Prevalence and avoidability of surgical adverse events in a teaching hospital in Brazil

Objective to estimate the prevalence and avoidability of surgical adverse events in a teaching hospital and to classify the events according to the type of incident and degree of damage. Method cross-sectional retrospective study carried out in two phases. In phase I, nurses performed a retrospective review on a simple randomized sample of 192 records of adult patients using the Canadian Adverse Events Study form for case tracking. Phase II aimed at confirming the adverse event by an expert committee composed of physicians and nurses. Data were analyzed by univariate descriptive statistics. Results the prevalence of surgical adverse events was 21.8%. In 52.4% of the cases, detection occurred on outpatient return. Of the 60 cases analyzed, 90% (n = 54) were preventable and more than two thirds resulted in mild to moderate damage. Surgical technical failures contributed in approximately 40% of the cases. There was a prevalence of the infection category associated with health care (50%, n = 30). Adverse events were mostly related to surgical site infection (30%, n = 18), suture dehiscence (16.7%, n = 10) and hematoma/seroma (15%, n = 9). Conclusion the prevalence and avoidability of surgical adverse events are challenges faced by hospital management.


Introduction
The safety and quality of perioperative care are directly related to the development of techno-assistance models, posing challenges for health organizations due to the increasing technological evolution and incorporation of new clinical processes and surgical techniques. These advances contribute to the quality of the services provided to society. At the same time, they represent a health risk, which is exacerbated by structural failures of the system or by the deficiency in the management of work processes (1) , culminating in the occurrence of adverse events in patients submitted to surgical treatment.
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines adverse event (AE) as any incident that resulted in patient harm (2) and presupposes that 230 million surgeries are performed annually in the world, with seven million AE and one million patients evolving to death (3) . There is a potential to avoid half of these cases in which surgery leads to damage (3) . This data fosters the need to adopt systematic practices for safe patient care in the perioperative period.
A systematic review identified a surgical AE rate of 14.4% (4) , while never events in North American surgical patients represented the occurrence of wrong-place surgery and retained surgical items of 1 AE/100,000 and 1 AE/10,000 procedures, respectively (5) . In Brazil, despite the lack of systematized data, a pioneering study conducted in three teaching hospitals in the Southeast region, with data from 1,103 admissions, in 2003, found an incidence of 7.6% of AE, among which 35.2% were attributed to surgical procedures (6) .
The AEs remain insufficiently investigated although they are a potential factor of morbidity and economic costs (7) , especially those related to surgical care.
Studying the occurrence of surgical AEs constitutes a managerial tool that allows to recognize, implement, and evaluate improvement actions, and to organize and systematize the elements that make up the structure and the work process in health.
Thus, considering the demographic, epidemiological, and political-institutional transition at the national and regional levels, the importance of studies in this context as a strategy to encourage preventive actions is highlighted. These actions should be in consensus with the results of the 55th World Health Assembly, whose goals are to promote patient safety and quality of health care (3) . analyzed. Following the criteria adopted by previous studies (9)(10) , medical records of psychiatric patients were excluded.
A total of 2,593 medical records were eligible for the study. The parameters used to define the sample size were based on the incidence of surgical complications of 16% (3) , sample error of 5%, and level of significance of 5% whose calculation resulted in 192 medical records. The random selection was performed based on the list of surgeries issued by the institution's computer service. The medical records that were ineligible or unavailable in the filing service were replaced by the immediately subsequent medical records of the general list of surgeries.
The identification of the occurrence of the AE and its avoidability was employed through a retrospective review of medical records based on a protocol from the Canadian Adverse Events Study (CAES), which advocates the identification and analysis of AEs in two phases (9) . Phase I refers to the screening of potential  (2) and with the use of two scales. The first scale was to judge whether the AE was caused by patient care and the second scale was to assess the degree of avoidability. The scales have six points, and experts considered an event as an AE and with potential of avoidability when the score reached ≥4 points (6,9) .

Results
The frequency of records with positive screening for pAE, prevalence rate, and avoidability of cases are presented in Figure 1. Out of the 42 surgical patients affected by AEs, 26.2% (n = 11) had more than one occurrence, totaling 60 Surgical AEs, of which 90% (n = 54) were classified as preventable. The most frequent comorbidities/risk factors were severe hypertension (33.3%, n = 14), smoking (23.8%, n = 10), diabetes mellitus (11.9%, n = 5), and obesity (9.5%, n = 4). The other demographic, surgical, and anesthetic characteristics of patients with surgical AEs are presented in Table 1.    considering geographic and regional inequalities in the provision of surgical care, as well as the availability of qualified professionals (12) .
The prevalence of 21.8% of surgical AEs found in the present study was higher than that registered in research conducted in Sweden (15.4%) (13) , in a university hospital in Japan (15.1%) (14) , and falls short of a study carried out in Spain with patients submitted to general surgery (36.8%) (15) . In Brazil, in a study carried out in three hospitals in the Southeast region, the incidence of surgical AEs was 3.5% (16) , while in Europe, in a study in 30 public acute care hospitals care hospitals, the incidence was 13.1% (17) .
The literature points out that the performance of the reviewers may be one of the factors related to underestimation of cases (18) . However, the frequency of pAE identified in the present study was similar to the performance of reviewers whose primary revision reached 21.6% of positive screening (18) and fell short of Swedish reviewers who found 34.3% of positive records with pAE for inclusion in phase II (19) . One of the factors for the occurrence of underestimation of trackers in this research was incomplete, illegible, and erased annotations/records, which was possibly aggravated by the institutional use of physical records.
The avoidability of surgical AEs was higher than the values reported in several studies, ranging from 5.2% to 70.8% (4,13,(15)(16)(17)20) , which raises the need to evaluate, at the same time, indicators of surgical care. It also may encourage managers, surgeons, and nursing staff, among others, to reassess the care process and to propose actions for continuous improvement.
Apart from the geographic differences, the methodological designs used in different researches, and the quality of the services provided in different regions and countries of the world, there is evidence of the vulnerability of patients to the occurrence of one or more surgical AEs. These AEs are mostly preventable, as pointed out by previous studies (13,16) and reinforced by the present study, which identified that 26.2% of the patients (n = 11) suffered more than one AE during the index hospitalization.
These findings reveal that errors and failures in the surgical care process can cause several incidents in the same individual, resulting in physical damage.
A systematic review showed that mild and moderate damage corresponded to 86.7% of cases (4) . These data are consistent with the results presented here, in which more than two-thirds of the events resulted in mild to moderate disability. This reinforces the principle of the second global challenge in patient safety (Safe Surgery Saves Lives), as well as the use of the Surgical Safety Checklist by the health services, which contributes to the reduction of AE in the surgical environment (3) .
The studied institution implanted the surgical checklist and also developed a checklist to be applied in the hospitalization units by the nursing team in the preoperative and postoperative periods (8) (21) , in the same way as in a medical center in China, in which a study showed 61.6% (n = 16) of AEs related to technical and/or surveillance failures (22) . Therefore, because it is a teaching hospital, with professionals improving their clinical and surgical skills, constant training and supervision is essential with a view to promoting the quality of surgical care and correcting nonconformities. In this study, approximately 10% of the cases were found to be severe AEs, which was higher than the percentage of an American study that analyzed 676 surgical surgeries and found a prevalence of 6.36% (n = 43) of severe events (20) . In a Brazilian study, 21.9% (n = 9) of the cases presented permanent damage, of which 17.1% (n = 7) evolved to death (16) .

Data from other investigations have indicated that
AEs are more frequent among elderly patients (13,19) , differently from what occurred in this study, whose predominance of elective surgeries, in which occurs better surgical preparation, as well as the lower risk of incidents related to the younger population.
Surgical AEs were related to HCRI in 50% (n = 30), and SSI represented almost one-third of these. These events are considered the most common among surgical patients, despite the various evidence-based strategies that can be implemented to reduce them (23) , as well as the use of the Surgical Safety Checklist, whose adaptation to the institutional context was performed for SSI prevention (24) . Thus, basic measures and recognized as scientific evidence are recommended by international institutions and corroborated in Brazil and should be part not only of surgical protocols, but also of audit for the quality of care.
Another factor to consider in SSI prevention focuses on the safety culture of the unit, evidenced in a crosssectional study conducted in seven American hospitals that associated culture scores with the reduction of SSI rates in colon surgeries (25) . In view of the high prevalence of AEs related to SSI, there should be evaluation of the indicators of surgical assistance that increase the risk of its occurrence (11,23) and raises reflection on the safety culture and financial waste in the Brazilian health system, considering that, most SSIs were considered as strongly or potentially avoidable.
The surgical suture dehiscence had low prevalence in an American study, which analyzed 676 surgical surgeries and found two cases (20) ; however, it represented 3.67% (n = 8) of the AEs in a Brazilian study (26) . These data contrast with the results of this research, in which this event was the second most frequent, with a prevalence of 16.7% (n = 10), and indicates the need to evaluate, in addition to professional technical ability, the possibility of technical problems with the material used to perform the procedure.
The third most prevalent AE was associated with hematomas/seromas and represented, in a Spanish study, 8.9% (n = 16) of patients submitted to general surgery (15) . This AE, if not treated properly, can cause physical discomfort and increase the risk of infection (27) , besides compromising the cicatrization process and predisposing the patients to surgical wound suture dehiscence. To avoid this AE, a set of actions related to surgical technique and postoperative care should be adopted.
Deep venous thrombosis occurred in three patients (5%), a percentage higher to that identified in a study conducted in Japan (1%, n = 3) (14) . There are several measures to avoid this AE and they are widely and 94% were considered preventable (13) . In this sense, using scales for risk stratification resulting from surgical positioning (28) can be a feasible strategy to minimize the occurrence of this AE.
Sepsis/septic shock accounted for 3.3% of AEs in this study, falling short of that found in the Swedish study, with 13.2% (n = 30) (13) (20) .
Urinary retention predisposes to risks of urinary tract infection, since it often requires additional therapy, such as bladder catheterization, in addition to the risk of prolonged urine retention that predisposes to microbial proliferation. However, aggressive pain management is crucial because the consequences of ineffective treatment of acute pain are often greater than the risk of adverse side effects from the use of analgesics (29) . Improving the preoperative evaluation by the multidisciplinary team and identifying the intrinsic risk factors may contribute to better preoperative planning and reduction of cases of urinary retention.
It was also noteworthy in this research the high detection of AEs through outpatient return records, with two readmissions. It has been proven that AEs increase hospitalization time, with consequent increase in hospital costs (7,16) , as well as outpatient return and early emergency care interventions. This finding reiterates the need to develop strategies for surgical surveillance after discharge, whose objective is to identify events beyond the hospital's internal environments, which may include an active notification system. These data may support preventive measures, improve the diagnosis of patient safety, as well as the progressive development of organizational safety culture, becoming elements to be managed by the units studied and the hospital organization.
The present study has some limitations. One of them is that the results come from a retrospective review of records of a single hospital environment, which prevents the generalization of the results. The records had not been fully completed by the medical and nursing staff, which may have interfered in the detection of AEs.
In some cases, the death outcome occurred at home and/or other hospital institution, making it impossible to investigate the screening criteria. Another limiting factor was the lack of uniformity in research and classification methods for the detection, analysis, and confirmation of AEs, which make it difficult to compare these results between different healthcare contexts.
Despite these limitations, this study has strengths.