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Ventosaterapia y dolor crónico en la espalda: revision sistemática y metanálisis

RESUMEN

Objetivos:

evaluar las evidencias de la literatura al respecto de los efectos de la ventosoterapia sobre el dolor crónico en la espalda en adultos, los resultados más utilizados para evaluar esa condición, el protocolo utilizado para la aplicación de la intervención e investigar la eficacia de la ventosaterapia sobre la intensidad de dolor crónico en la espalda.

Método:

revisión sistemática y metanálisis, realizadas por dos investigadores independientes, en bases de datos nacionales e internacionales. Listas de referencias de revisiones sistemáticas también fueron exploradas. La calidad de las evidencias fue evaluada por la escala Jadad.

Resultados:

fueron identificados 611 estudios y 16 fueron incluidos en el análisis cualitativo y 10 en el análisis cuantitativo. La ventosaterapia demostró resultados positivos sobre el dolor crónico en la espalda. No hay una estandarización en el protocolo de tratamiento. Los principales resultados evaluados fueron la intensidad del dolor, la incapacidad física, la calidad de vida y el umbral nociceptivo frente al estímulo mecánico. Hubo reducción significativa del puntaje de intensidad del dolor mediante uso de la ventosaterapia (p=0.001).

Conclusión:

la ventosaterapia es un método promisor para el tratamiento del dolor crónico en la espalda en adultos. Es necesario establecer protocolos de aplicación estandarizados para la intervención.

Descriptores:
Revisión; Dolor Crónico; Dolor de Espalda; Ventosas; Meta-Análisis; Enfermería

ABSTRACT

Objectives:

to evaluate the evidence from the literature regarding the effects of cupping therapy on chronic back pain in adults, the most used outcomes to evaluate this condition, the protocol used to apply the intervention and to investigate the effectiveness of cupping therapy on the intensity of chronic back pain.

Method:

systematic review and meta-analysis carried out by two independent researchers in national and international databases. Reference lists of systematic reviews were also explored. The quality of evidence was assessed according to the Jadad scale.

Results:

611 studies were identified, of which 16 were included in the qualitative analysis and 10 in the quantitative analysis. Cupping therapy has shown positive results on chronic back pain. There is no standardization in the treatment protocol. The main assessed outcomes were pain intensity, physical incapacity, quality of life and nociceptive threshold before the mechanical stimulus. There was a significant reduction in the pain intensity score through the use of cupping therapy (p = 0.001).

Conclusion:

cupping therapy is a promising method for the treatment of chronic back pain in adults. There is the need to establish standardized application protocols for this intervention.

Descriptors:
Review; Chronic Pain; Back Pain; Cupping Therapy; Meta-Analysis; Nursing

RESUMO

Objetivos:

avaliar as evidências da literatura a respeito dos efeitos da ventosoterapia sobre a dor crônica nas costas em adultos, os desfechos mais utilizados para avaliar essa condição, o protocolo utilizado para aplicação da intervenção e investigar a eficácia da ventosaterapia sobre a intensidade dor crônica nas costas.

Método:

revisão sistemática e metanálise, realizadas por dois pesquisadores independentes, em bases de dados nacionais e internacionais. Listas de referências de revisões sistemáticas também foram exploradas. A qualidade das evidências foi avaliada através da escala Jadad.

Resultados:

foram identificados 611 estudos e 16 foram incluídos na análise qualitativa e 10 na análise quantitativa. A ventosaterapia demonstrou resultados positivos sobre a dor crônica nas costas. Não há uma padronização no protocolo de tratamento. Os principais desfechos avaliados foram a intensidade da dor, a incapacidade física, a qualidade de vida e o limiar nociceptivo perante o estímulo mecânico. Houve redução significativa do escore de intensidade da dor mediante uso da ventosaterapia (p=0.001).

Conclusão:

a ventosaterapia é um método promissor para o tratamento da dor crônica nas costas em adultos. Faz-se necessário estabelecer protocolos de aplicação padronizados para a intervenção.

Descritores:
Revisão; Dor Crônica; Dor nas Costas; Ventosaterapia; Metanálise; Enfermagem

Introducción

El dolor crónico en la espalda genera alteraciones físicas, emocionales y socioeconómicas11 Sielski R, Rief W, Glombiewski JA. Efficacy of Biofeedback in Chronic back Pain: a Meta-Analysis. Int J Behav Med. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 9, 2018];24(1):25-41. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12529-016-9572-9
https://link.springer.com/article/10.100...

2 Vos T, Barber RN, Bell B, Bertozzi-Villa A, Biryukov S, Bolliger I, et al. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. [Internet]. 2015 [cited May 9, 2018];386(9995):743-800. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4561509/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-33 Bergström G, Hagberg J, Busch H, Jensen I, Björklund C. Prediction of sickness absenteeism, disability pension and sickness presenteeism among employees with back pain. J Occup Rehabil. [Internet]. 2014 [cited May 9, 2018];24(2):278-86. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4000420/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
, y consecuentemente, elevado uso de medicamentos y de recursos de salud44 Gore M, Sadosky A, Stacey BR, Tai KS, Leslie D. The burden of chronic low back pain: clinical comorbidities, treatment patterns, and health care costs in usual care settings. Spine. [Internet]. 2012 [cited May 9, 2018];37(11):E668-77. Available from: https://insights.ovid.com/pubmed?pmid=22146287
https://insights.ovid.com/pubmed?pmid=22...
. La búsqueda por la desmedicalización lleva a la utilización, cada vez más frecuente, de las prácticas integrativas y complementares, como los recursos de la Medicina Tradicional China (MTC), para complementar los cuidados alopáticos relacionados al dolor55 Sita Ananth M. 2010 Complementary Alternative Medicine Survey of Hospitals - Summary of Results. [Internet]. Alexandria, VA: Samueli Institute; 2011 [cited May 13, 2018]. Available from: https://allegralearning.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/CAM-Survey-FINAL-2011.pdf
https://allegralearning.com/wp-content/u...
. La ventosaterapia es una de las terapéuticas de la MTC indicada para reducción del dolor crónico66 Wang YT, Qi Y, Tang FY, Li FM, Li QH, Xu CP, et al. The effect of cupping therapy for low back pain: A meta-analysis based on existing randomized controlled trials. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 13, 2018];30(6):1187-95. Available from: https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-back-and-musculoskeletal-rehabilitation/bmr169736
https://content.iospress.com/articles/jo...
. Envuelve la aplicación de vasos de diferentes materiales77 Aboushanab TS, AlSanad S. Cupping Therapy: An Overview From A Modern Medicine Perspective. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. [Internet]. 2018 [cited May 13, 2018]; S2005-2901(17):30204-2. Available from: https://www.jams-kpi.com/article/S2005-2901(17)30204-2/pdf
https://www.jams-kpi.com/article/S2005-2...
, en un acupunto o área de dolor, mediante aparatos de calor o al vacío88 Cao H, Li X, Yan X, Wang NS, Bensoussan A, Liu J. Cupping therapy for acute and chronic pain management: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. J Tradit Chin Med. [Internet]. 2014 [cited May 13, 2018];1(1):49-61. Available from: https://ac.els-cdn.com/S2095754814000040/1-s2.0-S2095754814000040-main.pdf?_tid=c1e983c6-64eb-465c-9208-08657cacb479&acdnat=1526231974_f88ac1fbce7d2ac75da5b3f28000df71
https://ac.els-cdn.com/S2095754814000040...
.

El efecto en la reducción del dolor aún no está bien elucidado99 Emerich M, Braeunig M, Clement HW, Lüdtke R, Huber R. Mode of action of cupping--local metabolism and pain thresholds in neck pain patients and healthy subjects. Complement Ther Med. [Internet]. 2014 [cited May 13, 2018];22(1):148-58. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965229913002112?via%3Dihub
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
, sin embargo diferentes mecanismos de acción, basado en varios presupuestos1010 Kheirandish H, Shojaeeefar E, Meysamie A. Role of Cupping in the treatment of different diseases:systematic review article. Tehran Univ Med J. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 13, 2018];74(12):829-42. Available from: http://tumj.tums.ac.ir/article-1-7880-en.html.
http://tumj.tums.ac.ir/article-1-7880-en...
, son atribuibles a la ventosaterapia, como las hipótesis metabólica, neuronal99 Emerich M, Braeunig M, Clement HW, Lüdtke R, Huber R. Mode of action of cupping--local metabolism and pain thresholds in neck pain patients and healthy subjects. Complement Ther Med. [Internet]. 2014 [cited May 13, 2018];22(1):148-58. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965229913002112?via%3Dihub
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
,1111 Rozenfeld E, Kalichman L. New is the well-forgotten old: The use of dry cupping in musculoskeletal medicine. J Bodyw Mov Ther. [Internet]. 2016 [cited May 13, 2018];20(1):173-8. Available from: https://www.bodyworkmovementtherapies.com/article/S1360-8592(15)00279-X/pdf
https://www.bodyworkmovementtherapies.co...
y de la MTC1212 Markowski A, Sanford S, Pikowski J, Fauvell D, Cimino D, Caplan S. A Pilot Study Analyzing the Effects of Chinese Cupping as an Adjunct Treatment for Patients with Subacute Low Back Pain on Relieving Pain, Improving Range of Motion, and Improving Function. J Altern Complement Med. [Internet]. 2014 [cited May 13, 2018];20(2):113-7. Available from: https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/acm.2014.5302.abstract
https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.10...
. La comprobación de la eficacia de esta intervención es limitada debido a la falta de estudios del tipo ensayo clínico randomizado (ECR), de alta calidad y bien delineados66 Wang YT, Qi Y, Tang FY, Li FM, Li QH, Xu CP, et al. The effect of cupping therapy for low back pain: A meta-analysis based on existing randomized controlled trials. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 13, 2018];30(6):1187-95. Available from: https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-back-and-musculoskeletal-rehabilitation/bmr169736
https://content.iospress.com/articles/jo...
, que resulten en protocolos validados y eficientes para el tratamiento del dolor crónico en la espalda. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio es evaluar las evidencias de la literatura al respecto de los efectos de la ventosoterapia sobre el dolor crónico en la espalda en adultos, en comparación con placebo (sham), tratamiento activo, lista de espera, tratamiento médico estándar o ningún tratamiento, los resultados más utilizados para evaluar esa condición, el protocolo utilizado para aplicación de la intervención y, posteriormente, investigar la eficacia de la ventosaterapia sobre la intensidad de dolor crónico en la espalda.

Método

Fue realizada una revisión sistemática de la literatura, seguida de un metanálisis, utilizada para determinar la intensidad del dolor en la espalda de clientela adulta. El estudio fue fundamentado en los criterios del Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA Statement)1313 Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, The PRISMA Group. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Med. [Internet]. 2009 [cited May 13, 2018];6(7):e1000097. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2707599/pdf/pmed.1000097.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
.

La estrategia PICO (P - population; I - intervention; C - comparison; O - outcomes)1414 Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0. The Cochrane Collaboration; 2011. Available from: http://handbook-5-1.cochrane.org/
http://handbook-5-1.cochrane.org...
guió la elaboración de la pregunta guiadora: “Cuáles son los efectos de la ventosaterapia en adultos con dolor crónico en la espalda?”

La estrategia de búsqueda, hecha por dos revisores independientes, de junio de 2017 a mayo de 2018, se dio en las siguientes bases de datos: Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) vía US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health (PUBMED), Web of Science, The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), Embase, Scopus, además de las bases indexadas en la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud (BVS), como la Literatura Latino-americana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud (LILACS) y el Centro Nacional de Información de Ciencias Médicas de Cuba (CUMED). Listas de referencias de revisiones sistemáticas también fueron exploradas en la búsqueda de estudios relevantes relacionados a la pregunta guiadora.

Los términos, controlados y libres, fueron combinados por medio de los operadores booleanos OR y AND, de la siguiente forma: (“Back Pain” OR “Low Back Pain” OR “Sciatica” OR “Chronic Pain” OR “Musculoskeletal Pain” OR Myalgia OR “Neck Pain” OR “Low Back Pains” OR “Musculoskeletal Pains” OR “Muscle Pain” OR “Neck Pains” OR “Cervical Pain” OR “Cervical Pains” OR Lumbago OR “lumbar pain”) AND (“cupping therapy” OR cupping OR cups).

Los criterios de elegibilidad para la selección de los artículos fueron: ECR con adultos (18 años o más); dolor crónico (hace tres meses o más)1515 Merskey H, Bogduk N (editors). Classification of chronic pain. Descriptions of chronic pain syndromes and definitions of pain terms. 2nd ed. Prepared by Task Force on Taxonomy of the International Association for the Study of Pain. [Internet]. 2002 [cited May 13, 2018]. 238p. Available from: https://www.iasp-pain.org/files/Content/ContentFolders/Publications2/FreeBooks/Classification-of-Chronic-Pain.pdf
https://www.iasp-pain.org/files/Content/...
en por lo menos uno de los segmentos de la columna vertebral (cervical, torácica y/o lumbar); uso de ventosaterapia (dry, wet, massage, flash)77 Aboushanab TS, AlSanad S. Cupping Therapy: An Overview From A Modern Medicine Perspective. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. [Internet]. 2018 [cited May 13, 2018]; S2005-2901(17):30204-2. Available from: https://www.jams-kpi.com/article/S2005-2901(17)30204-2/pdf
https://www.jams-kpi.com/article/S2005-2...
comparada a uno o más de los siguientes grupos: sham, tratamiento activo, lista de espera, tratamiento médico estándar o ningún tratamiento. Fueron excluidos los estudios que no presentaron resumen on line en su íntegra para análisis, aquellos que no fueron localizados por ningún medio, y estudios con gestantes.

Para la recolección de las informaciones de los estudios seleccionados, fue usado un formulario1616 Moura CC, Carvalo CC, Silva AM, Iunes DH, Carvalho EC, Chaves ECL. Effect of auriculotherapy on anxiety. Rev Cuba Enferm. [Internet]. 2014 [cited May 13, 2018]; 30 (2):1-15. Available from: http://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/revcubenf/cnf-2014/cnf142e.pdf
http://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/revcuben...
adaptado de acuerdo con las recomendaciones del Revised Standards for Reporting Interventions in Clinical Trials of Acupuncture (STRICTA)1717 MacPherson H, Altman DG, Hammerschlag R, Youping L, Taixiang W, White A, et al. Revised Standards for Reporting Interventions in Clinical Trials of Acupuncture (STRICTA): Extending the CONSORT Statement. PLoS Med. [Internet]. 2010 [cited May 13, 2018];7(6):1-11. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2882429/pdf/pmed.1000261.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
y de las clasificaciones de la ventosaterapia77 Aboushanab TS, AlSanad S. Cupping Therapy: An Overview From A Modern Medicine Perspective. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. [Internet]. 2018 [cited May 13, 2018]; S2005-2901(17):30204-2. Available from: https://www.jams-kpi.com/article/S2005-2901(17)30204-2/pdf
https://www.jams-kpi.com/article/S2005-2...
,1818 Al-Bedah AM, Aboushanab TS, Alqaed MS, Qureshi NA, Suhaibani I, Ibrahim G, et al. Classification of Cupping Therapy: A Tool for Modernization and Standardization. JOCAMR. [Internet]. 2016 [cited May 13, 2018];1(1):1-10. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306240082_Classification_of_Cupping_Therapy_A_Tool_for_Modernization_and_Standardization
https://www.researchgate.net/publication...
.

Los siguientes datos fueron extraídos: identificación del artículo (título, autor(es)/área de formación, periódico, año de publicación, país/idioma del estudio); objetivos; características metodológicas (delineamiento, tamaño de la muestra y pérdida de seguimiento; criterios de inclusión y exclusión); datos clínicos (número de pacientes por sexo, edad media, diagnóstico, duración de los síntomas); descripción de las intervenciones en los grupos de acompañamiento (número de sesiones; duración del tratamiento; tipo de técnica aplicada (dry, wet, flash o massage cupping); dispositivo de aplicación; tiempo de permanencia del dispositivo; método de la succión (manual, fuego, automático-eléctrico)/fuerza de la succión (leve, media, fuerte o pulsátil)1818 Al-Bedah AM, Aboushanab TS, Alqaed MS, Qureshi NA, Suhaibani I, Ibrahim G, et al. Classification of Cupping Therapy: A Tool for Modernization and Standardization. JOCAMR. [Internet]. 2016 [cited May 13, 2018];1(1):1-10. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306240082_Classification_of_Cupping_Therapy_A_Tool_for_Modernization_and_Standardization
https://www.researchgate.net/publication...
; peculiaridades de la intervención; puntos de aplicación; formación del profesional que realizó la intervención; años de experiencia en el área); resultados y métodos de evaluación (número de evaluaciones, intervalos entre ellas, herramientas de medidas); análisis de los datos; principales resultados; y conclusiones del estudio.

La calidad metodológica de los estudios elegibles fue evaluada por medio de la escala de Jadad1919 Jadad AR, Moore RA, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJ, Gavaghan DJ, et al. Assessing the Quality of Reports of Randomized Clinical Trials: Is Blinding Necessary? Control Clin Trials. [Internet]. 1996 [cited May 13, 2018];17(1):1-12. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0197245695001344?via%3Dihub
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
, que es centrada en la validez interna. Las preguntas poseen opción de respuesta sí/no, con un puntaje total de cinco puntos: tres veces un punto para las respuestas sí, y dos puntos adicionales para métodos apropiados de randomización y sigilo de ubicación. Dos revisores independientes realizaron la evaluación, y un tercero investigador fue consultado para solucionar posibles divergencias.

Los análisis de los datos fueron realizadas por medio del software estadístico Stata SE/12.0. La diferencia absoluta entre medias, con intervalos de confianza de 95%, fue seleccionada para describir las diferencias medias entre los grupos tratados y control en la evaluación realizada luego después del tratamiento. Valor p<0.05 fue considerado como estadísticamente significativo. La heterogeneidad potencial entre los estudios fue examinada por medio de las estadísticas Q de Cochran2020 Lau J, Ioannidis JP, Schmid CH. Quantitative synthesis in systematic reviews. Ann Intern Med. [Internet]. 1997 [cited May 13, 2018];127(9):820-6. Available from: http://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/710939/quantitative-synthesis-systematic-reviews?volume=127&issue=9&page=820
http://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/7...
e I2(2121 Higgins JPT, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Statist. Med. [Internet]. 2002 [cited May 13, 2018];21:1539-58. Available from: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d76b/de423b71f1cb900b988311bd2d71b700d506.pdf
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d76b/de...
. Como hubo significancia estadística en el test de heterogeneidad de los resultados (p<0.05) y el valor calculado de I2 sugiere una heterogeneidad de moderada a alta (67,7%)2121 Higgins JPT, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Statist. Med. [Internet]. 2002 [cited May 13, 2018];21:1539-58. Available from: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d76b/de423b71f1cb900b988311bd2d71b700d506.pdf
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d76b/de...
, el modelo de efectos aleatorios fue adoptado para el análisis.

Resultados

Un total de 614 estudios fueron encontrados en las búsquedas electrónica y manual. De estos, 296 fueron removidos de la lista por estar duplicados. Después de la revisión de títulos y resúmenes, 265 estudios fueron excluidos y 53 permanecieron para análisis del texto completo. Hubo 11 estudios que no fueron localizados (online, vía computación bibliográfica o contacto directo con los autores) y 26 artículos fueron excluidos. Finalmente, 16 artículos permanecieron en la revisión para la síntesis del análisis cualitativo, y 10 artículos entraron para el análisis cuantitativo (Figura 1).

Figura 1
Diagrama de flujo de la búsqueda en la literatura y proceso de selección. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil, 2018

Todos los artículos seleccionados fueron publicados en inglés, y fueron realizados en Alemania99 Emerich M, Braeunig M, Clement HW, Lüdtke R, Huber R. Mode of action of cupping--local metabolism and pain thresholds in neck pain patients and healthy subjects. Complement Ther Med. [Internet]. 2014 [cited May 13, 2018];22(1):148-58. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965229913002112?via%3Dihub
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
,2222 Teut M, Ullmann A, Ortiz M, Rotter G, Binting S, Cree M, et al. Pulsatile dry cupping in chronic low back pain - a randomized three-armed controlled clinical trial. BMC Complement Altern Med. [Internet]. 2018 [cited May 13, 2018];18(1):115. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5879872/pdf/12906_2018_Article_2187.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

23 Saha FJ, Schumann S, Cramer H, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rolke R, et al. The Effects of Cupping Massage in Patients with Chronic Neck Pain - A Randomised Controlled Trial. Complement Med Res. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 13, 2018];24(1):26-32. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/454872
https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/45487...

24 Lauche R, Materdey S, Cramer H, Haller H, Stange R, Dobos G, et al. Effectiveness of home- based cupping massage compared to progressive muscle relaxation in patients with chronic neck pain - a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. [Internet]. 2013 [cited May 13, 2018];8(6):1-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3676414/pdf/pone.0065378.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

25 Lauche R, Cramer H, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rampp T, Saha FJ, et al. The effect of traditional cupping on pain and mechanical thresholds in patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain: a randomised controlled pilot study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2012 [cited May 13, 2018];2012:1-10. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3235710/pdf/ECAM2012-429718.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

26 Cramer H, Lauche R, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rampp T, Musial F, et al. Randomized controlled trial of pulsating cupping (pneumatic pulsation therapy) for chronic neck pain. Forsch Komplementmed. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];18(6):327-34. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/335294
https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/...
-2727 Lauche R, Cramer H, Choi KE, Rampp T, Saha FJ, Dobos GJ, et al. The influence of a series of five dry cupping treatments on pain and mechanical thresholds in patients with chronic non-specific neck pain-a randomised controlled pilot study. BMC Complement Altern Med. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];18(6):327-34. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3224248/pdf/1472-6882-11-63.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
, en Taiwán2828 Lin ML, Wu JH, Lin CW, Su CT, Wu HC, Shih YS, et al. Clinical Effects of Laser Acupuncture plus Chinese Cupping on the Pain and Plasma Cortisol Levels in Patients with Chronic Nonspecific Lower Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 13, 2018];2017:1-8. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2017/3140403/
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/20...

29 Chi LM, Lin LM, Chen CL, Wang SF, Lai HL, Peng TC. The Effectiveness of Cupping Therapy on Relieving Chronic Neck and Shoulder Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2016 [cited May 13, 2018];2016:1-7. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2016/7358918/
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/20...
-3030 Lin ML, Wu HC, Hsieh YH, Su CT, Shih YS, Lin CW, et al. Evaluation of the effect of laser acupuncture and cupping with ryodoraku and visual analog scaleon low back pain. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2012; [cited May 13, 2018]2012:1-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3482015/pdf/ECAM2012-521612.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
, en Irán3131 Yazdanpanahi Z, Ghaemmaghami M, Akbarzadeh M, Zare N, Azisi A. Comparison of the Effects of Dry Cupping and Acupressure at Acupuncture Point (BL23) on the Women with Postpartum Low Back Pain (PLBP) Based on Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaires in Iran: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Fam Reprod Health. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 13, 2018];11(2):82-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5742668/pdf/JFRH-11-82.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

32 Akbarzadeh M, Ghaemmaghami M, Yazdanpanahi Z, Zare N, Azizi A, Mohagheghzadeh A. The Effect Dry Cupping Therapy at Acupoint BL23 on the Intensity of Postpartum Low Back Painin Primiparous Women Based on Two Types of Questionnaires, 2012; A Randomized ClinicalTrial. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery. [Internet]. 2014 [cited May 13, 2018];2(2):112-20. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4201191/pdf/ijcbnm-2-112.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-3333 Farhadi K, Schwebel DC, Saeb M, Choubsaz M, Mohammadi R, Ahmadi A. The effectiveness of wet-cupping for nonspecific low back pain in Iran: a randomized controlledtrial. Complement Ther Med. [Internet]. 2009 [cited May 13, 2018];17(1):9-15. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965229908000630?via%3Dihub
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
, en Corea del Sur3434 Kim TH, Kang JW, Kim KH, Lee MH, Kim JE, Kim JH, et al. Cupping for treating neck pain in video display terminal (VDT) users: a randomized controlled pilot trial. J Occup Health. [Internet]. 2012 [cited May 13, 2018];54(6):416-26. Available from: https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/joh/54/6/54_12-0133-OA/_pdf/-char/en
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/joh...
-3535 Kim JI, Kim TH, Lee MS, Kang JW, Kim KH, Choi JY, et al. Evaluation of wet-cupping therapy for persistent non-specific low back pain: a randomised, waiting-list controlled, open-label, parallel-group pilot trial. Trials. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];12:146. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3141528/pdf/1745-6215-12-146.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
y en Arabia Saudita3636 AlBedah A, Khalil M, Elolemy A, Hussein AA, AlQaed M, Al Mudaiheem A, et al. The Use of Wet Cupping for Persistent Nonspecific Low Back Pain: Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. J Altern Complement Med. [Internet]. 2015 [cited May 13, 2018];21(8):504-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4522952/pdf/acm.2015.0065.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
. Participaron de los estudios 1049 personas, entre 18 a 79 años, siendo 519 en los grupos que recibieron la ventosaterapia (experimental), y 530 en los grupos control (sham, lista de espera, tratamiento médico estándar/tratamiento activo o ningún tratamiento). De esos, todos presentaban condiciones crónicas de dolor1515 Merskey H, Bogduk N (editors). Classification of chronic pain. Descriptions of chronic pain syndromes and definitions of pain terms. 2nd ed. Prepared by Task Force on Taxonomy of the International Association for the Study of Pain. [Internet]. 2002 [cited May 13, 2018]. 238p. Available from: https://www.iasp-pain.org/files/Content/ContentFolders/Publications2/FreeBooks/Classification-of-Chronic-Pain.pdf
https://www.iasp-pain.org/files/Content/...
, siendo la columna cervical/pescuezo el área más acometida99 Emerich M, Braeunig M, Clement HW, Lüdtke R, Huber R. Mode of action of cupping--local metabolism and pain thresholds in neck pain patients and healthy subjects. Complement Ther Med. [Internet]. 2014 [cited May 13, 2018];22(1):148-58. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965229913002112?via%3Dihub
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
,2323 Saha FJ, Schumann S, Cramer H, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rolke R, et al. The Effects of Cupping Massage in Patients with Chronic Neck Pain - A Randomised Controlled Trial. Complement Med Res. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 13, 2018];24(1):26-32. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/454872
https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/45487...

24 Lauche R, Materdey S, Cramer H, Haller H, Stange R, Dobos G, et al. Effectiveness of home- based cupping massage compared to progressive muscle relaxation in patients with chronic neck pain - a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. [Internet]. 2013 [cited May 13, 2018];8(6):1-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3676414/pdf/pone.0065378.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

25 Lauche R, Cramer H, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rampp T, Saha FJ, et al. The effect of traditional cupping on pain and mechanical thresholds in patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain: a randomised controlled pilot study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2012 [cited May 13, 2018];2012:1-10. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3235710/pdf/ECAM2012-429718.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

26 Cramer H, Lauche R, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rampp T, Musial F, et al. Randomized controlled trial of pulsating cupping (pneumatic pulsation therapy) for chronic neck pain. Forsch Komplementmed. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];18(6):327-34. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/335294
https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/...
-2727 Lauche R, Cramer H, Choi KE, Rampp T, Saha FJ, Dobos GJ, et al. The influence of a series of five dry cupping treatments on pain and mechanical thresholds in patients with chronic non-specific neck pain-a randomised controlled pilot study. BMC Complement Altern Med. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];18(6):327-34. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3224248/pdf/1472-6882-11-63.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2929 Chi LM, Lin LM, Chen CL, Wang SF, Lai HL, Peng TC. The Effectiveness of Cupping Therapy on Relieving Chronic Neck and Shoulder Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2016 [cited May 13, 2018];2016:1-7. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2016/7358918/
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/20...
,3434 Kim TH, Kang JW, Kim KH, Lee MH, Kim JE, Kim JH, et al. Cupping for treating neck pain in video display terminal (VDT) users: a randomized controlled pilot trial. J Occup Health. [Internet]. 2012 [cited May 13, 2018];54(6):416-26. Available from: https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/joh/54/6/54_12-0133-OA/_pdf/-char/en
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/joh...
; seguida por la región lumbar2222 Teut M, Ullmann A, Ortiz M, Rotter G, Binting S, Cree M, et al. Pulsatile dry cupping in chronic low back pain - a randomized three-armed controlled clinical trial. BMC Complement Altern Med. [Internet]. 2018 [cited May 13, 2018];18(1):115. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5879872/pdf/12906_2018_Article_2187.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2828 Lin ML, Wu JH, Lin CW, Su CT, Wu HC, Shih YS, et al. Clinical Effects of Laser Acupuncture plus Chinese Cupping on the Pain and Plasma Cortisol Levels in Patients with Chronic Nonspecific Lower Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 13, 2018];2017:1-8. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2017/3140403/
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/20...
,3030 Lin ML, Wu HC, Hsieh YH, Su CT, Shih YS, Lin CW, et al. Evaluation of the effect of laser acupuncture and cupping with ryodoraku and visual analog scaleon low back pain. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2012; [cited May 13, 2018]2012:1-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3482015/pdf/ECAM2012-521612.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

31 Yazdanpanahi Z, Ghaemmaghami M, Akbarzadeh M, Zare N, Azisi A. Comparison of the Effects of Dry Cupping and Acupressure at Acupuncture Point (BL23) on the Women with Postpartum Low Back Pain (PLBP) Based on Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaires in Iran: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Fam Reprod Health. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 13, 2018];11(2):82-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5742668/pdf/JFRH-11-82.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

32 Akbarzadeh M, Ghaemmaghami M, Yazdanpanahi Z, Zare N, Azizi A, Mohagheghzadeh A. The Effect Dry Cupping Therapy at Acupoint BL23 on the Intensity of Postpartum Low Back Painin Primiparous Women Based on Two Types of Questionnaires, 2012; A Randomized ClinicalTrial. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery. [Internet]. 2014 [cited May 13, 2018];2(2):112-20. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4201191/pdf/ijcbnm-2-112.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-3333 Farhadi K, Schwebel DC, Saeb M, Choubsaz M, Mohammadi R, Ahmadi A. The effectiveness of wet-cupping for nonspecific low back pain in Iran: a randomized controlledtrial. Complement Ther Med. [Internet]. 2009 [cited May 13, 2018];17(1):9-15. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965229908000630?via%3Dihub
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
,3535 Kim JI, Kim TH, Lee MS, Kang JW, Kim KH, Choi JY, et al. Evaluation of wet-cupping therapy for persistent non-specific low back pain: a randomised, waiting-list controlled, open-label, parallel-group pilot trial. Trials. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];12:146. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3141528/pdf/1745-6215-12-146.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-3636 AlBedah A, Khalil M, Elolemy A, Hussein AA, AlQaed M, Al Mudaiheem A, et al. The Use of Wet Cupping for Persistent Nonspecific Low Back Pain: Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. J Altern Complement Med. [Internet]. 2015 [cited May 13, 2018];21(8):504-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4522952/pdf/acm.2015.0065.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
. Otros dos estudios3131 Yazdanpanahi Z, Ghaemmaghami M, Akbarzadeh M, Zare N, Azisi A. Comparison of the Effects of Dry Cupping and Acupressure at Acupuncture Point (BL23) on the Women with Postpartum Low Back Pain (PLBP) Based on Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaires in Iran: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Fam Reprod Health. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 13, 2018];11(2):82-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5742668/pdf/JFRH-11-82.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,3333 Farhadi K, Schwebel DC, Saeb M, Choubsaz M, Mohammadi R, Ahmadi A. The effectiveness of wet-cupping for nonspecific low back pain in Iran: a randomized controlledtrial. Complement Ther Med. [Internet]. 2009 [cited May 13, 2018];17(1):9-15. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965229908000630?via%3Dihub
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
, a pesar de no dejar claro la temporalidad del dolor, fueron seleccionados pues esas informaciones pudieron ser inferidas con grande precisión.

La caracterización de los estudios cuanto al objetivo, a las intervenciones aplicadas en los grupos experimental y control, y los principales hallados de los mismos es presentada en la Figura 2.

Figura 2
Caracterización de los estudios sobre la intervención aplicada, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil, 2018 (n=16)

En relación a la calidad metodológica de los ECR, todos relataron el método de generación de la secuencia aleatoria, y en apenas un estudio99 Emerich M, Braeunig M, Clement HW, Lüdtke R, Huber R. Mode of action of cupping--local metabolism and pain thresholds in neck pain patients and healthy subjects. Complement Ther Med. [Internet]. 2014 [cited May 13, 2018];22(1):148-58. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965229913002112?via%3Dihub
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
ese proceso no fue apropiado. En otro estudio3030 Lin ML, Wu HC, Hsieh YH, Su CT, Shih YS, Lin CW, et al. Evaluation of the effect of laser acupuncture and cupping with ryodoraku and visual analog scaleon low back pain. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2012; [cited May 13, 2018]2012:1-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3482015/pdf/ECAM2012-521612.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
no hay informaciones suficientes para inferir esa información. Solamente en cuatro ECR2222 Teut M, Ullmann A, Ortiz M, Rotter G, Binting S, Cree M, et al. Pulsatile dry cupping in chronic low back pain - a randomized three-armed controlled clinical trial. BMC Complement Altern Med. [Internet]. 2018 [cited May 13, 2018];18(1):115. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5879872/pdf/12906_2018_Article_2187.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2424 Lauche R, Materdey S, Cramer H, Haller H, Stange R, Dobos G, et al. Effectiveness of home- based cupping massage compared to progressive muscle relaxation in patients with chronic neck pain - a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. [Internet]. 2013 [cited May 13, 2018];8(6):1-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3676414/pdf/pone.0065378.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2828 Lin ML, Wu JH, Lin CW, Su CT, Wu HC, Shih YS, et al. Clinical Effects of Laser Acupuncture plus Chinese Cupping on the Pain and Plasma Cortisol Levels in Patients with Chronic Nonspecific Lower Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 13, 2018];2017:1-8. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2017/3140403/
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/20...
-2929 Chi LM, Lin LM, Chen CL, Wang SF, Lai HL, Peng TC. The Effectiveness of Cupping Therapy on Relieving Chronic Neck and Shoulder Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2016 [cited May 13, 2018];2016:1-7. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2016/7358918/
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/20...
) hubo descripción de enmascaramiento, y en apenas dos2222 Teut M, Ullmann A, Ortiz M, Rotter G, Binting S, Cree M, et al. Pulsatile dry cupping in chronic low back pain - a randomized three-armed controlled clinical trial. BMC Complement Altern Med. [Internet]. 2018 [cited May 13, 2018];18(1):115. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5879872/pdf/12906_2018_Article_2187.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2828 Lin ML, Wu JH, Lin CW, Su CT, Wu HC, Shih YS, et al. Clinical Effects of Laser Acupuncture plus Chinese Cupping on the Pain and Plasma Cortisol Levels in Patients with Chronic Nonspecific Lower Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 13, 2018];2017:1-8. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2017/3140403/
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/20...
este fue considerado apropiado. La pérdida de seguimiento no fue descripta en apenas un ECR2929 Chi LM, Lin LM, Chen CL, Wang SF, Lai HL, Peng TC. The Effectiveness of Cupping Therapy on Relieving Chronic Neck and Shoulder Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2016 [cited May 13, 2018];2016:1-7. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2016/7358918/
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/20...
.

Por lo tanto, 6,25% (n=1) de los estudios99 Emerich M, Braeunig M, Clement HW, Lüdtke R, Huber R. Mode of action of cupping--local metabolism and pain thresholds in neck pain patients and healthy subjects. Complement Ther Med. [Internet]. 2014 [cited May 13, 2018];22(1):148-58. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965229913002112?via%3Dihub
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
obtuvieron puntuación uno en el puntaje de Jadad; 12,5% (n=2)2929 Chi LM, Lin LM, Chen CL, Wang SF, Lai HL, Peng TC. The Effectiveness of Cupping Therapy on Relieving Chronic Neck and Shoulder Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2016 [cited May 13, 2018];2016:1-7. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2016/7358918/
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/20...
-3030 Lin ML, Wu HC, Hsieh YH, Su CT, Shih YS, Lin CW, et al. Evaluation of the effect of laser acupuncture and cupping with ryodoraku and visual analog scaleon low back pain. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2012; [cited May 13, 2018]2012:1-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3482015/pdf/ECAM2012-521612.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
obtuvieron puntuación dos; 62,5% (n=10)2323 Saha FJ, Schumann S, Cramer H, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rolke R, et al. The Effects of Cupping Massage in Patients with Chronic Neck Pain - A Randomised Controlled Trial. Complement Med Res. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 13, 2018];24(1):26-32. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/454872
https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/45487...
,2525 Lauche R, Cramer H, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rampp T, Saha FJ, et al. The effect of traditional cupping on pain and mechanical thresholds in patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain: a randomised controlled pilot study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2012 [cited May 13, 2018];2012:1-10. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3235710/pdf/ECAM2012-429718.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

26 Cramer H, Lauche R, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rampp T, Musial F, et al. Randomized controlled trial of pulsating cupping (pneumatic pulsation therapy) for chronic neck pain. Forsch Komplementmed. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];18(6):327-34. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/335294
https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/...
-2727 Lauche R, Cramer H, Choi KE, Rampp T, Saha FJ, Dobos GJ, et al. The influence of a series of five dry cupping treatments on pain and mechanical thresholds in patients with chronic non-specific neck pain-a randomised controlled pilot study. BMC Complement Altern Med. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];18(6):327-34. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3224248/pdf/1472-6882-11-63.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,3131 Yazdanpanahi Z, Ghaemmaghami M, Akbarzadeh M, Zare N, Azisi A. Comparison of the Effects of Dry Cupping and Acupressure at Acupuncture Point (BL23) on the Women with Postpartum Low Back Pain (PLBP) Based on Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaires in Iran: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Fam Reprod Health. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 13, 2018];11(2):82-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5742668/pdf/JFRH-11-82.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

32 Akbarzadeh M, Ghaemmaghami M, Yazdanpanahi Z, Zare N, Azizi A, Mohagheghzadeh A. The Effect Dry Cupping Therapy at Acupoint BL23 on the Intensity of Postpartum Low Back Painin Primiparous Women Based on Two Types of Questionnaires, 2012; A Randomized ClinicalTrial. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery. [Internet]. 2014 [cited May 13, 2018];2(2):112-20. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4201191/pdf/ijcbnm-2-112.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

33 Farhadi K, Schwebel DC, Saeb M, Choubsaz M, Mohammadi R, Ahmadi A. The effectiveness of wet-cupping for nonspecific low back pain in Iran: a randomized controlledtrial. Complement Ther Med. [Internet]. 2009 [cited May 13, 2018];17(1):9-15. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965229908000630?via%3Dihub
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...

34 Kim TH, Kang JW, Kim KH, Lee MH, Kim JE, Kim JH, et al. Cupping for treating neck pain in video display terminal (VDT) users: a randomized controlled pilot trial. J Occup Health. [Internet]. 2012 [cited May 13, 2018];54(6):416-26. Available from: https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/joh/54/6/54_12-0133-OA/_pdf/-char/en
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/joh...

35 Kim JI, Kim TH, Lee MS, Kang JW, Kim KH, Choi JY, et al. Evaluation of wet-cupping therapy for persistent non-specific low back pain: a randomised, waiting-list controlled, open-label, parallel-group pilot trial. Trials. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];12:146. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3141528/pdf/1745-6215-12-146.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-3636 AlBedah A, Khalil M, Elolemy A, Hussein AA, AlQaed M, Al Mudaiheem A, et al. The Use of Wet Cupping for Persistent Nonspecific Low Back Pain: Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. J Altern Complement Med. [Internet]. 2015 [cited May 13, 2018];21(8):504-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4522952/pdf/acm.2015.0065.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
obtuvieron puntuación tres; 12,5% (n=2)2222 Teut M, Ullmann A, Ortiz M, Rotter G, Binting S, Cree M, et al. Pulsatile dry cupping in chronic low back pain - a randomized three-armed controlled clinical trial. BMC Complement Altern Med. [Internet]. 2018 [cited May 13, 2018];18(1):115. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5879872/pdf/12906_2018_Article_2187.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2424 Lauche R, Materdey S, Cramer H, Haller H, Stange R, Dobos G, et al. Effectiveness of home- based cupping massage compared to progressive muscle relaxation in patients with chronic neck pain - a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. [Internet]. 2013 [cited May 13, 2018];8(6):1-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3676414/pdf/pone.0065378.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
obtuvieron puntuación cuatro; y 6,25% (n=1)2828 Lin ML, Wu JH, Lin CW, Su CT, Wu HC, Shih YS, et al. Clinical Effects of Laser Acupuncture plus Chinese Cupping on the Pain and Plasma Cortisol Levels in Patients with Chronic Nonspecific Lower Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 13, 2018];2017:1-8. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2017/3140403/
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/20...
obtuvieron puntuación cinco.

Los resultados estudiados, las herramientas de medida, el número de evaluaciones e intervalo entre ellas están descriptas en la Figura 3.

Figura 3
Resultados evaluados, herramientas de medida, número de evaluaciones e intervalo entre ellas. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil, 2018 (n=16)

Los resultados más evaluados fueron la intensidad del dolor (100%; n=16)99 Emerich M, Braeunig M, Clement HW, Lüdtke R, Huber R. Mode of action of cupping--local metabolism and pain thresholds in neck pain patients and healthy subjects. Complement Ther Med. [Internet]. 2014 [cited May 13, 2018];22(1):148-58. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965229913002112?via%3Dihub
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
,2222 Teut M, Ullmann A, Ortiz M, Rotter G, Binting S, Cree M, et al. Pulsatile dry cupping in chronic low back pain - a randomized three-armed controlled clinical trial. BMC Complement Altern Med. [Internet]. 2018 [cited May 13, 2018];18(1):115. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5879872/pdf/12906_2018_Article_2187.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

23 Saha FJ, Schumann S, Cramer H, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rolke R, et al. The Effects of Cupping Massage in Patients with Chronic Neck Pain - A Randomised Controlled Trial. Complement Med Res. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 13, 2018];24(1):26-32. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/454872
https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/45487...

24 Lauche R, Materdey S, Cramer H, Haller H, Stange R, Dobos G, et al. Effectiveness of home- based cupping massage compared to progressive muscle relaxation in patients with chronic neck pain - a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. [Internet]. 2013 [cited May 13, 2018];8(6):1-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3676414/pdf/pone.0065378.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

25 Lauche R, Cramer H, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rampp T, Saha FJ, et al. The effect of traditional cupping on pain and mechanical thresholds in patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain: a randomised controlled pilot study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2012 [cited May 13, 2018];2012:1-10. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3235710/pdf/ECAM2012-429718.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

26 Cramer H, Lauche R, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rampp T, Musial F, et al. Randomized controlled trial of pulsating cupping (pneumatic pulsation therapy) for chronic neck pain. Forsch Komplementmed. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];18(6):327-34. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/335294
https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/...

27 Lauche R, Cramer H, Choi KE, Rampp T, Saha FJ, Dobos GJ, et al. The influence of a series of five dry cupping treatments on pain and mechanical thresholds in patients with chronic non-specific neck pain-a randomised controlled pilot study. BMC Complement Altern Med. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];18(6):327-34. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3224248/pdf/1472-6882-11-63.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

28 Lin ML, Wu JH, Lin CW, Su CT, Wu HC, Shih YS, et al. Clinical Effects of Laser Acupuncture plus Chinese Cupping on the Pain and Plasma Cortisol Levels in Patients with Chronic Nonspecific Lower Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 13, 2018];2017:1-8. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2017/3140403/
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/20...

29 Chi LM, Lin LM, Chen CL, Wang SF, Lai HL, Peng TC. The Effectiveness of Cupping Therapy on Relieving Chronic Neck and Shoulder Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2016 [cited May 13, 2018];2016:1-7. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2016/7358918/
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/20...

30 Lin ML, Wu HC, Hsieh YH, Su CT, Shih YS, Lin CW, et al. Evaluation of the effect of laser acupuncture and cupping with ryodoraku and visual analog scaleon low back pain. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2012; [cited May 13, 2018]2012:1-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3482015/pdf/ECAM2012-521612.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

31 Yazdanpanahi Z, Ghaemmaghami M, Akbarzadeh M, Zare N, Azisi A. Comparison of the Effects of Dry Cupping and Acupressure at Acupuncture Point (BL23) on the Women with Postpartum Low Back Pain (PLBP) Based on Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaires in Iran: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Fam Reprod Health. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 13, 2018];11(2):82-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5742668/pdf/JFRH-11-82.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

32 Akbarzadeh M, Ghaemmaghami M, Yazdanpanahi Z, Zare N, Azizi A, Mohagheghzadeh A. The Effect Dry Cupping Therapy at Acupoint BL23 on the Intensity of Postpartum Low Back Painin Primiparous Women Based on Two Types of Questionnaires, 2012; A Randomized ClinicalTrial. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery. [Internet]. 2014 [cited May 13, 2018];2(2):112-20. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4201191/pdf/ijcbnm-2-112.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

33 Farhadi K, Schwebel DC, Saeb M, Choubsaz M, Mohammadi R, Ahmadi A. The effectiveness of wet-cupping for nonspecific low back pain in Iran: a randomized controlledtrial. Complement Ther Med. [Internet]. 2009 [cited May 13, 2018];17(1):9-15. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965229908000630?via%3Dihub
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...

34 Kim TH, Kang JW, Kim KH, Lee MH, Kim JE, Kim JH, et al. Cupping for treating neck pain in video display terminal (VDT) users: a randomized controlled pilot trial. J Occup Health. [Internet]. 2012 [cited May 13, 2018];54(6):416-26. Available from: https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/joh/54/6/54_12-0133-OA/_pdf/-char/en
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/joh...

35 Kim JI, Kim TH, Lee MS, Kang JW, Kim KH, Choi JY, et al. Evaluation of wet-cupping therapy for persistent non-specific low back pain: a randomised, waiting-list controlled, open-label, parallel-group pilot trial. Trials. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];12:146. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3141528/pdf/1745-6215-12-146.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-3636 AlBedah A, Khalil M, Elolemy A, Hussein AA, AlQaed M, Al Mudaiheem A, et al. The Use of Wet Cupping for Persistent Nonspecific Low Back Pain: Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. J Altern Complement Med. [Internet]. 2015 [cited May 13, 2018];21(8):504-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4522952/pdf/acm.2015.0065.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
, seguido de la incapacidad física (62,5%; n=10)99 Emerich M, Braeunig M, Clement HW, Lüdtke R, Huber R. Mode of action of cupping--local metabolism and pain thresholds in neck pain patients and healthy subjects. Complement Ther Med. [Internet]. 2014 [cited May 13, 2018];22(1):148-58. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965229913002112?via%3Dihub
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
,2323 Saha FJ, Schumann S, Cramer H, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rolke R, et al. The Effects of Cupping Massage in Patients with Chronic Neck Pain - A Randomised Controlled Trial. Complement Med Res. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 13, 2018];24(1):26-32. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/454872
https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/45487...

24 Lauche R, Materdey S, Cramer H, Haller H, Stange R, Dobos G, et al. Effectiveness of home- based cupping massage compared to progressive muscle relaxation in patients with chronic neck pain - a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. [Internet]. 2013 [cited May 13, 2018];8(6):1-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3676414/pdf/pone.0065378.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

25 Lauche R, Cramer H, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rampp T, Saha FJ, et al. The effect of traditional cupping on pain and mechanical thresholds in patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain: a randomised controlled pilot study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2012 [cited May 13, 2018];2012:1-10. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3235710/pdf/ECAM2012-429718.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

26 Cramer H, Lauche R, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rampp T, Musial F, et al. Randomized controlled trial of pulsating cupping (pneumatic pulsation therapy) for chronic neck pain. Forsch Komplementmed. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];18(6):327-34. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/335294
https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/...
-2727 Lauche R, Cramer H, Choi KE, Rampp T, Saha FJ, Dobos GJ, et al. The influence of a series of five dry cupping treatments on pain and mechanical thresholds in patients with chronic non-specific neck pain-a randomised controlled pilot study. BMC Complement Altern Med. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];18(6):327-34. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3224248/pdf/1472-6882-11-63.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,3333 Farhadi K, Schwebel DC, Saeb M, Choubsaz M, Mohammadi R, Ahmadi A. The effectiveness of wet-cupping for nonspecific low back pain in Iran: a randomized controlledtrial. Complement Ther Med. [Internet]. 2009 [cited May 13, 2018];17(1):9-15. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965229908000630?via%3Dihub
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...

34 Kim TH, Kang JW, Kim KH, Lee MH, Kim JE, Kim JH, et al. Cupping for treating neck pain in video display terminal (VDT) users: a randomized controlled pilot trial. J Occup Health. [Internet]. 2012 [cited May 13, 2018];54(6):416-26. Available from: https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/joh/54/6/54_12-0133-OA/_pdf/-char/en
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/joh...

35 Kim JI, Kim TH, Lee MS, Kang JW, Kim KH, Choi JY, et al. Evaluation of wet-cupping therapy for persistent non-specific low back pain: a randomised, waiting-list controlled, open-label, parallel-group pilot trial. Trials. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];12:146. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3141528/pdf/1745-6215-12-146.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-3636 AlBedah A, Khalil M, Elolemy A, Hussein AA, AlQaed M, Al Mudaiheem A, et al. The Use of Wet Cupping for Persistent Nonspecific Low Back Pain: Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. J Altern Complement Med. [Internet]. 2015 [cited May 13, 2018];21(8):504-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4522952/pdf/acm.2015.0065.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
, de la calidad de vida (37,5%; n=6)2222 Teut M, Ullmann A, Ortiz M, Rotter G, Binting S, Cree M, et al. Pulsatile dry cupping in chronic low back pain - a randomized three-armed controlled clinical trial. BMC Complement Altern Med. [Internet]. 2018 [cited May 13, 2018];18(1):115. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5879872/pdf/12906_2018_Article_2187.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

23 Saha FJ, Schumann S, Cramer H, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rolke R, et al. The Effects of Cupping Massage in Patients with Chronic Neck Pain - A Randomised Controlled Trial. Complement Med Res. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 13, 2018];24(1):26-32. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/454872
https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/45487...

24 Lauche R, Materdey S, Cramer H, Haller H, Stange R, Dobos G, et al. Effectiveness of home- based cupping massage compared to progressive muscle relaxation in patients with chronic neck pain - a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. [Internet]. 2013 [cited May 13, 2018];8(6):1-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3676414/pdf/pone.0065378.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

25 Lauche R, Cramer H, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rampp T, Saha FJ, et al. The effect of traditional cupping on pain and mechanical thresholds in patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain: a randomised controlled pilot study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2012 [cited May 13, 2018];2012:1-10. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3235710/pdf/ECAM2012-429718.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

26 Cramer H, Lauche R, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rampp T, Musial F, et al. Randomized controlled trial of pulsating cupping (pneumatic pulsation therapy) for chronic neck pain. Forsch Komplementmed. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];18(6):327-34. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/335294
https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/...
-2727 Lauche R, Cramer H, Choi KE, Rampp T, Saha FJ, Dobos GJ, et al. The influence of a series of five dry cupping treatments on pain and mechanical thresholds in patients with chronic non-specific neck pain-a randomised controlled pilot study. BMC Complement Altern Med. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];18(6):327-34. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3224248/pdf/1472-6882-11-63.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
y del umbral nociceptivo frente al estímulo mecánico, por medio de una algometría (37,5%; n=6)99 Emerich M, Braeunig M, Clement HW, Lüdtke R, Huber R. Mode of action of cupping--local metabolism and pain thresholds in neck pain patients and healthy subjects. Complement Ther Med. [Internet]. 2014 [cited May 13, 2018];22(1):148-58. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965229913002112?via%3Dihub
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
,2323 Saha FJ, Schumann S, Cramer H, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rolke R, et al. The Effects of Cupping Massage in Patients with Chronic Neck Pain - A Randomised Controlled Trial. Complement Med Res. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 13, 2018];24(1):26-32. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/454872
https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/45487...

24 Lauche R, Materdey S, Cramer H, Haller H, Stange R, Dobos G, et al. Effectiveness of home- based cupping massage compared to progressive muscle relaxation in patients with chronic neck pain - a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. [Internet]. 2013 [cited May 13, 2018];8(6):1-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3676414/pdf/pone.0065378.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

25 Lauche R, Cramer H, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rampp T, Saha FJ, et al. The effect of traditional cupping on pain and mechanical thresholds in patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain: a randomised controlled pilot study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2012 [cited May 13, 2018];2012:1-10. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3235710/pdf/ECAM2012-429718.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

26 Cramer H, Lauche R, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rampp T, Musial F, et al. Randomized controlled trial of pulsating cupping (pneumatic pulsation therapy) for chronic neck pain. Forsch Komplementmed. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];18(6):327-34. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/335294
https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/...
-2727 Lauche R, Cramer H, Choi KE, Rampp T, Saha FJ, Dobos GJ, et al. The influence of a series of five dry cupping treatments on pain and mechanical thresholds in patients with chronic non-specific neck pain-a randomised controlled pilot study. BMC Complement Altern Med. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];18(6):327-34. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3224248/pdf/1472-6882-11-63.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
.

El número de evaluaciones varió de dos (línea de base y después del término del tratamiento) a 18. Tres estudios realizaron evaluaciones entre las sesiones99 Emerich M, Braeunig M, Clement HW, Lüdtke R, Huber R. Mode of action of cupping--local metabolism and pain thresholds in neck pain patients and healthy subjects. Complement Ther Med. [Internet]. 2014 [cited May 13, 2018];22(1):148-58. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965229913002112?via%3Dihub
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
,2828 Lin ML, Wu JH, Lin CW, Su CT, Wu HC, Shih YS, et al. Clinical Effects of Laser Acupuncture plus Chinese Cupping on the Pain and Plasma Cortisol Levels in Patients with Chronic Nonspecific Lower Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 13, 2018];2017:1-8. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2017/3140403/
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/20...
-2929 Chi LM, Lin LM, Chen CL, Wang SF, Lai HL, Peng TC. The Effectiveness of Cupping Therapy on Relieving Chronic Neck and Shoulder Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2016 [cited May 13, 2018];2016:1-7. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2016/7358918/
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/20...
; y 13 estudios realizaron evaluaciones de seguimiento después del término del tratamiento, que varió de dos días a tres meses99 Emerich M, Braeunig M, Clement HW, Lüdtke R, Huber R. Mode of action of cupping--local metabolism and pain thresholds in neck pain patients and healthy subjects. Complement Ther Med. [Internet]. 2014 [cited May 13, 2018];22(1):148-58. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965229913002112?via%3Dihub
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
,2222 Teut M, Ullmann A, Ortiz M, Rotter G, Binting S, Cree M, et al. Pulsatile dry cupping in chronic low back pain - a randomized three-armed controlled clinical trial. BMC Complement Altern Med. [Internet]. 2018 [cited May 13, 2018];18(1):115. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5879872/pdf/12906_2018_Article_2187.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-2323 Saha FJ, Schumann S, Cramer H, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rolke R, et al. The Effects of Cupping Massage in Patients with Chronic Neck Pain - A Randomised Controlled Trial. Complement Med Res. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 13, 2018];24(1):26-32. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/454872
https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/45487...
,2525 Lauche R, Cramer H, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rampp T, Saha FJ, et al. The effect of traditional cupping on pain and mechanical thresholds in patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain: a randomised controlled pilot study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2012 [cited May 13, 2018];2012:1-10. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3235710/pdf/ECAM2012-429718.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

26 Cramer H, Lauche R, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rampp T, Musial F, et al. Randomized controlled trial of pulsating cupping (pneumatic pulsation therapy) for chronic neck pain. Forsch Komplementmed. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];18(6):327-34. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/335294
https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/...
-2727 Lauche R, Cramer H, Choi KE, Rampp T, Saha FJ, Dobos GJ, et al. The influence of a series of five dry cupping treatments on pain and mechanical thresholds in patients with chronic non-specific neck pain-a randomised controlled pilot study. BMC Complement Altern Med. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];18(6):327-34. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3224248/pdf/1472-6882-11-63.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,3030 Lin ML, Wu HC, Hsieh YH, Su CT, Shih YS, Lin CW, et al. Evaluation of the effect of laser acupuncture and cupping with ryodoraku and visual analog scaleon low back pain. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2012; [cited May 13, 2018]2012:1-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3482015/pdf/ECAM2012-521612.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

31 Yazdanpanahi Z, Ghaemmaghami M, Akbarzadeh M, Zare N, Azisi A. Comparison of the Effects of Dry Cupping and Acupressure at Acupuncture Point (BL23) on the Women with Postpartum Low Back Pain (PLBP) Based on Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaires in Iran: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Fam Reprod Health. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 13, 2018];11(2):82-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5742668/pdf/JFRH-11-82.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

32 Akbarzadeh M, Ghaemmaghami M, Yazdanpanahi Z, Zare N, Azizi A, Mohagheghzadeh A. The Effect Dry Cupping Therapy at Acupoint BL23 on the Intensity of Postpartum Low Back Painin Primiparous Women Based on Two Types of Questionnaires, 2012; A Randomized ClinicalTrial. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery. [Internet]. 2014 [cited May 13, 2018];2(2):112-20. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4201191/pdf/ijcbnm-2-112.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

33 Farhadi K, Schwebel DC, Saeb M, Choubsaz M, Mohammadi R, Ahmadi A. The effectiveness of wet-cupping for nonspecific low back pain in Iran: a randomized controlledtrial. Complement Ther Med. [Internet]. 2009 [cited May 13, 2018];17(1):9-15. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965229908000630?via%3Dihub
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...

34 Kim TH, Kang JW, Kim KH, Lee MH, Kim JE, Kim JH, et al. Cupping for treating neck pain in video display terminal (VDT) users: a randomized controlled pilot trial. J Occup Health. [Internet]. 2012 [cited May 13, 2018];54(6):416-26. Available from: https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/joh/54/6/54_12-0133-OA/_pdf/-char/en
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/joh...

35 Kim JI, Kim TH, Lee MS, Kang JW, Kim KH, Choi JY, et al. Evaluation of wet-cupping therapy for persistent non-specific low back pain: a randomised, waiting-list controlled, open-label, parallel-group pilot trial. Trials. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];12:146. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3141528/pdf/1745-6215-12-146.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-3636 AlBedah A, Khalil M, Elolemy A, Hussein AA, AlQaed M, Al Mudaiheem A, et al. The Use of Wet Cupping for Persistent Nonspecific Low Back Pain: Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. J Altern Complement Med. [Internet]. 2015 [cited May 13, 2018];21(8):504-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4522952/pdf/acm.2015.0065.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
(Figura 3).

Las características del protocolo de la intervención fueron basadas en las recomendaciones del Revised Standards for Reporting Interventions in Clinical Trials of Acupuncture (STRICTA)1717 MacPherson H, Altman DG, Hammerschlag R, Youping L, Taixiang W, White A, et al. Revised Standards for Reporting Interventions in Clinical Trials of Acupuncture (STRICTA): Extending the CONSORT Statement. PLoS Med. [Internet]. 2010 [cited May 13, 2018];7(6):1-11. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2882429/pdf/pmed.1000261.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
y en las clasificaciones de ventosaterapia77 Aboushanab TS, AlSanad S. Cupping Therapy: An Overview From A Modern Medicine Perspective. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. [Internet]. 2018 [cited May 13, 2018]; S2005-2901(17):30204-2. Available from: https://www.jams-kpi.com/article/S2005-2901(17)30204-2/pdf
https://www.jams-kpi.com/article/S2005-2...
,1818 Al-Bedah AM, Aboushanab TS, Alqaed MS, Qureshi NA, Suhaibani I, Ibrahim G, et al. Classification of Cupping Therapy: A Tool for Modernization and Standardization. JOCAMR. [Internet]. 2016 [cited May 13, 2018];1(1):1-10. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306240082_Classification_of_Cupping_Therapy_A_Tool_for_Modernization_and_Standardization
https://www.researchgate.net/publication...
y se encuentran descritas en la Figura 4.

Figura 4
Protocolo de intervención. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil, 2018 (n=16)

La intervención fue predominantemente aplicada por médicos (31,25%; n=5)2222 Teut M, Ullmann A, Ortiz M, Rotter G, Binting S, Cree M, et al. Pulsatile dry cupping in chronic low back pain - a randomized three-armed controlled clinical trial. BMC Complement Altern Med. [Internet]. 2018 [cited May 13, 2018];18(1):115. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5879872/pdf/12906_2018_Article_2187.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2525 Lauche R, Cramer H, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rampp T, Saha FJ, et al. The effect of traditional cupping on pain and mechanical thresholds in patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain: a randomised controlled pilot study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2012 [cited May 13, 2018];2012:1-10. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3235710/pdf/ECAM2012-429718.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

26 Cramer H, Lauche R, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rampp T, Musial F, et al. Randomized controlled trial of pulsating cupping (pneumatic pulsation therapy) for chronic neck pain. Forsch Komplementmed. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];18(6):327-34. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/335294
https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/...

27 Lauche R, Cramer H, Choi KE, Rampp T, Saha FJ, Dobos GJ, et al. The influence of a series of five dry cupping treatments on pain and mechanical thresholds in patients with chronic non-specific neck pain-a randomised controlled pilot study. BMC Complement Altern Med. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];18(6):327-34. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3224248/pdf/1472-6882-11-63.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-2828 Lin ML, Wu JH, Lin CW, Su CT, Wu HC, Shih YS, et al. Clinical Effects of Laser Acupuncture plus Chinese Cupping on the Pain and Plasma Cortisol Levels in Patients with Chronic Nonspecific Lower Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 13, 2018];2017:1-8. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2017/3140403/
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/20...
,3434 Kim TH, Kang JW, Kim KH, Lee MH, Kim JE, Kim JH, et al. Cupping for treating neck pain in video display terminal (VDT) users: a randomized controlled pilot trial. J Occup Health. [Internet]. 2012 [cited May 13, 2018];54(6):416-26. Available from: https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/joh/54/6/54_12-0133-OA/_pdf/-char/en
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/joh...
, seguida de enfermeros (18,75%; n=3)2222 Teut M, Ullmann A, Ortiz M, Rotter G, Binting S, Cree M, et al. Pulsatile dry cupping in chronic low back pain - a randomized three-armed controlled clinical trial. BMC Complement Altern Med. [Internet]. 2018 [cited May 13, 2018];18(1):115. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5879872/pdf/12906_2018_Article_2187.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2929 Chi LM, Lin LM, Chen CL, Wang SF, Lai HL, Peng TC. The Effectiveness of Cupping Therapy on Relieving Chronic Neck and Shoulder Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2016 [cited May 13, 2018];2016:1-7. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2016/7358918/
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/20...
,3232 Akbarzadeh M, Ghaemmaghami M, Yazdanpanahi Z, Zare N, Azizi A, Mohagheghzadeh A. The Effect Dry Cupping Therapy at Acupoint BL23 on the Intensity of Postpartum Low Back Painin Primiparous Women Based on Two Types of Questionnaires, 2012; A Randomized ClinicalTrial. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery. [Internet]. 2014 [cited May 13, 2018];2(2):112-20. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4201191/pdf/ijcbnm-2-112.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
y farmacéuticos (6,25%; n=1)3232 Akbarzadeh M, Ghaemmaghami M, Yazdanpanahi Z, Zare N, Azizi A, Mohagheghzadeh A. The Effect Dry Cupping Therapy at Acupoint BL23 on the Intensity of Postpartum Low Back Painin Primiparous Women Based on Two Types of Questionnaires, 2012; A Randomized ClinicalTrial. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery. [Internet]. 2014 [cited May 13, 2018];2(2):112-20. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4201191/pdf/ijcbnm-2-112.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
. Y, 25% de los estudios (n=4)99 Emerich M, Braeunig M, Clement HW, Lüdtke R, Huber R. Mode of action of cupping--local metabolism and pain thresholds in neck pain patients and healthy subjects. Complement Ther Med. [Internet]. 2014 [cited May 13, 2018];22(1):148-58. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965229913002112?via%3Dihub
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
,2323 Saha FJ, Schumann S, Cramer H, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rolke R, et al. The Effects of Cupping Massage in Patients with Chronic Neck Pain - A Randomised Controlled Trial. Complement Med Res. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 13, 2018];24(1):26-32. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/454872
https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/45487...
,3535 Kim JI, Kim TH, Lee MS, Kang JW, Kim KH, Choi JY, et al. Evaluation of wet-cupping therapy for persistent non-specific low back pain: a randomised, waiting-list controlled, open-label, parallel-group pilot trial. Trials. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];12:146. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3141528/pdf/1745-6215-12-146.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-3636 AlBedah A, Khalil M, Elolemy A, Hussein AA, AlQaed M, Al Mudaiheem A, et al. The Use of Wet Cupping for Persistent Nonspecific Low Back Pain: Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. J Altern Complement Med. [Internet]. 2015 [cited May 13, 2018];21(8):504-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4522952/pdf/acm.2015.0065.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
relataron que la intervención fue realizada por un terapeuta, sin especificar el área de formación.

Solamente 18,75% de los estudios (n=3) presentaron el tiempo de experiencia del profesional que realizó la intervención, de tres3535 Kim JI, Kim TH, Lee MS, Kang JW, Kim KH, Choi JY, et al. Evaluation of wet-cupping therapy for persistent non-specific low back pain: a randomised, waiting-list controlled, open-label, parallel-group pilot trial. Trials. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];12:146. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3141528/pdf/1745-6215-12-146.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-3636 AlBedah A, Khalil M, Elolemy A, Hussein AA, AlQaed M, Al Mudaiheem A, et al. The Use of Wet Cupping for Persistent Nonspecific Low Back Pain: Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. J Altern Complement Med. [Internet]. 2015 [cited May 13, 2018];21(8):504-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4522952/pdf/acm.2015.0065.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
a cuatro años3434 Kim TH, Kang JW, Kim KH, Lee MH, Kim JE, Kim JH, et al. Cupping for treating neck pain in video display terminal (VDT) users: a randomized controlled pilot trial. J Occup Health. [Internet]. 2012 [cited May 13, 2018];54(6):416-26. Available from: https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/joh/54/6/54_12-0133-OA/_pdf/-char/en
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/joh...
. 37,5% de los estudios (n=6)99 Emerich M, Braeunig M, Clement HW, Lüdtke R, Huber R. Mode of action of cupping--local metabolism and pain thresholds in neck pain patients and healthy subjects. Complement Ther Med. [Internet]. 2014 [cited May 13, 2018];22(1):148-58. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965229913002112?via%3Dihub
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
,2222 Teut M, Ullmann A, Ortiz M, Rotter G, Binting S, Cree M, et al. Pulsatile dry cupping in chronic low back pain - a randomized three-armed controlled clinical trial. BMC Complement Altern Med. [Internet]. 2018 [cited May 13, 2018];18(1):115. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5879872/pdf/12906_2018_Article_2187.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

23 Saha FJ, Schumann S, Cramer H, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rolke R, et al. The Effects of Cupping Massage in Patients with Chronic Neck Pain - A Randomised Controlled Trial. Complement Med Res. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 13, 2018];24(1):26-32. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/454872
https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/45487...

24 Lauche R, Materdey S, Cramer H, Haller H, Stange R, Dobos G, et al. Effectiveness of home- based cupping massage compared to progressive muscle relaxation in patients with chronic neck pain - a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. [Internet]. 2013 [cited May 13, 2018];8(6):1-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3676414/pdf/pone.0065378.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-2525 Lauche R, Cramer H, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rampp T, Saha FJ, et al. The effect of traditional cupping on pain and mechanical thresholds in patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain: a randomised controlled pilot study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2012 [cited May 13, 2018];2012:1-10. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3235710/pdf/ECAM2012-429718.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2727 Lauche R, Cramer H, Choi KE, Rampp T, Saha FJ, Dobos GJ, et al. The influence of a series of five dry cupping treatments on pain and mechanical thresholds in patients with chronic non-specific neck pain-a randomised controlled pilot study. BMC Complement Altern Med. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];18(6):327-34. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3224248/pdf/1472-6882-11-63.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
presentan apenas que la intervención fue realizada por profesionales experientes o entrenados, pero no citaron el tiempo de formación.

De los 16 artículos seleccionados para la revisión sistemática, 10 entraron para metanálisis que investigó la eficacia de la ventosaterapia sobre la intensidad del dolor. Todos ellos enfocaron el resultado en dos grupos de comparación (experimental y control), en evaluaciones realizadas antes e inmediatamente después del tratamiento. Cinco estudios99 Emerich M, Braeunig M, Clement HW, Lüdtke R, Huber R. Mode of action of cupping--local metabolism and pain thresholds in neck pain patients and healthy subjects. Complement Ther Med. [Internet]. 2014 [cited May 13, 2018];22(1):148-58. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965229913002112?via%3Dihub
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
,2222 Teut M, Ullmann A, Ortiz M, Rotter G, Binting S, Cree M, et al. Pulsatile dry cupping in chronic low back pain - a randomized three-armed controlled clinical trial. BMC Complement Altern Med. [Internet]. 2018 [cited May 13, 2018];18(1):115. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5879872/pdf/12906_2018_Article_2187.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2929 Chi LM, Lin LM, Chen CL, Wang SF, Lai HL, Peng TC. The Effectiveness of Cupping Therapy on Relieving Chronic Neck and Shoulder Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2016 [cited May 13, 2018];2016:1-7. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2016/7358918/
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/20...
,3535 Kim JI, Kim TH, Lee MS, Kang JW, Kim KH, Choi JY, et al. Evaluation of wet-cupping therapy for persistent non-specific low back pain: a randomised, waiting-list controlled, open-label, parallel-group pilot trial. Trials. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];12:146. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3141528/pdf/1745-6215-12-146.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-3636 AlBedah A, Khalil M, Elolemy A, Hussein AA, AlQaed M, Al Mudaiheem A, et al. The Use of Wet Cupping for Persistent Nonspecific Low Back Pain: Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. J Altern Complement Med. [Internet]. 2015 [cited May 13, 2018];21(8):504-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4522952/pdf/acm.2015.0065.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
no entraron pues no poseían datos suficientes para este análisis; y un estudio3333 Farhadi K, Schwebel DC, Saeb M, Choubsaz M, Mohammadi R, Ahmadi A. The effectiveness of wet-cupping for nonspecific low back pain in Iran: a randomized controlledtrial. Complement Ther Med. [Internet]. 2009 [cited May 13, 2018];17(1):9-15. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965229908000630?via%3Dihub
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
hizo evaluación apenas tres meses después del término del tratamiento.

Los resultados del metanálisis mostraron que la ventosaterapia fue más eficaz en reducir el dolor, si comparada al grupo control (Diferencia absoluta entre medias: -1,59, [Intervalo de confianza a 95%: -2,07 a -1,10]; p=0.001), con heterogeneidad de moderada a alta (I2 = 67,7%, p = 0.001) (Figura 5).

Figura 5
Forest Plot del puntaje de intensidad del dolor. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil, 2018

Discusión

La ventosaterapia demostró resultados positivos sobre el dolor crónico en la espalda en adultos, no apenas en variables comportamentales del dolor, como también en parámetros fisiológicos, en la mayoría de los ECR evaluados en este estudio, lo que contribuye para la consolidación de su utilización en el tratamiento de esa condición clínica en la población estudiada.

En relación a la calidad metodológica, la mayoría de los estudios2323 Saha FJ, Schumann S, Cramer H, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rolke R, et al. The Effects of Cupping Massage in Patients with Chronic Neck Pain - A Randomised Controlled Trial. Complement Med Res. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 13, 2018];24(1):26-32. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/454872
https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/45487...
,2525 Lauche R, Cramer H, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rampp T, Saha FJ, et al. The effect of traditional cupping on pain and mechanical thresholds in patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain: a randomised controlled pilot study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2012 [cited May 13, 2018];2012:1-10. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3235710/pdf/ECAM2012-429718.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

26 Cramer H, Lauche R, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rampp T, Musial F, et al. Randomized controlled trial of pulsating cupping (pneumatic pulsation therapy) for chronic neck pain. Forsch Komplementmed. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];18(6):327-34. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/335294
https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/...
-2727 Lauche R, Cramer H, Choi KE, Rampp T, Saha FJ, Dobos GJ, et al. The influence of a series of five dry cupping treatments on pain and mechanical thresholds in patients with chronic non-specific neck pain-a randomised controlled pilot study. BMC Complement Altern Med. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];18(6):327-34. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3224248/pdf/1472-6882-11-63.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,3131 Yazdanpanahi Z, Ghaemmaghami M, Akbarzadeh M, Zare N, Azisi A. Comparison of the Effects of Dry Cupping and Acupressure at Acupuncture Point (BL23) on the Women with Postpartum Low Back Pain (PLBP) Based on Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaires in Iran: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Fam Reprod Health. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 13, 2018];11(2):82-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5742668/pdf/JFRH-11-82.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

32 Akbarzadeh M, Ghaemmaghami M, Yazdanpanahi Z, Zare N, Azizi A, Mohagheghzadeh A. The Effect Dry Cupping Therapy at Acupoint BL23 on the Intensity of Postpartum Low Back Painin Primiparous Women Based on Two Types of Questionnaires, 2012; A Randomized ClinicalTrial. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery. [Internet]. 2014 [cited May 13, 2018];2(2):112-20. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4201191/pdf/ijcbnm-2-112.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

33 Farhadi K, Schwebel DC, Saeb M, Choubsaz M, Mohammadi R, Ahmadi A. The effectiveness of wet-cupping for nonspecific low back pain in Iran: a randomized controlledtrial. Complement Ther Med. [Internet]. 2009 [cited May 13, 2018];17(1):9-15. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965229908000630?via%3Dihub
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...

34 Kim TH, Kang JW, Kim KH, Lee MH, Kim JE, Kim JH, et al. Cupping for treating neck pain in video display terminal (VDT) users: a randomized controlled pilot trial. J Occup Health. [Internet]. 2012 [cited May 13, 2018];54(6):416-26. Available from: https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/joh/54/6/54_12-0133-OA/_pdf/-char/en
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/joh...

35 Kim JI, Kim TH, Lee MS, Kang JW, Kim KH, Choi JY, et al. Evaluation of wet-cupping therapy for persistent non-specific low back pain: a randomised, waiting-list controlled, open-label, parallel-group pilot trial. Trials. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];12:146. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3141528/pdf/1745-6215-12-146.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-3636 AlBedah A, Khalil M, Elolemy A, Hussein AA, AlQaed M, Al Mudaiheem A, et al. The Use of Wet Cupping for Persistent Nonspecific Low Back Pain: Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. J Altern Complement Med. [Internet]. 2015 [cited May 13, 2018];21(8):504-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4522952/pdf/acm.2015.0065.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
) obtuvo puntuación mediana (tres), según la escala Jadad1919 Jadad AR, Moore RA, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJ, Gavaghan DJ, et al. Assessing the Quality of Reports of Randomized Clinical Trials: Is Blinding Necessary? Control Clin Trials. [Internet]. 1996 [cited May 13, 2018];17(1):1-12. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0197245695001344?via%3Dihub
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
. Esta puntuación puede ser justificada por la ausencia de enmascaramiento de los ECR.

En los estudios de ventosaterapia no es factible ocultar los métodos de evaluación y de intervención2222 Teut M, Ullmann A, Ortiz M, Rotter G, Binting S, Cree M, et al. Pulsatile dry cupping in chronic low back pain - a randomized three-armed controlled clinical trial. BMC Complement Altern Med. [Internet]. 2018 [cited May 13, 2018];18(1):115. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5879872/pdf/12906_2018_Article_2187.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
, una vez que las marcas dejadas por los vasos de ventosa son muchas veces visibles y pueden persistir por varios días, lo que torna difícil realizar un proceso de enmascaramiento2727 Lauche R, Cramer H, Choi KE, Rampp T, Saha FJ, Dobos GJ, et al. The influence of a series of five dry cupping treatments on pain and mechanical thresholds in patients with chronic non-specific neck pain-a randomised controlled pilot study. BMC Complement Altern Med. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];18(6):327-34. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3224248/pdf/1472-6882-11-63.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
. Apenas un estudio2828 Lin ML, Wu JH, Lin CW, Su CT, Wu HC, Shih YS, et al. Clinical Effects of Laser Acupuncture plus Chinese Cupping on the Pain and Plasma Cortisol Levels in Patients with Chronic Nonspecific Lower Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 13, 2018];2017:1-8. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2017/3140403/
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/20...
consiguió el enmascaramiento de forma apropiada; con todo, lo mismo se dio apenas en relación a los voluntarios que recibieron laserterapia, intervención usada concomitante a la ventosoterapia, en que la acupuntura laser sham fue realizada aplicando el mismo procedimiento en uno de los grupos, pero sin energía. En un segundo estudio2424 Lauche R, Materdey S, Cramer H, Haller H, Stange R, Dobos G, et al. Effectiveness of home- based cupping massage compared to progressive muscle relaxation in patients with chronic neck pain - a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. [Internet]. 2013 [cited May 13, 2018];8(6):1-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3676414/pdf/pone.0065378.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
, hay descripción de que el enmascaramiento fue aplicado al evaluador de los resultados; aunque, la aplicación de los vasos de ventosas ocasiona marcas (equimosis, petequias) y uno de los resultados evaluados fue el umbral de dolor, por medio de la algometría; para esta evaluación, como el área debe estar desvestida, las marcas en la piel hacen inviable ese tipo de enmascaramiento. Por fin, en otro estudio2222 Teut M, Ullmann A, Ortiz M, Rotter G, Binting S, Cree M, et al. Pulsatile dry cupping in chronic low back pain - a randomized three-armed controlled clinical trial. BMC Complement Altern Med. [Internet]. 2018 [cited May 13, 2018];18(1):115. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5879872/pdf/12906_2018_Article_2187.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
la mayoría de los participantes del grupo minimal cupping (84%) fue capaz de identificar la ubicación después de cuatro semanas, mientras que en el grupo cupping, 55% identificaron la ubicación.

En relación a los resultados evaluados, predominó la intensidad del dolor, que fue medida, en grande parte, por medio de la Escala Visual Analógica (EVA)2222 Teut M, Ullmann A, Ortiz M, Rotter G, Binting S, Cree M, et al. Pulsatile dry cupping in chronic low back pain - a randomized three-armed controlled clinical trial. BMC Complement Altern Med. [Internet]. 2018 [cited May 13, 2018];18(1):115. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5879872/pdf/12906_2018_Article_2187.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

23 Saha FJ, Schumann S, Cramer H, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rolke R, et al. The Effects of Cupping Massage in Patients with Chronic Neck Pain - A Randomised Controlled Trial. Complement Med Res. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 13, 2018];24(1):26-32. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/454872
https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/45487...

24 Lauche R, Materdey S, Cramer H, Haller H, Stange R, Dobos G, et al. Effectiveness of home- based cupping massage compared to progressive muscle relaxation in patients with chronic neck pain - a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. [Internet]. 2013 [cited May 13, 2018];8(6):1-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3676414/pdf/pone.0065378.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-2525 Lauche R, Cramer H, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rampp T, Saha FJ, et al. The effect of traditional cupping on pain and mechanical thresholds in patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain: a randomised controlled pilot study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2012 [cited May 13, 2018];2012:1-10. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3235710/pdf/ECAM2012-429718.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2727 Lauche R, Cramer H, Choi KE, Rampp T, Saha FJ, Dobos GJ, et al. The influence of a series of five dry cupping treatments on pain and mechanical thresholds in patients with chronic non-specific neck pain-a randomised controlled pilot study. BMC Complement Altern Med. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];18(6):327-34. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3224248/pdf/1472-6882-11-63.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

28 Lin ML, Wu JH, Lin CW, Su CT, Wu HC, Shih YS, et al. Clinical Effects of Laser Acupuncture plus Chinese Cupping on the Pain and Plasma Cortisol Levels in Patients with Chronic Nonspecific Lower Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 13, 2018];2017:1-8. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2017/3140403/
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/20...

29 Chi LM, Lin LM, Chen CL, Wang SF, Lai HL, Peng TC. The Effectiveness of Cupping Therapy on Relieving Chronic Neck and Shoulder Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2016 [cited May 13, 2018];2016:1-7. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2016/7358918/
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/20...
-3030 Lin ML, Wu HC, Hsieh YH, Su CT, Shih YS, Lin CW, et al. Evaluation of the effect of laser acupuncture and cupping with ryodoraku and visual analog scaleon low back pain. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2012; [cited May 13, 2018]2012:1-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3482015/pdf/ECAM2012-521612.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,3232 Akbarzadeh M, Ghaemmaghami M, Yazdanpanahi Z, Zare N, Azizi A, Mohagheghzadeh A. The Effect Dry Cupping Therapy at Acupoint BL23 on the Intensity of Postpartum Low Back Painin Primiparous Women Based on Two Types of Questionnaires, 2012; A Randomized ClinicalTrial. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery. [Internet]. 2014 [cited May 13, 2018];2(2):112-20. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4201191/pdf/ijcbnm-2-112.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
, y de la Escala Numérica2626 Cramer H, Lauche R, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rampp T, Musial F, et al. Randomized controlled trial of pulsating cupping (pneumatic pulsation therapy) for chronic neck pain. Forsch Komplementmed. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];18(6):327-34. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/335294
https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/...
,3434 Kim TH, Kang JW, Kim KH, Lee MH, Kim JE, Kim JH, et al. Cupping for treating neck pain in video display terminal (VDT) users: a randomized controlled pilot trial. J Occup Health. [Internet]. 2012 [cited May 13, 2018];54(6):416-26. Available from: https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/joh/54/6/54_12-0133-OA/_pdf/-char/en
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/joh...

35 Kim JI, Kim TH, Lee MS, Kang JW, Kim KH, Choi JY, et al. Evaluation of wet-cupping therapy for persistent non-specific low back pain: a randomised, waiting-list controlled, open-label, parallel-group pilot trial. Trials. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];12:146. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3141528/pdf/1745-6215-12-146.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-3636 AlBedah A, Khalil M, Elolemy A, Hussein AA, AlQaed M, Al Mudaiheem A, et al. The Use of Wet Cupping for Persistent Nonspecific Low Back Pain: Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. J Altern Complement Med. [Internet]. 2015 [cited May 13, 2018];21(8):504-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4522952/pdf/acm.2015.0065.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
, seguida por la Escala de Dolor e Incapacidad del Pescuezo99 Emerich M, Braeunig M, Clement HW, Lüdtke R, Huber R. Mode of action of cupping--local metabolism and pain thresholds in neck pain patients and healthy subjects. Complement Ther Med. [Internet]. 2014 [cited May 13, 2018];22(1):148-58. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965229913002112?via%3Dihub
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
, por el Cuestionario de Dolor de McGill, versión corta3131 Yazdanpanahi Z, Ghaemmaghami M, Akbarzadeh M, Zare N, Azisi A. Comparison of the Effects of Dry Cupping and Acupressure at Acupuncture Point (BL23) on the Women with Postpartum Low Back Pain (PLBP) Based on Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaires in Iran: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Fam Reprod Health. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 13, 2018];11(2):82-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5742668/pdf/JFRH-11-82.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
y por la Escala de Intensidad del Dolor Presente3333 Farhadi K, Schwebel DC, Saeb M, Choubsaz M, Mohammadi R, Ahmadi A. The effectiveness of wet-cupping for nonspecific low back pain in Iran: a randomized controlledtrial. Complement Ther Med. [Internet]. 2009 [cited May 13, 2018];17(1):9-15. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965229908000630?via%3Dihub
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
.

Aunque existan variaciones, la EVA normalmente consiste en puntuaciones de 0-10 o 0-100, siendo la extrema izquierda descrita como ningún dolor y la extrema derecha como el peor dolor posible; ya la Escala Numérica posee una graduación numérica de 0-10, 0-20 o 0-100. Esas escalas pueden ser clasificadas como: sin dolor (0), leve (1-3), moderada (4-6) y grave (7-10), y son frecuentemente usadas en pacientes con dolor musculo esquelético crónico3737 Salaffi F, Ciapetti A, Carotti M. Pain assessment strategies in patients with musculoskeletal conditions. Reumatismo. [Internet]. 2012 [cited May 13, 2018];64(4):216-29. Available from: http://reumatismo.org/index.php/reuma/article/view/reumatismo.2012.216/pdf
http://reumatismo.org/index.php/reuma/ar...
. Además, algunos investigadores3838 Puntillo K, Neighbor M, Nixon R. Accuracy of emergency nurses in assessment of patients pain. Pain Manag Nurs. [Internet]. 2003 [cited May 13, 2018];4(4):171-5. Available from: http://allnurses.com/pain-management-nursing/accuracy-of-emergency-59028.html
http://allnurses.com/pain-management-nur...

39 Dworkin RH, Turk DC, Farrar JT, Haythornthwaite JA, Jensen MP, Katz NP, et al. Core outcome measures for chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. Pain. [Internet]. 2005 [cited May 13, 2018];113:9-19. Available from: http://www.immpact.org/static/publications/Dworkin%20et%20al.,%202005.pdf
http://www.immpact.org/static/publicatio...
-4040 Breivik H, Borchgrevink PC, Allen SM, Rosseland LA, Romundstad L, Hals EK, et al. Assessment of pain. Br J Anaesth. [Internet]. 2008 [cited May 13, 2018]; 101(1):17-24. Available from: https://bjanaesthesia.org/article/S0007-0912(17)34263-0/pdf
https://bjanaesthesia.org/article/S0007-...
han apuntado esas dos escalas como el estándar-oro para evaluar la intensidad del dolor, siendo estos los instrumentos más utilizados cuando se evalúan adultos, tanto en la clínica cuanto en la investigación.

La incapacidad física fue el segundo resultado más enfocado, siendo medido por medio del Neck Disability Index (NDI)2323 Saha FJ, Schumann S, Cramer H, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rolke R, et al. The Effects of Cupping Massage in Patients with Chronic Neck Pain - A Randomised Controlled Trial. Complement Med Res. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 13, 2018];24(1):26-32. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/454872
https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/45487...

24 Lauche R, Materdey S, Cramer H, Haller H, Stange R, Dobos G, et al. Effectiveness of home- based cupping massage compared to progressive muscle relaxation in patients with chronic neck pain - a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. [Internet]. 2013 [cited May 13, 2018];8(6):1-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3676414/pdf/pone.0065378.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

25 Lauche R, Cramer H, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rampp T, Saha FJ, et al. The effect of traditional cupping on pain and mechanical thresholds in patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain: a randomised controlled pilot study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2012 [cited May 13, 2018];2012:1-10. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3235710/pdf/ECAM2012-429718.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

26 Cramer H, Lauche R, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rampp T, Musial F, et al. Randomized controlled trial of pulsating cupping (pneumatic pulsation therapy) for chronic neck pain. Forsch Komplementmed. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];18(6):327-34. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/335294
https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/...
-2727 Lauche R, Cramer H, Choi KE, Rampp T, Saha FJ, Dobos GJ, et al. The influence of a series of five dry cupping treatments on pain and mechanical thresholds in patients with chronic non-specific neck pain-a randomised controlled pilot study. BMC Complement Altern Med. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];18(6):327-34. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3224248/pdf/1472-6882-11-63.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,3434 Kim TH, Kang JW, Kim KH, Lee MH, Kim JE, Kim JH, et al. Cupping for treating neck pain in video display terminal (VDT) users: a randomized controlled pilot trial. J Occup Health. [Internet]. 2012 [cited May 13, 2018];54(6):416-26. Available from: https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/joh/54/6/54_12-0133-OA/_pdf/-char/en
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/joh...
, del Oswestry Disability Questionnaire (ODQ)3333 Farhadi K, Schwebel DC, Saeb M, Choubsaz M, Mohammadi R, Ahmadi A. The effectiveness of wet-cupping for nonspecific low back pain in Iran: a randomized controlledtrial. Complement Ther Med. [Internet]. 2009 [cited May 13, 2018];17(1):9-15. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965229908000630?via%3Dihub
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
,3535 Kim JI, Kim TH, Lee MS, Kang JW, Kim KH, Choi JY, et al. Evaluation of wet-cupping therapy for persistent non-specific low back pain: a randomised, waiting-list controlled, open-label, parallel-group pilot trial. Trials. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];12:146. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3141528/pdf/1745-6215-12-146.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-3636 AlBedah A, Khalil M, Elolemy A, Hussein AA, AlQaed M, Al Mudaiheem A, et al. The Use of Wet Cupping for Persistent Nonspecific Low Back Pain: Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. J Altern Complement Med. [Internet]. 2015 [cited May 13, 2018];21(8):504-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4522952/pdf/acm.2015.0065.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
y de la Escala de Dolor e Incapacidad del Pescuezo99 Emerich M, Braeunig M, Clement HW, Lüdtke R, Huber R. Mode of action of cupping--local metabolism and pain thresholds in neck pain patients and healthy subjects. Complement Ther Med. [Internet]. 2014 [cited May 13, 2018];22(1):148-58. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965229913002112?via%3Dihub
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
. De hecho, la gravidez y la cronicidad del dolor en la espalda están asociadas a graves limitaciones funcionales3737 Salaffi F, Ciapetti A, Carotti M. Pain assessment strategies in patients with musculoskeletal conditions. Reumatismo. [Internet]. 2012 [cited May 13, 2018];64(4):216-29. Available from: http://reumatismo.org/index.php/reuma/article/view/reumatismo.2012.216/pdf
http://reumatismo.org/index.php/reuma/ar...
, que implican en limitaciones en las actividades de vida diaria4141 Cunha LL, Mayrink WC. Influence of chronic pain in the quality of life of the elderly. Rev Dor. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];12(2):120-4. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rdor/v12n2/v12n2a08.pdf
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rdor/v12n2/v12n...
.

Además, pacientes con enfermedades crónicas, que necesitan de tratamiento continuo por largo período, presentan importantes cambios en la calidad de vida4242 Castro MMC, Daltro C, Kraychete DC, Lopes J. The cognitive behavioral therapy causes an improvement in quality of life in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Arq Neuro-psiquiatr. [Internet]. 2012 [cited May 13, 2018];70(11):864-8. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/anp/v70n11/a08v70n11.pdf
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/anp/v70n11/a08v...
, siendo otro importante resultado a ser evaluado, como ocurrió en seis estudios, por medio del Short Form 36 Health Survey Questionnaire (SF-36)2222 Teut M, Ullmann A, Ortiz M, Rotter G, Binting S, Cree M, et al. Pulsatile dry cupping in chronic low back pain - a randomized three-armed controlled clinical trial. BMC Complement Altern Med. [Internet]. 2018 [cited May 13, 2018];18(1):115. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5879872/pdf/12906_2018_Article_2187.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

23 Saha FJ, Schumann S, Cramer H, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rolke R, et al. The Effects of Cupping Massage in Patients with Chronic Neck Pain - A Randomised Controlled Trial. Complement Med Res. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 13, 2018];24(1):26-32. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/454872
https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/45487...

24 Lauche R, Materdey S, Cramer H, Haller H, Stange R, Dobos G, et al. Effectiveness of home- based cupping massage compared to progressive muscle relaxation in patients with chronic neck pain - a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. [Internet]. 2013 [cited May 13, 2018];8(6):1-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3676414/pdf/pone.0065378.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

25 Lauche R, Cramer H, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rampp T, Saha FJ, et al. The effect of traditional cupping on pain and mechanical thresholds in patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain: a randomised controlled pilot study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2012 [cited May 13, 2018];2012:1-10. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3235710/pdf/ECAM2012-429718.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

26 Cramer H, Lauche R, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rampp T, Musial F, et al. Randomized controlled trial of pulsating cupping (pneumatic pulsation therapy) for chronic neck pain. Forsch Komplementmed. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];18(6):327-34. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/335294
https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/...
-2727 Lauche R, Cramer H, Choi KE, Rampp T, Saha FJ, Dobos GJ, et al. The influence of a series of five dry cupping treatments on pain and mechanical thresholds in patients with chronic non-specific neck pain-a randomised controlled pilot study. BMC Complement Altern Med. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];18(6):327-34. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3224248/pdf/1472-6882-11-63.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
.

Finalmente, el parámetro fisiológico más evaluado en los estudios fue el umbral nociceptivo frente al estímulo mecánico, por medio de una algometría de presión99 Emerich M, Braeunig M, Clement HW, Lüdtke R, Huber R. Mode of action of cupping--local metabolism and pain thresholds in neck pain patients and healthy subjects. Complement Ther Med. [Internet]. 2014 [cited May 13, 2018];22(1):148-58. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965229913002112?via%3Dihub
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
,2323 Saha FJ, Schumann S, Cramer H, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rolke R, et al. The Effects of Cupping Massage in Patients with Chronic Neck Pain - A Randomised Controlled Trial. Complement Med Res. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 13, 2018];24(1):26-32. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/454872
https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/45487...

24 Lauche R, Materdey S, Cramer H, Haller H, Stange R, Dobos G, et al. Effectiveness of home- based cupping massage compared to progressive muscle relaxation in patients with chronic neck pain - a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. [Internet]. 2013 [cited May 13, 2018];8(6):1-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3676414/pdf/pone.0065378.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

25 Lauche R, Cramer H, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rampp T, Saha FJ, et al. The effect of traditional cupping on pain and mechanical thresholds in patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain: a randomised controlled pilot study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2012 [cited May 13, 2018];2012:1-10. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3235710/pdf/ECAM2012-429718.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

26 Cramer H, Lauche R, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rampp T, Musial F, et al. Randomized controlled trial of pulsating cupping (pneumatic pulsation therapy) for chronic neck pain. Forsch Komplementmed. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];18(6):327-34. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/335294
https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/...
-2727 Lauche R, Cramer H, Choi KE, Rampp T, Saha FJ, Dobos GJ, et al. The influence of a series of five dry cupping treatments on pain and mechanical thresholds in patients with chronic non-specific neck pain-a randomised controlled pilot study. BMC Complement Altern Med. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];18(6):327-34. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3224248/pdf/1472-6882-11-63.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
. Se sabe que los individuos que poseen dolor en la columna vertebral presentan mayor sensibilidad nociceptiva si comparados a las personas sanas4343 Farasyn A, Lassat B. Cross friction algometry (CFA): Comparison of pressure pain thresholds between patients with chronic non-specific low back pain and healthy subjects. J Bodyw Mov Ther. [Internet]. 2016 [cited May 13, 2018];20(2):224-34. Available from: https://www.bodyworkmovementtherapies.com/article/S1360-8592(15)00259-4/pdf
https://www.bodyworkmovementtherapies.co...
. Con todo, está aún es considerable una variable subjetiva, una vez que es el paciente que determina su umbral de dolor. De hecho, cuando el proceso de evaluación está más relacionado a los síntomas, como es el caso de los fenómenos subjetivos, en especial el dolor, de lo que a los resultados físicos o de laboratorio, la autoevaluación es considerada el indicador más confiable de la existencia del dolor4444 National Institutes of Health. Consensus Development Conference Statement. [Internet]. The Integrated Approach to the Management of Pain. May 19-21, 1986 [cited May 13, 2018]. Available from: http://consensus.nih.gov/1986/1986PainManagement055html.htm
http://consensus.nih.gov/1986/1986PainMa...
. Así, las informaciones necesarias para proceder a su evaluación tienen origen en el relato del individuo4545 Sousa FAEF, Pereira LV, Cardoso R, Hortense P. Multidimensional pain evaluation scale. (EMADOR). Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem. [Internet]. 2010 [cited May 13, 2018];18(1):1-9. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rlae/v18n1/pt_02.pdf
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rlae/v18n1/pt_0...
, que constituyó la fuente primaria de la evaluación.

El análisis sistematizado de los métodos de aplicación de la ventosoterapia evidenció que no hay una entandarización en el protocolo de tratamiento para dolor crónico en la espalda. Sin embargo, hay esfuerzos recientes para uniformizar el procedimiento de ventosaterapia en general4646 Nielsen A, Kligler B, Koll BS. Safety protocols for gua sha (press-stroking) and baguan (cupping). Complement Ther Med. [Internet]. 2012 [cited May 13, 2018];20(5):340-4. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965229912000829?via%3Dihub
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
; pero, específicamente para el dolor crónico en la espalda, aún no están establecidos el tipo de técnica más adecuada, la duración del tratamiento, el número de sesiones, los dispositivos, el tiempo de aplicación, el método y la fuerza de succión y los puntos de aplicación.

Se puede observar también que la técnica más aplicada fue el dry cupping, específicamente para las regiones lumbar2222 Teut M, Ullmann A, Ortiz M, Rotter G, Binting S, Cree M, et al. Pulsatile dry cupping in chronic low back pain - a randomized three-armed controlled clinical trial. BMC Complement Altern Med. [Internet]. 2018 [cited May 13, 2018];18(1):115. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5879872/pdf/12906_2018_Article_2187.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2828 Lin ML, Wu JH, Lin CW, Su CT, Wu HC, Shih YS, et al. Clinical Effects of Laser Acupuncture plus Chinese Cupping on the Pain and Plasma Cortisol Levels in Patients with Chronic Nonspecific Lower Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 13, 2018];2017:1-8. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2017/3140403/
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/20...
,3030 Lin ML, Wu HC, Hsieh YH, Su CT, Shih YS, Lin CW, et al. Evaluation of the effect of laser acupuncture and cupping with ryodoraku and visual analog scaleon low back pain. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2012; [cited May 13, 2018]2012:1-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3482015/pdf/ECAM2012-521612.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

31 Yazdanpanahi Z, Ghaemmaghami M, Akbarzadeh M, Zare N, Azisi A. Comparison of the Effects of Dry Cupping and Acupressure at Acupuncture Point (BL23) on the Women with Postpartum Low Back Pain (PLBP) Based on Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaires in Iran: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Fam Reprod Health. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 13, 2018];11(2):82-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5742668/pdf/JFRH-11-82.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-3232 Akbarzadeh M, Ghaemmaghami M, Yazdanpanahi Z, Zare N, Azizi A, Mohagheghzadeh A. The Effect Dry Cupping Therapy at Acupoint BL23 on the Intensity of Postpartum Low Back Painin Primiparous Women Based on Two Types of Questionnaires, 2012; A Randomized ClinicalTrial. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery. [Internet]. 2014 [cited May 13, 2018];2(2):112-20. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4201191/pdf/ijcbnm-2-112.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
y cervical99 Emerich M, Braeunig M, Clement HW, Lüdtke R, Huber R. Mode of action of cupping--local metabolism and pain thresholds in neck pain patients and healthy subjects. Complement Ther Med. [Internet]. 2014 [cited May 13, 2018];22(1):148-58. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965229913002112?via%3Dihub
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
,2727 Lauche R, Cramer H, Choi KE, Rampp T, Saha FJ, Dobos GJ, et al. The influence of a series of five dry cupping treatments on pain and mechanical thresholds in patients with chronic non-specific neck pain-a randomised controlled pilot study. BMC Complement Altern Med. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];18(6):327-34. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3224248/pdf/1472-6882-11-63.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2929 Chi LM, Lin LM, Chen CL, Wang SF, Lai HL, Peng TC. The Effectiveness of Cupping Therapy on Relieving Chronic Neck and Shoulder Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2016 [cited May 13, 2018];2016:1-7. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2016/7358918/
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/20...
,3434 Kim TH, Kang JW, Kim KH, Lee MH, Kim JE, Kim JH, et al. Cupping for treating neck pain in video display terminal (VDT) users: a randomized controlled pilot trial. J Occup Health. [Internet]. 2012 [cited May 13, 2018];54(6):416-26. Available from: https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/joh/54/6/54_12-0133-OA/_pdf/-char/en
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/joh...
. Esta modalidad permite la estimulación de los acupuntos de la misma forma que las agujas de acupuntura4747 Tham LM, Lee HP, Lu C. Cupping: From a biomechanical perspective. J Biomech. [Internet]. 2006 [cited May 13, 2018];39(12):2183-93. Available from: https://www.jbiomech.com/article/S0021-9290(05)00322-2/pdf
https://www.jbiomech.com/article/S0021-9...
. Investigadores1818 Al-Bedah AM, Aboushanab TS, Alqaed MS, Qureshi NA, Suhaibani I, Ibrahim G, et al. Classification of Cupping Therapy: A Tool for Modernization and Standardization. JOCAMR. [Internet]. 2016 [cited May 13, 2018];1(1):1-10. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306240082_Classification_of_Cupping_Therapy_A_Tool_for_Modernization_and_Standardization
https://www.researchgate.net/publication...
apuntan que la laceración de la piel y de los vasos capilares, promovidos por el wet cupping, pueden actuar como un estímulo nociceptivo más que activan las vías descendientes inhibitorias de control del dolor1818 Al-Bedah AM, Aboushanab TS, Alqaed MS, Qureshi NA, Suhaibani I, Ibrahim G, et al. Classification of Cupping Therapy: A Tool for Modernization and Standardization. JOCAMR. [Internet]. 2016 [cited May 13, 2018];1(1):1-10. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306240082_Classification_of_Cupping_Therapy_A_Tool_for_Modernization_and_Standardization
https://www.researchgate.net/publication...
, ayudando en el tratamiento de las condiciones musculo esqueléticas crónicas3535 Kim JI, Kim TH, Lee MS, Kang JW, Kim KH, Choi JY, et al. Evaluation of wet-cupping therapy for persistent non-specific low back pain: a randomised, waiting-list controlled, open-label, parallel-group pilot trial. Trials. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];12:146. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3141528/pdf/1745-6215-12-146.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
. Con todo, riesgo de infección, ataques vaso vágales y cicatrices son desventajas de ese método1818 Al-Bedah AM, Aboushanab TS, Alqaed MS, Qureshi NA, Suhaibani I, Ibrahim G, et al. Classification of Cupping Therapy: A Tool for Modernization and Standardization. JOCAMR. [Internet]. 2016 [cited May 13, 2018];1(1):1-10. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306240082_Classification_of_Cupping_Therapy_A_Tool_for_Modernization_and_Standardization
https://www.researchgate.net/publication...
. Aún, comparado al cupping massage, autores4747 Tham LM, Lee HP, Lu C. Cupping: From a biomechanical perspective. J Biomech. [Internet]. 2006 [cited May 13, 2018];39(12):2183-93. Available from: https://www.jbiomech.com/article/S0021-9290(05)00322-2/pdf
https://www.jbiomech.com/article/S0021-9...
destacan que el dry cupping posee mayor efecto analgésico, pues el uso de lubrificantes puede disminuir la fricción entre el borde del vaso y la piel, hecho corroborado por algunos autores2424 Lauche R, Materdey S, Cramer H, Haller H, Stange R, Dobos G, et al. Effectiveness of home- based cupping massage compared to progressive muscle relaxation in patients with chronic neck pain - a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. [Internet]. 2013 [cited May 13, 2018];8(6):1-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3676414/pdf/pone.0065378.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
, que utilizaron aceite de árnica para la realización del cupping massage.

A pesar de la variabilidad en la forma de aplicación de la intervención, fue posible identificar que en media, la ventosateraia fue aplicada en 5 sesiones con retención de los vasos en la piel en torno de 8 minutos, e intervalo de tres a cuatro días entre las aplicaciones, aproximadamente. Según algunos investigadores2727 Lauche R, Cramer H, Choi KE, Rampp T, Saha FJ, Dobos GJ, et al. The influence of a series of five dry cupping treatments on pain and mechanical thresholds in patients with chronic non-specific neck pain-a randomised controlled pilot study. BMC Complement Altern Med. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];18(6):327-34. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3224248/pdf/1472-6882-11-63.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
, son necesarias al menos cinco sesiones para demostrar cualquier efectos significativos del tratamiento de ventosaterapia, además de garantizar la viabilidad para la realización del ECR. Además, autores4747 Tham LM, Lee HP, Lu C. Cupping: From a biomechanical perspective. J Biomech. [Internet]. 2006 [cited May 13, 2018];39(12):2183-93. Available from: https://www.jbiomech.com/article/S0021-9290(05)00322-2/pdf
https://www.jbiomech.com/article/S0021-9...
recomiendan que los vasos deben ser dejados sobre la piel entre 5 y 10 minutos, o más, lo que culmina en el aparecimiento de marcas residuales, después del tratamiento, en consecuencia de la ruptura de pequeños vasos sanguíneos, que son indoloras y desaparecen entre 1 a 10 días1212 Markowski A, Sanford S, Pikowski J, Fauvell D, Cimino D, Caplan S. A Pilot Study Analyzing the Effects of Chinese Cupping as an Adjunct Treatment for Patients with Subacute Low Back Pain on Relieving Pain, Improving Range of Motion, and Improving Function. J Altern Complement Med. [Internet]. 2014 [cited May 13, 2018];20(2):113-7. Available from: https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/acm.2014.5302.abstract
https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.10...
. De esta forma, es necesario el intervalo entre las sesiones, a fin de permitir el restablecimiento de los tejidos cutáneo y subcutáneo.

En relación a los vasos de aplicación, los descartables son preferibles, o un proceso de esterilización o desinfección de alto nivel es exigido antes de la reutilización, ya que la presión ejercida puede causar extravasación de sangre y fluidos en la piel4646 Nielsen A, Kligler B, Koll BS. Safety protocols for gua sha (press-stroking) and baguan (cupping). Complement Ther Med. [Internet]. 2012 [cited May 13, 2018];20(5):340-4. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965229912000829?via%3Dihub
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
. Hoy en día, la ventosaterapia es cada vez más realizada con vasos de plástico4747 Tham LM, Lee HP, Lu C. Cupping: From a biomechanical perspective. J Biomech. [Internet]. 2006 [cited May 13, 2018];39(12):2183-93. Available from: https://www.jbiomech.com/article/S0021-9290(05)00322-2/pdf
https://www.jbiomech.com/article/S0021-9...
. Ya el tamaño del vaso varía de acuerdo con el local de aplicación; pero, generalmente es aplicado en locales con musculatura abundante, como la espalda4848 Yoo, S.S., Tausk, F., 2004. Cupping: east meets west. Int J Dermatol. [Internet]. 2004 [cited May 13, 2018];43(9):664-5. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.02224.x
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/...
.

Referente al método de succión para crear la presión negativa, predominó el uso del fuego99 Emerich M, Braeunig M, Clement HW, Lüdtke R, Huber R. Mode of action of cupping--local metabolism and pain thresholds in neck pain patients and healthy subjects. Complement Ther Med. [Internet]. 2014 [cited May 13, 2018];22(1):148-58. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965229913002112?via%3Dihub
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
,2525 Lauche R, Cramer H, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rampp T, Saha FJ, et al. The effect of traditional cupping on pain and mechanical thresholds in patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain: a randomised controlled pilot study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2012 [cited May 13, 2018];2012:1-10. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3235710/pdf/ECAM2012-429718.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2727 Lauche R, Cramer H, Choi KE, Rampp T, Saha FJ, Dobos GJ, et al. The influence of a series of five dry cupping treatments on pain and mechanical thresholds in patients with chronic non-specific neck pain-a randomised controlled pilot study. BMC Complement Altern Med. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];18(6):327-34. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3224248/pdf/1472-6882-11-63.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2929 Chi LM, Lin LM, Chen CL, Wang SF, Lai HL, Peng TC. The Effectiveness of Cupping Therapy on Relieving Chronic Neck and Shoulder Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2016 [cited May 13, 2018];2016:1-7. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2016/7358918/
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/20...
,3232 Akbarzadeh M, Ghaemmaghami M, Yazdanpanahi Z, Zare N, Azizi A, Mohagheghzadeh A. The Effect Dry Cupping Therapy at Acupoint BL23 on the Intensity of Postpartum Low Back Painin Primiparous Women Based on Two Types of Questionnaires, 2012; A Randomized ClinicalTrial. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery. [Internet]. 2014 [cited May 13, 2018];2(2):112-20. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4201191/pdf/ijcbnm-2-112.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
, seguido por el bombeo manual2323 Saha FJ, Schumann S, Cramer H, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rolke R, et al. The Effects of Cupping Massage in Patients with Chronic Neck Pain - A Randomised Controlled Trial. Complement Med Res. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 13, 2018];24(1):26-32. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/454872
https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/45487...
,3434 Kim TH, Kang JW, Kim KH, Lee MH, Kim JE, Kim JH, et al. Cupping for treating neck pain in video display terminal (VDT) users: a randomized controlled pilot trial. J Occup Health. [Internet]. 2012 [cited May 13, 2018];54(6):416-26. Available from: https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/joh/54/6/54_12-0133-OA/_pdf/-char/en
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/joh...

35 Kim JI, Kim TH, Lee MS, Kang JW, Kim KH, Choi JY, et al. Evaluation of wet-cupping therapy for persistent non-specific low back pain: a randomised, waiting-list controlled, open-label, parallel-group pilot trial. Trials. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];12:146. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3141528/pdf/1745-6215-12-146.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-3636 AlBedah A, Khalil M, Elolemy A, Hussein AA, AlQaed M, Al Mudaiheem A, et al. The Use of Wet Cupping for Persistent Nonspecific Low Back Pain: Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. J Altern Complement Med. [Internet]. 2015 [cited May 13, 2018];21(8):504-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4522952/pdf/acm.2015.0065.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
y automático2222 Teut M, Ullmann A, Ortiz M, Rotter G, Binting S, Cree M, et al. Pulsatile dry cupping in chronic low back pain - a randomized three-armed controlled clinical trial. BMC Complement Altern Med. [Internet]. 2018 [cited May 13, 2018];18(1):115. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5879872/pdf/12906_2018_Article_2187.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2626 Cramer H, Lauche R, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rampp T, Musial F, et al. Randomized controlled trial of pulsating cupping (pneumatic pulsation therapy) for chronic neck pain. Forsch Komplementmed. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];18(6):327-34. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/335294
https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/...
,3333 Farhadi K, Schwebel DC, Saeb M, Choubsaz M, Mohammadi R, Ahmadi A. The effectiveness of wet-cupping for nonspecific low back pain in Iran: a randomized controlledtrial. Complement Ther Med. [Internet]. 2009 [cited May 13, 2018];17(1):9-15. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965229908000630?via%3Dihub
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
. La succión con fuego es el método tradicional utilizado en la China; con todo, hay riesgo de quemaduras1818 Al-Bedah AM, Aboushanab TS, Alqaed MS, Qureshi NA, Suhaibani I, Ibrahim G, et al. Classification of Cupping Therapy: A Tool for Modernization and Standardization. JOCAMR. [Internet]. 2016 [cited May 13, 2018];1(1):1-10. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306240082_Classification_of_Cupping_Therapy_A_Tool_for_Modernization_and_Standardization
https://www.researchgate.net/publication...
. Ya el vacío manual es creado al utilizarse una bomba de succión; este método permite que la microcirculación aumente más eficazmente si comparado al fuego1818 Al-Bedah AM, Aboushanab TS, Alqaed MS, Qureshi NA, Suhaibani I, Ibrahim G, et al. Classification of Cupping Therapy: A Tool for Modernization and Standardization. JOCAMR. [Internet]. 2016 [cited May 13, 2018];1(1):1-10. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306240082_Classification_of_Cupping_Therapy_A_Tool_for_Modernization_and_Standardization
https://www.researchgate.net/publication...
. Finalmente, el bombeo automático es creado utilizando una bomba de succión eléctrica, que permite ajustar y medir la presión negativa dentro del vaso, siendo el método más adecuado para investigaciones científicas1818 Al-Bedah AM, Aboushanab TS, Alqaed MS, Qureshi NA, Suhaibani I, Ibrahim G, et al. Classification of Cupping Therapy: A Tool for Modernization and Standardization. JOCAMR. [Internet]. 2016 [cited May 13, 2018];1(1):1-10. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306240082_Classification_of_Cupping_Therapy_A_Tool_for_Modernization_and_Standardization
https://www.researchgate.net/publication...
.

Apenas tres estudios2222 Teut M, Ullmann A, Ortiz M, Rotter G, Binting S, Cree M, et al. Pulsatile dry cupping in chronic low back pain - a randomized three-armed controlled clinical trial. BMC Complement Altern Med. [Internet]. 2018 [cited May 13, 2018];18(1):115. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5879872/pdf/12906_2018_Article_2187.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2626 Cramer H, Lauche R, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rampp T, Musial F, et al. Randomized controlled trial of pulsating cupping (pneumatic pulsation therapy) for chronic neck pain. Forsch Komplementmed. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];18(6):327-34. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/335294
https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/...
,2828 Lin ML, Wu JH, Lin CW, Su CT, Wu HC, Shih YS, et al. Clinical Effects of Laser Acupuncture plus Chinese Cupping on the Pain and Plasma Cortisol Levels in Patients with Chronic Nonspecific Lower Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 13, 2018];2017:1-8. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2017/3140403/
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/20...
relataron la fuerza de succión utilizada, siendo esa importante de ser estandarizada en los protocolos de aplicación. La succión puede ser leve (100 y 300 milibar/uno o dos bombeos manuales), media (300 e 500 milibar/tres o cuatro bombeos manuales), fuerte (encima de 500 milibar/cinco o más bombeos manuales) o pulsátil (la presión dentro de los vasos es variable, entre 100 y 200 milibar a cada 2 segundos)4747 Tham LM, Lee HP, Lu C. Cupping: From a biomechanical perspective. J Biomech. [Internet]. 2006 [cited May 13, 2018];39(12):2183-93. Available from: https://www.jbiomech.com/article/S0021-9290(05)00322-2/pdf
https://www.jbiomech.com/article/S0021-9...
,4949 Teut M, Kaiser S, Ortiz M, Roll S, Binting S, Willich SN, et al. Pulsatile dry cupping in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee - a randomized controlled exploratory trial. BMC Complement Altern Med. [Internet]. 2012 [cited May 13, 2018];12(184):1-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3527288/pdf/1472-6882-12-184.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
. Generalmente, la succión media es indicada para condiciones dolorosas del sistema musculo esquelético1818 Al-Bedah AM, Aboushanab TS, Alqaed MS, Qureshi NA, Suhaibani I, Ibrahim G, et al. Classification of Cupping Therapy: A Tool for Modernization and Standardization. JOCAMR. [Internet]. 2016 [cited May 13, 2018];1(1):1-10. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306240082_Classification_of_Cupping_Therapy_A_Tool_for_Modernization_and_Standardization
https://www.researchgate.net/publication...
.

También no hubo estandarización en relación a los puntos de aplicación de la ventosaterapia. A pesar de eso, prevaleció la aplicación en acupuntos específicos en la región cervical, principalmente de los meridianos de vejiga, vesícula biliar e intestino delgado2929 Chi LM, Lin LM, Chen CL, Wang SF, Lai HL, Peng TC. The Effectiveness of Cupping Therapy on Relieving Chronic Neck and Shoulder Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2016 [cited May 13, 2018];2016:1-7. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2016/7358918/
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/20...
,3434 Kim TH, Kang JW, Kim KH, Lee MH, Kim JE, Kim JH, et al. Cupping for treating neck pain in video display terminal (VDT) users: a randomized controlled pilot trial. J Occup Health. [Internet]. 2012 [cited May 13, 2018];54(6):416-26. Available from: https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/joh/54/6/54_12-0133-OA/_pdf/-char/en
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/joh...
, y en la región lumbar en el meridiano de vejiga3030 Lin ML, Wu HC, Hsieh YH, Su CT, Shih YS, Lin CW, et al. Evaluation of the effect of laser acupuncture and cupping with ryodoraku and visual analog scaleon low back pain. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2012; [cited May 13, 2018]2012:1-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3482015/pdf/ECAM2012-521612.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

31 Yazdanpanahi Z, Ghaemmaghami M, Akbarzadeh M, Zare N, Azisi A. Comparison of the Effects of Dry Cupping and Acupressure at Acupuncture Point (BL23) on the Women with Postpartum Low Back Pain (PLBP) Based on Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaires in Iran: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Fam Reprod Health. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 13, 2018];11(2):82-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5742668/pdf/JFRH-11-82.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-3232 Akbarzadeh M, Ghaemmaghami M, Yazdanpanahi Z, Zare N, Azizi A, Mohagheghzadeh A. The Effect Dry Cupping Therapy at Acupoint BL23 on the Intensity of Postpartum Low Back Painin Primiparous Women Based on Two Types of Questionnaires, 2012; A Randomized ClinicalTrial. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery. [Internet]. 2014 [cited May 13, 2018];2(2):112-20. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4201191/pdf/ijcbnm-2-112.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,3535 Kim JI, Kim TH, Lee MS, Kang JW, Kim KH, Choi JY, et al. Evaluation of wet-cupping therapy for persistent non-specific low back pain: a randomised, waiting-list controlled, open-label, parallel-group pilot trial. Trials. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];12:146. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3141528/pdf/1745-6215-12-146.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-3636 AlBedah A, Khalil M, Elolemy A, Hussein AA, AlQaed M, Al Mudaiheem A, et al. The Use of Wet Cupping for Persistent Nonspecific Low Back Pain: Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. J Altern Complement Med. [Internet]. 2015 [cited May 13, 2018];21(8):504-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4522952/pdf/acm.2015.0065.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
, seguidos de puntos sensibles99 Emerich M, Braeunig M, Clement HW, Lüdtke R, Huber R. Mode of action of cupping--local metabolism and pain thresholds in neck pain patients and healthy subjects. Complement Ther Med. [Internet]. 2014 [cited May 13, 2018];22(1):148-58. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965229913002112?via%3Dihub
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
,2525 Lauche R, Cramer H, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rampp T, Saha FJ, et al. The effect of traditional cupping on pain and mechanical thresholds in patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain: a randomised controlled pilot study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2012 [cited May 13, 2018];2012:1-10. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3235710/pdf/ECAM2012-429718.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

26 Cramer H, Lauche R, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rampp T, Musial F, et al. Randomized controlled trial of pulsating cupping (pneumatic pulsation therapy) for chronic neck pain. Forsch Komplementmed. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];18(6):327-34. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/335294
https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/...
-2727 Lauche R, Cramer H, Choi KE, Rampp T, Saha FJ, Dobos GJ, et al. The influence of a series of five dry cupping treatments on pain and mechanical thresholds in patients with chronic non-specific neck pain-a randomised controlled pilot study. BMC Complement Altern Med. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];18(6):327-34. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3224248/pdf/1472-6882-11-63.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,3030 Lin ML, Wu HC, Hsieh YH, Su CT, Shih YS, Lin CW, et al. Evaluation of the effect of laser acupuncture and cupping with ryodoraku and visual analog scaleon low back pain. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2012; [cited May 13, 2018]2012:1-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3482015/pdf/ECAM2012-521612.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
, denominados Ashi pela MTC o puntos gatillo por la medicina occidental.

Los meridianos son pasajes para el flujo de “qi” (energía vital) y “xue” (sangre), los dos fluidos corporales básicos de la MTC, que se diseminan por toda la superficie corporal, integrando el interior con el exterior del cuerpo, y conectando los órganos internos, las articulaciones y las extremidades, transformando el cuerpo entero en un órgano único5050 Wang GJ, Ayati MH, Zhang WB. Meridian studies in China: a systematic review. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. [Internet]. 2010 [cited May 13, 2018];3(1):1-9. Available from: https://www.jams-kpi.com/article/S2005-2901(10)60001-5/pdf
https://www.jams-kpi.com/article/S2005-2...
. Parte de los meridianos de vejiga, intestino delgado y vesícula biliar pasan por la región dorsal. Los puntos de acupuntura están localizados en los meridianos; además de acción local, también desempeñan acción sistémica y de restablecimiento del equilibrio energético del cuerpo, al ajustar la función de los órganos, mantener la homeostasis y tratar la enfermedad5151 Li F, He T, Xu Q, Lin LT, Li H, Liu Y, et al. What is the Acupoint? A preliminary review of Acupoints. Pain Med. [Internet]. 2015 [cited May 13, 2018];16(10):1905-15. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/painmedicine/article/16/10/1905/2460295
https://academic.oup.com/painmedicine/ar...
, por eso la ventaja en utilizarlos.

Ya los puntos gatillo o Ashi son puntos localizados y de alta irritabilidad, que son sensibles a la presión digital y pueden desencadenar dolor local y referido5252 International Association for the Study of Pain [Internet]. Global year against musculoskeletal pain. October 2009 - October 2010. Myofascial Pain. 2010 [cited May 13, 2018]. Available from: http://www.iasp-pain.org/files/Content/ContentFolders/GlobalYearAgainstPain2/MusculoskeletalPainFactSheets/MyofascialPain_Final.pdf
http://www.iasp-pain.org/files/Content/C...
. Pueden ser decurrentes de sobrecarga dinámica, como traumatismo o exceso de uso, o sobrecarga estática, como por ejemplo, las sobrecargas posturales, ocurridas durante las actividades de vida diaria y ocupacionales5353 Dommerholt J. Dry needling - peripheral and central considerations. Pain Med. [Internet]. 2015 [cited May 13, 2018];16(10):1905-15. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3201653/pdf/jmt-19-04-223.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
, además de tensión emocional. Trabajar sobre esos puntos también puede ser una forma de aliviar el dolor local5454 Zhao H. Clinical observation on therapeutic effect of cupping combined with acupuncture stimulation at trigger points for lumbar myofascial pain syndrome. Zhen Ci Yan Jiu. [Internet]. 2014 [cited May 13, 2018];39(4):324-8. Available from: https://web.b.ebscohost.com/abstract?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=10471979&AN=123067289&h=KVyuzUBFiXE6HntiPqHImXntz1iicxcKNwGrlQq0AMeIF2V6vP7ve956sIg8M0zmRdGAVvtrgKrGNtqZ4USF4g%3d%3d&crl=c&resultNs=AdminWebAuth&resultLocal=ErrCrlNotAuth&crlhashurl=login.aspx%3fdirect%3dtrue%26profile%3dehost%26scope%3dsite%26authtype%3dcrawler%26jrnl%3d10471979%26AN%3d123067289
https://web.b.ebscohost.com/abstract?dir...
.

Después de la aplicación de la ventosaterapia, tanto los acupuntos de los meridianos de las regiones acometidas cuanto los puntos gatillo o Ashi pueden presentarse con hematomas, eritema y/o equimosis. Según la MTC, esas señales representan estagnación de “qi” y/o “xue” y pueden auxiliar al terapeuta a identificar los disturbios existentes en el organismo.

Finalmente, por medio de la metanálisis, fue posible constatar reducción significativa del puntaje de intensidad del dolor, en personas adultas con dolor crónico en la espalda, mediante uso de la ventosaterapia (p=0.001). Comparada con un grupo control (cuidado habitual/otra intervención/lista de espera) esta modalidad posee ventajas en aliviar el dolor, como es posible verificar en la Figura 5.

Apenas dos estudios2424 Lauche R, Materdey S, Cramer H, Haller H, Stange R, Dobos G, et al. Effectiveness of home- based cupping massage compared to progressive muscle relaxation in patients with chronic neck pain - a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. [Internet]. 2013 [cited May 13, 2018];8(6):1-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3676414/pdf/pone.0065378.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,3030 Lin ML, Wu HC, Hsieh YH, Su CT, Shih YS, Lin CW, et al. Evaluation of the effect of laser acupuncture and cupping with ryodoraku and visual analog scaleon low back pain. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2012; [cited May 13, 2018]2012:1-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3482015/pdf/ECAM2012-521612.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
no representaron diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los grupos sobre el beneficio o maleficio de la intervención (Figura 5). De hecho, el primer estudio2424 Lauche R, Materdey S, Cramer H, Haller H, Stange R, Dobos G, et al. Effectiveness of home- based cupping massage compared to progressive muscle relaxation in patients with chronic neck pain - a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. [Internet]. 2013 [cited May 13, 2018];8(6):1-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3676414/pdf/pone.0065378.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
apuntó que la ventosaterapia tiene el mismo efecto que otra intervención (relajamiento muscular progresivo) en la reducción del dolor cervical crónico no específico; a pesar de eso, la ventosaterapia fue mejor de lo que el relajamiento en mejorar el bien estar y disminuir la sensibilidad al dolor por presión. Los autores2424 Lauche R, Materdey S, Cramer H, Haller H, Stange R, Dobos G, et al. Effectiveness of home- based cupping massage compared to progressive muscle relaxation in patients with chronic neck pain - a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. [Internet]. 2013 [cited May 13, 2018];8(6):1-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3676414/pdf/pone.0065378.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
justifican ese resultado, dentro de otras limitaciones, por el hecho de la ventosaterapia haber sido realizada por parientes o amigos de los pacientes en casa. Ya en el segundo estudio3030 Lin ML, Wu HC, Hsieh YH, Su CT, Shih YS, Lin CW, et al. Evaluation of the effect of laser acupuncture and cupping with ryodoraku and visual analog scaleon low back pain. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2012; [cited May 13, 2018]2012:1-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3482015/pdf/ECAM2012-521612.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
, a pesar de haber encontrado resultado positivo sobre la intensidad del dolor, no obtuvo resultado en el metanálisis; se cree que eso puede haber acontecido por el hecho de ambos grupos haber recibido la intervención de ventosaterapia (soft cupping) y ambos obtuvieron resultados positivos.

En los demás estudios2323 Saha FJ, Schumann S, Cramer H, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rolke R, et al. The Effects of Cupping Massage in Patients with Chronic Neck Pain - A Randomised Controlled Trial. Complement Med Res. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 13, 2018];24(1):26-32. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/454872
https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/45487...
,2525 Lauche R, Cramer H, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rampp T, Saha FJ, et al. The effect of traditional cupping on pain and mechanical thresholds in patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain: a randomised controlled pilot study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2012 [cited May 13, 2018];2012:1-10. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3235710/pdf/ECAM2012-429718.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

26 Cramer H, Lauche R, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rampp T, Musial F, et al. Randomized controlled trial of pulsating cupping (pneumatic pulsation therapy) for chronic neck pain. Forsch Komplementmed. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];18(6):327-34. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/335294
https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/...

27 Lauche R, Cramer H, Choi KE, Rampp T, Saha FJ, Dobos GJ, et al. The influence of a series of five dry cupping treatments on pain and mechanical thresholds in patients with chronic non-specific neck pain-a randomised controlled pilot study. BMC Complement Altern Med. [Internet]. 2011 [cited May 13, 2018];18(6):327-34. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3224248/pdf/1472-6882-11-63.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-2828 Lin ML, Wu JH, Lin CW, Su CT, Wu HC, Shih YS, et al. Clinical Effects of Laser Acupuncture plus Chinese Cupping on the Pain and Plasma Cortisol Levels in Patients with Chronic Nonspecific Lower Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 13, 2018];2017:1-8. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2017/3140403/
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/20...
,3131 Yazdanpanahi Z, Ghaemmaghami M, Akbarzadeh M, Zare N, Azisi A. Comparison of the Effects of Dry Cupping and Acupressure at Acupuncture Point (BL23) on the Women with Postpartum Low Back Pain (PLBP) Based on Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaires in Iran: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Fam Reprod Health. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 13, 2018];11(2):82-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5742668/pdf/JFRH-11-82.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-3232 Akbarzadeh M, Ghaemmaghami M, Yazdanpanahi Z, Zare N, Azizi A, Mohagheghzadeh A. The Effect Dry Cupping Therapy at Acupoint BL23 on the Intensity of Postpartum Low Back Painin Primiparous Women Based on Two Types of Questionnaires, 2012; A Randomized ClinicalTrial. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery. [Internet]. 2014 [cited May 13, 2018];2(2):112-20. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4201191/pdf/ijcbnm-2-112.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,3434 Kim TH, Kang JW, Kim KH, Lee MH, Kim JE, Kim JH, et al. Cupping for treating neck pain in video display terminal (VDT) users: a randomized controlled pilot trial. J Occup Health. [Internet]. 2012 [cited May 13, 2018];54(6):416-26. Available from: https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/joh/54/6/54_12-0133-OA/_pdf/-char/en
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/joh...
la intervención redujo la probabilidad del resultado; siendo el estudio con mayor número de muestras3131 Yazdanpanahi Z, Ghaemmaghami M, Akbarzadeh M, Zare N, Azisi A. Comparison of the Effects of Dry Cupping and Acupressure at Acupuncture Point (BL23) on the Women with Postpartum Low Back Pain (PLBP) Based on Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaires in Iran: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Fam Reprod Health. [Internet]. 2017 [cited May 13, 2018];11(2):82-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5742668/pdf/JFRH-11-82.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
lo que más contribuyó para eso (peso de 15,68% en el metanálisis) (Figura 5). De hecho, todos esos estudios relataron resultados promisores de la intervención sobre la intensidad del dolor.

Con todo, los resultados de la efectividad de la ventosaterapia aún precisan ser confirmados por análisis de subgrupos, con base en los diferentes tipos de técnicas de aplicación y de grupos control. Además, es importante realizar meta regresión para encontrar la fuente de heterogeneidad de los ECR.

De una forma en general, los resultados mostraron variación substancial en la aplicación de la ventosaterapia, especialmente en relación al tipo de técnica, y también las diferencias de grupo control, lo que hizo inviable la realización de análisis de subgrupo o meta regresión, respectivamente, debido al pequeño número de estudios con cada una de esas especificaciones.

Conclusión

La ventosaterapia es un método promisor para el tratamiento y control del dolor crónico en la espalda en adultos, una vez que disminuye significativamente los puntajes de intensidad del dolor, en relación a un grupo control. Con todo, la alta heterogeneidad y la calidad metodológica mediana de los ECR limitaron los hallados.

A pesar de eso, un protocolo puede ser establecido para esa condición clínica: aplicación de la técnica de dry cupping en 5 sesiones, con retención de los vasos descartables o de plástico en la piel en torno de 8 minutos, bombeo automático, preferencialmente, o manual, con fuerza de succión media, e intervalo de tres a siete días entre las aplicaciones. Preferible optar por acupuntos de la región dorsal, principalmente los del meridiano de vejiga para región lumbar, y por los meridianos de vejiga, vesícula biliar e intestino delgado para las regiones cervical y torácica, además de puntos Ashi o gatillo. Ese protocolo necesita de validación en estudios futuros. Y, los principales resultados evaluados para esa condición clínica fueron la intensidad del dolor, la incapacidad física, la calidad de vida y el umbral nociceptivo frente al estímulo mecánico (presión).

Referências

Fechas de Publicación

  • Publicación en esta colección
    2018

Histórico

  • Recibido
    11 Jul 2018
  • Acepto
    17 Set 2018
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