Risk factors for harmful alcohol consumption: a multilevel analysis

Gaia, Jéssica Lima de Oliveira Pinheiro; Lima, Ana Vitória Corrêa; Oliveira, Sheila Ramos de; Oliveira, Jaqueline Lemos de; Pereira, Caroline Figueira; Vargas, Divane de

doi:10.1590/1518-8345.7763.4686

person Jéssica Lima de Oliveira Pinheiro Gaia

Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work · or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work · drafting the work or reviewing it critically for important intellectual content · final approval of the version to be published and agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved · Data curation

schoolEscola de Enfermagem da Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento Materno-Infantil e Psiquiátrica, São Paulo, SP, BrazilschoolScholarship holder at the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), Brazil

0000-0002-0692-6360

person Ana Vitória Corrêa Lima

Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work · or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work · drafting the work or reviewing it critically for important intellectual content · final approval of the version to be published and agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved · Data curation

schoolEscola de Enfermagem da Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento Materno-Infantil e Psiquiátrica, São Paulo, SP, BrazilschoolScholarship holder at the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), Brazil

0000-0002-4178-9656

person Sheila Ramos de Oliveira

Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work · or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work · drafting the work or reviewing it critically for important intellectual content · final approval of the version to be published and agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved · Data curation

schoolEscola de Enfermagem da Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento Materno-Infantil e Psiquiátrica, São Paulo, SP, BrazilschoolScholarship holder at the Ministério da Saúde, Instituto de Psiquiatria da USP, Brazil

0000-0002-4405-5199

person Jaqueline Lemos de Oliveira

Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work · or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work · drafting the work or reviewing it critically for important intellectual content · final approval of the version to be published and agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved · Data curation

schoolEscola de Enfermagem da Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento Materno-Infantil e Psiquiátrica, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

0000-0003-3699-0280

person Caroline Figueira Pereira

Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work · or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work · drafting the work or reviewing it critically for important intellectual content · final approval of the version to be published and agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved · Data curation

schoolEscola de Enfermagem da Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento Materno-Infantil e Psiquiátrica, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

0000-0001-5578-8753

person Divane de Vargas

Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work · or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work · drafting the work or reviewing it critically for important intellectual content · final approval of the version to be published and agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved · Obtaining financing · Project supervision and management

schoolEscola de Enfermagem da Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento Materno-Infantil e Psiquiátrica, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

0000-0003-3140-8394

personCorresponding author: E-mail:
jessicacaete@usp.br

Conflict of interest:

the authors have declared that there is no conflict of interest.

Associate Editor:

Ricardo Alexandre Arcêncio

Sex	Risky/harmful consumption			Probable dependence
Sex	n*	Prevalence	95%CI ^†	n*	Prevalence	95%CI ^†
Male	156	7.2%	6.1; 8.2%	16	0.7%	0.4; 1.1%
Female	217	9.9%	8.7; 11.2%	24	1.1%	0.7; 1.5%
Total	373	17.1%	15.7; 18.3%	40	1.8%	1.3; 2.4%

	Hierarchical analysis
	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3
Level 1	PR*	p-value ^†	95% CI ^‡	PR*	p-value ^†	95%CI ^‡	PR*	p-value ^†	95%CI ^‡
Sex	p <0.001 ^§			p <0.001 ^§			p <0.001 ^§
Male	1.84	<0.001	1.53; 2.21	1.82	<0.001	1.51; 2.19	1.89	<0.001	1.57; 2.28
Female	1			1			1
Age	<0.001			<0.001			<0.001
Continuous years	0.98	<0.001	0.97; 0.99	0.97	<0.001	0.97; 0.98	0.98	<0.001	0.97; 0.99
Race/color	p =0.002			p =0.004			p =0.002
Not stated	1.47	0.239	0.77; 2.79	1.39	0.306	0.74; 2.59	1.42	0.292	0.74; 2.72
Black	1.65	<0.001	1.30; 2.10	1.62	<0.001	1.26; 2.07	1.65	<0.001	1.30; 2.10
Brown	1.09	0.423	0.88; 1.36	1.09	0.444	0.87; 1.38	1.10	0.381	0.89; 1.37
Oriental	1.18	0.600	0.64; 2.16	1.18	0.595	0.64; 2.17	1.13	0.686	0.62; 2.08
Indigenous	0.70	0.592	0.19; 2.56	0.71	0.597	0.20; 2.55	0.69	0.567	0.19; 2.47
White	1			1			1
Level 2
Marital status				p =0.244
Widowed				1.19	0.604	0.62; 2.26
Single				1.26	0.075	0.98; 1.67
Cohabiting/Living together				1.23	0.174	0.91; 1.65
Divorced/Separated				1.46	0.034	1.03; 2.07
Married				1
Education				p =0.763
Completed elementary school				1.07	0.745	0.69; 1.67
Incomplete elementary school				1.16	0.392	0.82; 1.65
Completed high school				0.91	0.502	0.69; 1.20
Incomplete high school				1.22	0.280	0.85; 1.77
Incomplete higher education				0.94	0.742	0.67; 1.33
Completed postgraduate studies				1.09	0.720	0.68; 1.76
Incomplete postgraduate studies				0.89	0.780	0.41; 1.94
Don’t know				0.82	0.846	0.12; 5.86
Higher education completed				1
Family income				p =0.189			p =0.139
From 1 to 5 minimum wages ^\|\|				1.14	0.387	0.85; 1.54	1.13	0.416	0.84; 1.51
From 6 to 10 minimum wages ^\|\|				1.28	0.280	0.81; 2.01	1.24	0.334	0.80; 1.90
≥ 10 minimum wages ^\|\|				1.83	0.028	1.07; 3.16	1.78	0.028	1.07; 2.99
Don’t know				0.99	0.967	0.67; 1.47	0.53	0.751	0.64; 1.38
< 1 minimum wage ^\|\|				1			1
Level 3	Hierarchical analysis
	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3
	PR*	p-value ^†	95% CI ^‡	PR*	p-value ^†	95%CI ^‡	PR*	p-value ^†	95%CI ^‡
Engages in physical activity							p =0.141
No							1.15	0.141	0.95; 1.38
Yes							1
High blood pressure							p =0.084
No							1.28	0.084	0.97; 1.63
Yes							1
Diabetes							p =0.393
No							1.17	0.393	0.82; 1.67
Yes							1
Cholesterol							p =0.075
No							1.33	0.075	0.97; 1.82
Yes							1
Gastric problems							p =0.378
No							0.91	0.378	0.74; 1.12
Yes							1
Depression							p =0.100
Yes							1.20	0.100	0.96; 1.51
No							1
Corrected Akaike Information Criterion	1934.451			1951.693			1934.412

Level 1	Hierarchical analysis
Model 1			Model 2			Model 3
	PR*	p-value ^†	95% CI ^‡	PR*	p-value ^†	^‡ 95% CI ^‡	PR*	p-value ^†	95% CI ^‡
Sex	p =0.174 ^§			p =0.153 ^§			p =0.106 ^§
Male	1.58	0.174	0.82; 3.05	1.59	0.153	0.84; 3.01	1.75	0.106	0.89; 3.45
Female	1			1			1
Age	p =0.030			p =0.006			p =0.269
Continuous years	0.98	0.030	0.96; 1.00	0.97	0.006	0.96; 0.99	0.99	0.269	0.97; 1.01
Race/color	p =0.774
Not declared	1.89	0.534	0.25; 13.94
Black	0.94	0.904	0.33; 2.63
Brown	1.34	0.416	0.66; 2.73
Oriental	1.44	0.720	0.19; 10.63
Indigenous	3.51	0.203	0.51; 24.34
White	1
Level 2
Marital status	p =0.208
Widowed				2.58	0.224	0.56; 11.89
Single				1.43	0.434	0.58; 3.52
Cohabiting/Living together				1.33	0.587	0.48; 3.68
Divorced/Separated				3.31	0.021	1.20; 9.13
Married				1
Education				p =0.121			p =0.191
Illiterate				15.19	0.015	1.70; 135.98	13.70	0.017	1.60; 117.63
Complete elementary education				3.25	0.142	0.67; 15.66	3.07	0.171	0.62; 15.29
Incomplete elementary education				4.33	0.025	1.21; 15.54	3.88	0.051	0.99; 15.14
Complete high school education				2.33	0.158	0.72; 7.55	2.21	0.214	0.63; 7.72
Incomplete high school education				1.64	0.574	0.29; 9.24	1.42	0.694	0.24; 8.29
Incomplete higher education				4.67	0.020	1.28; 17.11	4.10	0.037	1.09; 15.42
Complete postgraduate education				1.25	0.854	0.12; 13.48	1.26	0.842	0.13; 12.21
Complete higher education				1			1
Family income				p =0.390
From 1 to 5 SM ^\|\|				0.91	0.846	0.37; 2.24
From 5 to 10 SM ^\|\|				2.09	0.234	0.62; 7.06
≥ 10 SM ^\|\|				1.10	0.933	0.12; 9.70
Don’t know				0.49	0.317	0.12; 1.99
< 1 SM ^\|\|				1
Level 3
Engages in physical activity							p =0.501
No							1.26	0.501	0.64; 2.48
Yes							1
High blood pressure							p =0.400
No							1.50	0.400	0.58; 3.82
Yes							1
Diabetes							p =0.119
No							3.11	0.119	0.75; 12.97
Yes							1
Cholesterol							p =0.961
No							0.98	0.961	0.43; 2.23
Yes							1
Gastric problems							p =0.851
No							0.94	0.851	0.47; 1.86
Yes							1
Depression							p =0.005
Yes							2.72	0.005	1.37; 5.41
No							1
Corrected Akaike Information Criterion	399.086			406.284			397.777

[1] *n = Sample; ^† CI = Confidence Interval

Risk factors for harmful alcohol consumption: a multilevel analysis^*

Destacados:

Risk factors for harmful alcohol consumption: a multilevel analysis*

Destacados:

Risk factors for harmful alcohol consumption: a multilevel analysis^*