Pain from the life cycle perspective: Evaluation and Measurement through psychophysical methods of category estimation and magnitude estimation

Sousa, Fátima Aparecida Emm Faleiros; Silva, Talita de Cássia Raminelli da; Siqueira, Hilze Benigno de Oliveira Moura; Saltareli, Simone; Gomez, Rodrigo Ramon Falconi; Hortense, Priscilla

doi:10.1590/1518-8345t.0714.2769

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Original Articles • Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem 24 • 2016 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345t.0714.2769 linkcopy

Pain from the life cycle perspective: Evaluation and Measurement through psychophysical methods of category estimation and magnitude estimation^¹

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Objective: to describe acute and chronic pain from the perspective of the life cycle.

Methods: participants: 861 people in pain. The Multidimensional Pain Evaluation Scale (MPES) was used.

Results: in the category estimation method the highest descriptors of chronic pain for children/ adolescents were "Annoying" and for adults "Uncomfortable". The highest descriptors of acute pain for children/adolescents was "Complicated"; and for adults was "Unbearable". In magnitude estimation method, the highest descriptors of chronic pain was "Desperate" and for descriptors of acute pain was "Terrible".

Conclusions: the MPES is a reliable scale it can be applied during different stages of development.

Descriptors:
Pain; Pain Measurement; Life Cycle Stages

Authorship

person Fátima Aparecida Emm Faleiros Sousa

schoolPhD, Full Professor, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Nursing Research Development, Ribeirão Preto, SP, BrazilUniversidade de São PauloBrazilRibeirão Preto, SP, BrazilPhD, Full Professor, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Nursing Research Development, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil

person Talita de Cássia Raminelli da Silva

schoolRN, Doctoral Student, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Nursing Research Development, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.Universidade de São PauloBrazilRibeirão Preto, SP, BrazilRN, Doctoral Student, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Nursing Research Development, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.

person Hilze Benigno de Oliveira Moura Siqueira

schoolPhD, Substitute Professor, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência and Tecnologia do Sertão Pernambucano, Campus Petrolina, Petrolina, PE, Brazil.Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência and Tecnologia do Sertão PernambucanoBrazilPetrolina, PE, BrazilPhD, Substitute Professor, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência and Tecnologia do Sertão Pernambucano, Campus Petrolina, Petrolina, PE, Brazil.

person Simone Saltareli

schoolPsychologist, PhD.Psychologist, PhD.BrazilBrazilPsychologist, PhD.

person Rodrigo Ramon Falconi Gomez

schoolMaster's Student, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Nursing Research Development, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.Universidade de São PauloBrazilRibeirão Preto, SP, BrazilMaster's Student, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Nursing Research Development, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.

person Priscilla Hortense

schoolPhD, Adjunct Professor, Faculdade de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.Universidade Federal de São CarlosBrazilSão Carlos, SP, BrazilPhD, Adjunct Professor, Faculdade de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.

Corresponding Author: Fátima Aparecida Emm Faleiros Sousa Universidade de São Paulo. Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto Departamento de Enfermagem Geral e Especializada Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 Bairro: Monte Alegre CEP: 14040-902, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil E-mail:
ffaleiros@usp.br

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

PhD, Full Professor, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Nursing Research Development, Ribeirão Preto, SP, BrazilUniversidade de São PauloBrazilRibeirão Preto, SP, BrazilPhD, Full Professor, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Nursing Research Development, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil

RN, Doctoral Student, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Nursing Research Development, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.Universidade de São PauloBrazilRibeirão Preto, SP, BrazilRN, Doctoral Student, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Nursing Research Development, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.

PhD, Substitute Professor, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência and Tecnologia do Sertão Pernambucano, Campus Petrolina, Petrolina, PE, Brazil.Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência and Tecnologia do Sertão PernambucanoBrazilPetrolina, PE, BrazilPhD, Substitute Professor, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência and Tecnologia do Sertão Pernambucano, Campus Petrolina, Petrolina, PE, Brazil.

Psychologist, PhD.Psychologist, PhD.BrazilBrazilPsychologist, PhD.

Master's Student, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Nursing Research Development, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.Universidade de São PauloBrazilRibeirão Preto, SP, BrazilMaster's Student, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Nursing Research Development, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.

PhD, Adjunct Professor, Faculdade de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.Universidade Federal de São CarlosBrazilSão Carlos, SP, BrazilPhD, Adjunct Professor, Faculdade de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.

Tables

Tables (5)

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Table 1 Arithmetic Averages and respective Standard Deviations of characterization of chronic pain in relation to the age group between 05 and 18, according to the MPES. Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil, 2012

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Table 2 Arithmetic Averages and respective Standard Deviations of characterization of chronic pain in relation to the age group between 19 and 93, according to the MPES. Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil, 2012

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Table 3 Arithmetic Averages and respective Standard Deviations of characterization of acute pain in relation to the age group between 05 and 18, according to the MPES. Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil, 2012

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Table 4 Arithmetic Averages and respective Standard Deviations of characterization of acute pain in relation to the age group between 22 and 69, according to the MPES. Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil, 2012

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Table 5 Geometric Averages of characterization of acute and chronic pain through the psychophysical Magnitude Estimation Method. Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil, 2012

table_chartTable 1 Arithmetic Averages and respective Standard Deviations of characterization of chronic pain in relation to the age group between 05 and 18, according to the MPES. Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil, 2012

*AV= Arithmetic Averages, †SD= Standard Deviations.

table_chartTable 2 Arithmetic Averages and respective Standard Deviations of characterization of chronic pain in relation to the age group between 19 and 93, according to the MPES. Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil, 2012

Age Group	Descriptors (chronic pain)	AV^*	SD^†	Descriptors (chronic pain)	AV^*	SD^†
Age Group	Higher scores	AV^*	SD^†	Lower scores	AV^*	SD^†
19-93 years old	Uncomfortable	7.74	2.20	Wretched	3.47	3.09
	Unpleasant	7.59	2.24	Demonic	4.69	2.92
	Inconvenient	7.57	2.17	Brutal	3.87	2.52
	Painful	7.49	2.35	Scary	4.07	2.96
	Strong	7.28	2.15	Monstrous	5.12	2.93

*AV= Arithmetic Averages, †SD= Standard Deviations.

table_chartTable 3 Arithmetic Averages and respective Standard Deviations of characterization of acute pain in relation to the age group between 05 and 18, according to the MPES. Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil, 2012

Age Group	Descriptors (acute pain)	AV^*	SD^†	Descriptors (acute pain)	AV^*	SD^†
Age Group	Higher scores	AV^*	SD^†	Lower scores	AV^*	SD^†
05-07 years old	Complicated	8.20	2.34	Fearfull	2.80	2.04
	Moslests	8.00	2.86	Round	2.90	3.24
	Unpleasant	7.80	2.39	Scathing	3.10	3.84
	Crushing	7.70	3.33	Hallucinating	3.80	3.79
	Rampant	7.30	3.12	Debilitating	3.90	2.80
08-11 years old	Unpleasant	6.94	3.47	Overwhelming	1.38	2.65
	Painful	6.81	2.92	Cold	1.69	2.21
	Annoying	6.63	3.09	Desperate	2.13	2.44
	Considerable	6.00	3.55	Shocking	2.25	3.04
	Uncomfortable	5.81	2.88	Hallucinating	2.38	3.09
12-18 years old	Annoying	7.57	2.88	Scathing	2.57	3.40
	Unpleasant	7.13	2.45	Cold	2.70	3.41
	Uncomfortable	5.96	3.25	Desperate	2.74	3.07
	Clear	5.91	3.89	Crazy	3.13	4.05
	Bombarding	5.98	3.25	Destructive	3.17	3.40

*AV= Arithmetic Averages, †SD= Standard Deviations.

table_chartTable 4 Arithmetic Averages and respective Standard Deviations of characterization of acute pain in relation to the age group between 22 and 69, according to the MPES. Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil, 2012

Age Group	Descriptors (acute pain)	AV^*	SD^†	Descriptors (acute pain)	AV^*	SD^†
Age Group	Higher scores	AV^*	SD^†	Lower scores	AV^*	SD^†
22 - 69 years old	Unbearable	6.73	2.60	Maddening	2.03	1.07
	Intense	6.32	2.71	Blinding	2.94	1.29
	Desperate	5.87	2.37	Hallucinating	3.09	1.91
	Terrible	5.64	2.81	Annililate	3.58	2.10
	Tremendous	5.23	2.50	Inhumane	3.9	2.07

*AV= Arithmetic Averages, †SD= Standard Deviations.

table_chartTable 5 Geometric Averages of characterization of acute and chronic pain through the psychophysical Magnitude Estimation Method. Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil, 2012

Position Order	Age group	Descriptors of chronic pain (n=41)	GA^*	Age group	Descriptors of acute pain (n=48)	GA^*
1	21 to 92 years old	Agonizing	446.31	14 to 70 years old	Terrible	115.56
2		Cruel	389.89		Strong	113.78
3		Harmful	352.27		Unbearable	111.92
4		Terrible	330.04		Intense	110.35
5		Discomforting	279.11		Violent	104.22
6		Disastrous	276.17		Deep	103.70
7		Intense	262.29		Monstrous	100
8		Unbearable	254.93		Dreadful	98.17
9		Depressing	254.93		Desperate	88.66
10		Concerning	254.08		Maddening	77.71
11		Painful	249.61		Tremendous	75.90
12		Aggressive	237.91		Brutal	75.61
13		Tiring	228.95		Inhumane	71.72
14		Anguished	208.96		Annililate	70.72
15		Suffocating	208.13		Lacerating	68.36
16		Uncomfortable	204.33		Blinding	68.22
17		Nauseous	201.04		Hallucinating	67.30
18		Strong	198.80		Fulminat	64.60
19		Disturbing	192.86		Overwhelming	62.46
20		Annoying	188.22		Colossal	59.32

*GA = Geometric Averages.

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E-mail: rlae@eerp.usp.br

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[TFN16] *AV= Arithmetic Averages, †SD= Standard Deviations.

Pain from the life cycle perspective: Evaluation and Measurement through psychophysical methods of category estimation and magnitude estimation1

Abstract

Pain from the life cycle perspective: Evaluation and Measurement through psychophysical methods of category estimation and magnitude estimation^¹