to COVID-19 news and information on television
0	590	12.9	491	14.5	0.012	479	14.8	602	12.7	0.075
1	1,501	32.8	1,089	32.1		1,028	31.7	1,562	33.0
2	924	20.2	780	23.0		708	21.9	996	21.0
3+	1,561	34.1	1,035	30.5		1,024	31.6	1,572	33.2
Exposure frequency to COVID-19 news and information on the radio in the last week
Not once	2,180	47.6	1,304	38.4	<0.001	1,656	51.1	1,828	38.6	<0.001
A few or some times	1,838	40.1	1,516	44.7		1,190	36.7	2.164	45.7
Frequently	563	12.3	575	16.9		396	12.2	742	15.7
Exposure hours to COVID-19 news and information on the radio
0	2,295	50.1	1,341	39.5	<0.001	1,779	54.9	1,857	39.2	<0.001
1+	2,285	49.9	2,054	60.5		1,462	45.1	2,877	60.8

Variables	Exposition (B) adjusted per block (95% CI) ^‡	p*	Exposition (B) adjusted in the final model (95% CI) ^‡	p*
Variables	Block 1 - Participants’ origin variable
Country of origin
Peru	Ref ^§
Brazil	0.13	p*	Exposition (B) adjusted in the final model (95% CI) ^‡	p*	<0.001	0.10	<0.001
	0.11-0.14	0.09-0.12			<0.001		<0.001
Mexico	0.05	<0.001	0.05	<0.001
	0.03-0.07	<0.001	0.03-0.08	<0.001
Block 2 - Socioeconomic and demographic variables
Biological sex
Female	Ref ^§
Male	1.13	0.018	1.13	0.031
	1.02-1.25	0.018	1.01-1.26	0.031
I prefer not to answer	0.85	0.761	2.46	0.079
	0.31-2.38	0.761	0.90-6.72	0.079
Age group (years)
60-64	Ref ^§
65-69	1.14	0.043	1.07	0.300
	1.00-1.29	0.043	0.94-1.23	0.300
70-74	1.18	0.031	0.99	0.900
	1.02-1.37	0.031	0.84-1.16	0.900
75-79	1.26	0.006	1.05	0.577
	1.07-1.49	0.006	0.88-1.27	0.577
80+	1.45	<0.001	1.04	0.690
	1.22-1.73	<0.001	0.86-1.26	0.690
Marital status
Single	Ref ^§
Married/Living together	0.61	<0.001	0.68	<0.001
	0.52-0.73	<0.001	0.57-0.82	<0.001
Separated/Divorced	0.63	<0.001	0.74	0.009
	0.51-0.78	<0.001	0.59-0.93	0.009
Widowed	0.70	<0.001	0.72	0.002
	0.58-0.84	<0.001	0.59-0.89	0.002
Race/Skin color
White	Ref ^§
Non-white	3.63	<0.001	1.39	<0.001
	3.26-4.05	<0.001	1.21-1.59	<0.001
Number of people living in the same house
Lives alone	Ref ^§
One or two	1.26	0.017	1.06	0.563
	1.04-1.51	0.017	0.87-1.30	0.563
Three or more	1.76	<0.001	1.02	0.886
	1.45-2.12	<0.001	0.82-1.25	0.886
Own house
No	Ref ^§
Yes	1.10	0.146	1.13	0.073
	0.97-1.24	0.146	0.99-1.30	0.073
Area of residence
Urban	Ref ^§
Rural	1.34	<0.001	0.92	0.257
	1.17-1.54	<0.001	2.79-1.06	0.257
Maximum schooling level
Did not study or Incomplete Basic Education	Ref ^§
Basic Education or Elementary School	1.15	0.139	0.92	0.420
	0.95-1.39	0.139	0.75-1.13	0.420
High School	1.60	<0.001	1.04	0.754
	1.32-1.94	<0.001	0.83-1.28	0.754
Complete Higher Education	2.21	<0.001	1.22	0.082
	1.82-2.68	<0.001	0.97-1.53	0.082
Others	1.28	0.039	1.21	0.144
	1.01-1.61	0.039	0.94-1.58	0.144
Change in income during the COVID-19 pandemic
No	Ref ^§
Yes, it increased	1.06	0.671	0.71	0.021
	0.81-1.39	0.671	0.53-0.95	0.021
Yes, it decreased	1.12	0.029	0.72	<0.001
	1.01-1.24	0.029	0.64-0.81	<0.001
Block 3 - Exposure to COVID-19 news and information variables
Uses social media to access COVID-19 news and information about
No	Ref ^§
Yes	1.05	0.448	0.98	0.819
	0.92-1.20	0.448	0.85-1.14	0.819
Exposure frequency to COVID-19 news and information on social media in the last week
Not once	Ref ^§
A few or some times	0.77	0.002	1.13	0.217
	0.65-0.91	0.002	0.93-1.36	0.217
Frequently	0.94	0.528	1.59	<0.001
	0.76-1.15	0.528	1.25-2.03	<0.001
Exposure hours to COVID-19 news and information on social media
0	Ref ^§
1	1.14	0.137	1.04	0.710
	0.96-1.35	0.137	0.85-1.26	0.710
2-5	0.77	0.004	0.73	0.003
	0.64-0.92	0.004	0.59-0.90	0.003
6+	0.62	<0.001	0.87	0.324
	0.49-0.78	<0.001	0.67-1.14	0.324
Uses television to access COVID-19 news and information
No	Ref ^§
Yes	1.20	0.010	1.20	0.031
	1.04-1.39	0.010	1.02-1.41	0.031
Exposure frequency to COVID-19 news and information on television in the last week
Not once	Ref ^§
A few or some times	1.07	0.492	0.97	0.810
	0.88-1.30	0.492	0.78-1.21	0.810
Frequently	0.84	0.112	0.92	0.502
	0.67-1.04	0.112	0.71-1.18	0.502
Exposure hours to COVID-19 news and information on television
0	Ref ^§
1	0.78	0.013	0.70	0.002
	0.64-0.95	0.013	0.56-0.88	0.002
2	0.98	0.818	0.97	0.782
	0.79-1.21	0.818	0.76-1.23	0.782
3+	0.83	0.094	0.84	0.162
	0.67-1.03	0.094	0.66-1.07	0.162
Uses radio to access COVID-19 news and information
No	Ref ^§
Yes	1.30	<0.001	1.03	0.724
	1.14-1.48	<0.001	0.88-1.20	0.724
Exposure frequency to COVID-19 news and information on the radio in the last week
Not once	Ref ^§
A few or some times	1.01	0.852	0.77	0.003
	0.87-1.18	0.852	0.65-0.91	0.003
Frequently	1.26	0.018	1.06	0.615
	1.04-1.53	0.018	0.85-1.32	0.615
Exposure hours to COVID-19 news and information on the radio
0	Ref ^§
1+	1.22	0.010	0.85	0.067
	1.05-1.42	0.010	0.71-1.01	0.067

Variables	Exposition (B) adjusted per block (95% CI) ^‡	p*	Exposition (B) adjusted in the final model (95% CI) ^‡	p*
Block 1 - Participants’ origin variable
Country of origin
Peru	Ref ^§
Brazil	0.23 0.21-0.26	<0.001	0.23 0.19-0.26	<0.001
Mexico	0.49 0.39-0.63	<0.001	0.45 0.34-0.60	<0.001
Block 2 - Socioeconomic and demographic variables
Biological sex
Female	Ref ^§
Male	0.88 0.80-0.98	0.014	0.83 0.75-0.92	0.001
I prefer not to answer	1.29 0.49-3.41	0.610	2.07 0.79-5.44	0.138
Age group (years)
60-64	Ref ^§
65-69	1.26 1.12-1.43	<0.001	1.17 1.04-1.33	0.012
70-74	1.26 1.09-1.46	0.002	1.09 0.94-1.27	0.241
75-79	1.29 1.09-1.51	0.003	1.15 0.97-1.37	0.110
80+	1.70 1.43-2.03	<0.001	1.43 1.18-1.72	<0.001
Marital status
Single	Ref ^§
Married/Living together	0.98 0.83-1.15	0.775	1.08 0.91-1.28	0.405
Separated/Divorced	0.77 0.63-0.94	0.010	0.87 0.71-1.07	0.200
Widowed	1.02 0.85-1.22	0.864	1.05 0.86-1.26	0.647
Race/Skin color
White	Ref ^§
Non-white	1.62 1.47-1.80	<0.001	0.86 0.76-0.98	0.022
Number of people living in the same house
Lives alone	Ref ^§
One or two	1.19 1.01-1.41	0.043	1.05 0.88-1.25	0.583
Three or more	1.46 1.22-1.74	<0.001	0.96 0.80-1.15	0.655
Own house
No	Ref ^§
Yes	0.93 0.82-1.05	0.259	0.93 0.81-1.05	0.246
Area of residence
Urban	Ref ^§
Rural	1.46 1.26-1.69	<0.001	1.09 0.93-1.27	0.283
Maximum schooling level
Did not study or Incomplete Basic Education	Ref ^§
Basic Education or Elementary School	0.91 0.75-1.10	0.337	0.76 0.62-0.93	0.007
High School	1.00 0.82-1.21	0.990	0.71 0.58-0.88	0.001
Complete Higher Education	1.12 0.92-1.36	0.246	0.71 0.57-0.88	0.002
Others	0.70 0.56-0.87	0.001	0.66 0.52-0.83	<0.001
Change in income during the COVID-19 pandemic
No	Ref ^§
Yes, it increased	1.26 0.97-1.63	0.084	0.97 0.74-1.27	0.815
Yes, it decreased	1.66 150-1.83	<0.001	1.19 1.07-1.33	0.001
Block 3 - Exposure to COVID-19 news and information variables
Uses social media to access COVID-19 news and information
No	Ref ^§
Yes	1.15 1.01-1.31	0.037	1.13 0.99-1.30	0.078
Exposure frequency to COVID-19 news and information on social media in the last week
Not once	Ref ^§
A few or some times	0.81 0.69-0.96	0.015	1.12 0.94-1.34	0.216
Frequently	0.68 0.55-0.84	<0.001	1.00 0.80-1.26	0.968
Exposure hours to COVID-19 news and information on social media
0	Ref ^§
1	0.82 0.69-0.98	0.026	0.86 0.71-1.04	0.114
2-5	0.82 0.68-0.98	0.031	0.92 0.76-1.12	0.398
6*	0.76 0.60-0.95	0.017	1.08 0.85-1.38	0.529
Uses television to access COVID-19 news and information
No	Ref ^§
Yes	0.79 0.68-0.91	0.001	0.86 0.73-1.00	0.047
Exposure frequency to COVID-19 news and information on television in the last week
Not once	Ref ^§
A few or some times	1.01 0.83-1.23	0.940	0.91 0.74-1.12	0.362
Frequently	0.88 0.70-1.09	0.244	0.94 0.74-1.19	0.590
Exposure hours to COVID-19 news and information on television
0	Ref ^§
1	1.44 1.18-1.76	<0.001	1.36 1.10-1.68	0.005
2	1.41 1.13-1.75	0.002	1.36 1.09-1.72	0.008
3+	1.59 1.28-1.97	<0.001	1.66 1.32-2.09	<0.001
Uses radio to access COVID-19 news and information
No	Ref ^§
Yes	1.23 1.08-1.41	0.002	1.08 0.93-1.25	0.305
Exposure frequency to COVID-19 news and information on the radio in the last week
Not once	Ref ^§
A few or some times	1.05 0.90-1.22	0.541	0.90 0.77-1.06	0.217
Frequently	1.06 0.87-1.29	0.539	0.98 0.80-1.21	0.868
Exposure hours to COVID-19 news and information on the radio
0	Ref ^§
1+	1.49 1.28-1.74	<0.001	1.21 1.03-1.43	0.020

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Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto / Universidade de São Paulo Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14040-902 Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil, Tel.: +55 (16) 3315-3387 / 3315-4407 - Ribeirão Preto - SP - Brazil
E-mail: rlae@eerp.usp.br

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[1] *(n=7,976) = Study population; ^†Total sample from Peru; ^‡Total sample from Brazil; ^§Total sample from Mexico; ^||N = Distribution of participants in each answer; ^¶% = Percentage in relation to the total answers in the column corresponding to each variable; **Total number of respondents lower than total study population (7,976)

Cross-national prevalence of mental disorders in older adults exposed to COVID-19 information*

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Cross-national prevalence of mental disorders in older adults exposed to COVID-19 information^*