Psychotherapy: from exorcism to cognitive theories

Nogueira, Durval Mazzei

doi:10.1590/1415-47142004002003

Abstracts

The author discusses aspects of psychotherapeutic action. He defends the rationality of the procedure, comments on the splintering of the field of psychotherapy and discusses the usefulness of applying the scientific methodology to this field of knowledge.

Psychotherapy; psychoanalisis; research; science

O autor discute alguns dos aspectos associados ao exercício da psicoterapia. Defende a racionalidade do procedimento, comenta sobre o fracionamento do campo psicoterapêutico e discute a conveniência da aplicação da metodologia científica a este ramo do saber.

Psicoterapia; psicanálise; pesquisa; ciência

El autor discute algunos de los aspectos asociados al ejercício de la psicoterapia. Defiende la racionalidad del procedimiento, comenta sobre el fraccionamiento del campo psicoterapéutico y discute la conveniencia de la aplicación de la metodologia científica en este ramo del saber.

Psicoterapia; psicoanálisis; investigación; ciencia

L’auteur discute certains aspects associés à l’exercice de la psychothérapie. Il défend la rationalité de la procédure, commente le fractionnement du champ thérapeutique et discute la convenance de l’application de la méthodologie scientifique à ce domaine du savoir.

Psychothérapie; psychanalyse; recherche; science

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

References

ANDREASEN, N. et al. Remenbering the past: two facets of episodic memory explored with positron emission tomography. Am. J. Psychiatry, n. 152, p. 1576-85, 1995.
ANDREASEN, N. Body and soul. Am. J. Psychiatry, n. 153, p. 589-90, 1996.
ANDREWS, G. Placebo response in depression: bane of research, boon to therapy. Br. J. Psychiatry, n. 178, p. 192-4, 2001.
ANDREWS, G. The essential psychotherapies. Br. J. Psychiatry, n. 162, p. 447-51, 1993.
BARLOW, D.H.; LEHMAN, C.L. Advances in the psychossocial treatment of anxiety disorders. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, n. 53, p. 727-35, 1996.
BENNET, M. The greening of HMO: implications for prepaid Psychiatry. Am. J. Psychiatry, n. 145, p. 1544-50, 1988.
BINSWANGER, L. Sobre psicoterapia (possibilidad e facticidad de la acción psicoterapeutica). In: Artículos y conferencias escogidas Madrid: Gredos, 1973.
BLACKBURN, I.; DAVIDSON, K. M. Cognitive psychotherapy for depression and anxiety A practitioner’s guide. Cambridge: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990.
BORENSTEIN, D. B. Does managed care permit apropriate use of psychotherapy? Psychiatr. Serv, n. 14, p. 971-4, 1996.
CAMPOS, F. C. et al. Pesquisa clínica: a influência da relação médico/paciente. J. Bras. Psiquiatr, n. 50, p. 373-8, 2001.
CHALMERS, A. A fabricação da ciência São Paulo: Unesp, 1994.
CLARE, A. Psychiatry in dissent Controversial issues in thought and practice Londres: Routledge, 1989.
CONTI, H. R. et al. Combined psychotherapy and pharmachotherapy for depression: a systematic analysis of evidence. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, n. 43, p. 471-9, 1986.
COURSEY, A. D. et al. Individual psychotherapy and persons with serious mental illness. Schizophr. Bull., n. 21, p. 283-301, 1995.
CRITS-CRISTOPH, P. Psychossocial treatment for drug abuse. Selected review and recomendations for National Health Care. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, n. 53, p. 749-56, 1996.
CRITS-CRISTOPH, P . The efficiency of brief dynamic psychotherapy. A meta-analysis. Am. J. Psychiatry, n. 149, p. 151-8, 1992.
DELGADO, H. Curso de psiquiatría Barcelona: Editorial Científico/Médica, 1969.
DETRE, T. The future of psychiatry. Am. J. Psychiatry, n. 144, p. 621-5, 1987.
EIZERICK, C. C. et al. Psicoterapia breve dinâmica. In: CORDIOLI, A.V. (org.). Psicoterapias: abordagens atuais. Porto Alegre: Artes Médicas, 1998.
ENSERINK, M. Can the placebo be the cure? Science, n. 284, p. 238-40, 1999.
ETCHEGOYEN, R. H. Psicoterapia. In: VIDAL, G.; BLEICHMAR, H.; USANDIVARAS, R.J. (orgs.). Enciclopedia de psiquiatría Buenos Aires: El Ateneo, 1977.
EY, H. et al. Tratado de psiquiatría Barcelona: Toray-Masson, 1974.
EYSENCK, H. J. Teoria del aprendizaje y terapéutica de la conducta. In: MILLON, T. (org.) Psicopatologia y personalidad México: Interamericana, 1974.
FINE, R. A história da psicanálise Rio de Janeiro: Edusp/Livros Técnicos/Científicos, 1981.
FREUD, S. Sobre psicoterapia. In: Obras completas Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva, 1973a. v. I.
FREUD, S . Consejos al médico en el tratamiento analítico. In: Obras completas Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva, 1973b. v. II.
GEORGE, M. S. et al. Brain activity during transient sadness and happiness in healthy women. Am. J. Psychiatry, n. 152, p. 341-51, 1995.
GILLIÈRON, E. Introdução às psicoterapias breves São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 1993.
GLASS, R. M. Psychotherapy: scientific art or artistic science. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, n. 41, p. 525-6, 1984.
GREENSPOON, J. Condicionamento verbal e psicologia clínica. In: BACHARACH, A.J. (org.). Fundamentos experimentais da psicologia clínica São Paulo: Herder/Edusp, 1972.
GUYOTAT, J. Estudios de antropología psiquiátrica México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1994.
HOWARD, K. I. et al. Clinically relevant outcome research in individual psychotherapy. New models guide the reseacher and clinician. Br. J. Psychiatry, n. 165, p. 4-8, 1994.
JACKSON, S. N. The listening healer in the history of psychological healing. Am. J. Psychiatry, n. 149, p. 1623-32, 1992.
JAEGER, B. et al. Psychotherapy and bulimia nervosa: evaluation and long-term followup of two conflict-oriented treatment conditions. Acta Psychiatr. Sacand, n. 93, 26878, 1996.
JASPERS, K. Médico e paciente. In: O médico na era da técnica Lisboa: Edições 70, 1998.
JASPERS, K. Psicopatologia geral Rio de Janeiro: Atheneu, 1973. v. II.
KAKAR, S. Chamanes, místicos y doctores. Una investigación psicológica sobre la India y sus tradiciones para curar. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1993.
LÉVI-STRAUSS, C. O feiticeiro e sua magia. In: Antropologia estrutural Rio de Janeiro: Tempo Brasileiro, 1973a.
LÉVI-STRAUSS, C . A eficácia simbólica. In: Antropologia estrutural Rio de Janeiro: Tempo Brasileiro, 1973b.
LIPSEY, M. N.; WILSON, D. B. The efficacy of psychological, educational and behavioral treatment: confirmation from meta-analysis. Am. Psychol, n. 48, p. 1181-209, 1993.
MACHADO, S. C. E. P.; VASCONCELLOS, M. C. E. Psicanálise e psicoterapia de orientação analítica. In: CORDIOLI, A.V. (org.). Psicoterapias: abordagens atuais. Porto Alegre: Artes Médicas, 1998.
MANN, D. W. The question of medical psychotherapy. Am. J. Psychotherapy, n. XLIII, p. 405-13, 1989.
MARGISON, F. & SHAPIRO, D. Psychological treatments for depression (letter). Br. J. Psychiatry, n. 168, p. 127, 1996.
MARKOWITZ, J. C. et al. Individual psychotherapies for depressed HIV-positive patients. Am. J. Psychiatry, n. 152, p. 1504-9, 1995.
MARSHALL, E. Psychotherapy faces tests of worth. Science, v. 207, n. 4426, p. 35-6. 1980a.
MARSHALL, E . Psychotherapy works, but for whom? Science, v. 207, n. 4430, p. 506-8, 1980b.
MCINTYRE, J. S. et al. The role of psychotherapy in the treatment of depression. Commentary. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, n. 53, p. 291-3, 1996.
MOHL, P. et al. Psychotherapy training for the psychiatrist of the future. Am. J. Psychiatry, n. 147, p. 7-13, 1990.
NADELSON, T. Psychotherapy, revelation, science and deep thinking. Am. J. Psychiatry, n. 153 (Suppl), p. 7-10, 1996.
NOBRE DE MELO, A. L. Psiquiatria Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira/MEC, 1979. v. II.
PARSONS, J. B. et al. The role of psychotherapy in the treatment of depression. Review of two practice guidelines. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, n. 53, p. 283-90, 1996.
PELICIER, Y. História da psiquiatria Lisboa: Europa/América, 1971.
PRIOLEAU, L. et al. An analysis of psychotherapy versus placebo studies. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, n. 6, p. 275-302, 1983.
RAMADAM, Z. B. A. Psicoterapia São Paulo: Ática, 1987.
ROSEMBLATT, A. D. et al. Psychotherapy in the Future. Commitee on Therapy – Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry USA: American Psychiatry Press, 1992.
RUSSEL, R. L. & ORLINSKY, D. E. Psychotherapy research in historical perspective. Implications for health care policy. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, n. 53, p. 708-15, 1996.
SELIGMAN, M. E. Science as an ally practice. Am. Psychol, n. 51, 1072-1079. 1996.
SHAPIRO, D.A. & SHAPIRO, D. Meta-analysis of comparative therapy outcomes studies: a replication and refinement. Psychological Bulletin, n. 92, p. 581-604, 1982.
SLEDGE, W. H. Psychotherapy in US I: challenges and opportunities. Am. J. Psychiatry, n. 151, p. 1267-70, 1994.
TILLETT, R. Psychotherapy assesment and treatment selection. Br. J. Psychiatry, n. 168, p. 10-5, 1996.
WATSON, J. B. O comportamentismo. In: HERRNSTEIN, R.J. & BORING, E.G. (orgs.). Textos básicos de história da psicologia São Paulo: Herder/Edusp, 1971.
WATSON, R. I. A tradição experimental e a psicologia clínica. In: BACHARACH, A.J. (org.). Fundamentos experimentais da psicologia clínica São Paulo: Herder/Edusp, 1972.
WEISSMAN, M. M. et al. The efficacy of drug and psychotherapy in the treatment of acute depressive episodes. Am. J. Psychiatry, n. 136, p. 555-68, 1979.
WEISSMAN, M. M. Psychotherapy in the maintenance treatment of depression. Br. J. Psychiatry, n. 165 (suppl. 26), p. 42-50, 1994.
WIENER, J. M. Response to the presidential address: roots, diversity and professional identity. Am. J. Psychiatry, n. 151, p. 1262-4, 1994.
WOLPE, J. As bases experimentais de alguns novos métodos psicoterapêuticos. In: BACHARACH, A.J. (org.). Fundamentos experimentais da psicologia clínica São Paulo: Herder/Edusp, 1972.
WOODY, G. E. et al. Psychotherapy for opiate addicts: does it help? Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, n. 40, p. 639-45, 1983.
WOODY, G. E . Psychotherapy in communitty methadon programs. Avaliation study. Am. J. Psychiatry, n. 152, p. 1302-8, 1995.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
Apr-Jun 2004

History

Received
May 2003
Accepted
Sept 2003

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

[1] ANDREASEN, N. et al. Remenbering the past: two facets of episodic memory explored with positron emission tomography. Am. J. Psychiatry, n. 152, p. 1576-85, 1995.

[2] ANDREASEN, N. Body and soul. Am. J. Psychiatry, n. 153, p. 589-90, 1996.

[3] ANDREWS, G. Placebo response in depression: bane of research, boon to therapy. Br. J. Psychiatry, n. 178, p. 192-4, 2001.

[4] ANDREWS, G. The essential psychotherapies. Br. J. Psychiatry, n. 162, p. 447-51, 1993.

[5] BARLOW, D.H.; LEHMAN, C.L. Advances in the psychossocial treatment of anxiety disorders. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, n. 53, p. 727-35, 1996.

[6] BENNET, M. The greening of HMO: implications for prepaid Psychiatry. Am. J. Psychiatry, n. 145, p. 1544-50, 1988.

[7] BINSWANGER, L. Sobre psicoterapia (possibilidad e facticidad de la acción psicoterapeutica). In: Artículos y conferencias escogidas Madrid: Gredos, 1973.

[8] BLACKBURN, I.; DAVIDSON, K. M. Cognitive psychotherapy for depression and anxiety A practitioner’s guide. Cambridge: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990.

[9] BORENSTEIN, D. B. Does managed care permit apropriate use of psychotherapy? Psychiatr. Serv, n. 14, p. 971-4, 1996.

[10] CAMPOS, F. C. et al. Pesquisa clínica: a influência da relação médico/paciente. J. Bras. Psiquiatr, n. 50, p. 373-8, 2001.

[11] CHALMERS, A. A fabricação da ciência São Paulo: Unesp, 1994.

[12] CLARE, A. Psychiatry in dissent Controversial issues in thought and practice Londres: Routledge, 1989.

[13] CONTI, H. R. et al. Combined psychotherapy and pharmachotherapy for depression: a systematic analysis of evidence. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, n. 43, p. 471-9, 1986.

[14] COURSEY, A. D. et al. Individual psychotherapy and persons with serious mental illness. Schizophr. Bull., n. 21, p. 283-301, 1995.

[15] CRITS-CRISTOPH, P. Psychossocial treatment for drug abuse. Selected review and recomendations for National Health Care. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, n. 53, p. 749-56, 1996.

[16] CRITS-CRISTOPH, P . The efficiency of brief dynamic psychotherapy. A meta-analysis. Am. J. Psychiatry, n. 149, p. 151-8, 1992.

[17] DELGADO, H. Curso de psiquiatría Barcelona: Editorial Científico/Médica, 1969.

[18] DETRE, T. The future of psychiatry. Am. J. Psychiatry, n. 144, p. 621-5, 1987.

[19] EIZERICK, C. C. et al. Psicoterapia breve dinâmica. In: CORDIOLI, A.V. (org.). Psicoterapias: abordagens atuais. Porto Alegre: Artes Médicas, 1998.

[20] ENSERINK, M. Can the placebo be the cure? Science, n. 284, p. 238-40, 1999.

[21] ETCHEGOYEN, R. H. Psicoterapia. In: VIDAL, G.; BLEICHMAR, H.; USANDIVARAS, R.J. (orgs.). Enciclopedia de psiquiatría Buenos Aires: El Ateneo, 1977.

[22] EY, H. et al. Tratado de psiquiatría Barcelona: Toray-Masson, 1974.

[23] EYSENCK, H. J. Teoria del aprendizaje y terapéutica de la conducta. In: MILLON, T. (org.) Psicopatologia y personalidad México: Interamericana, 1974.

[24] FINE, R. A história da psicanálise Rio de Janeiro: Edusp/Livros Técnicos/Científicos, 1981.

[25] FREUD, S. Sobre psicoterapia. In: Obras completas Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva, 1973a. v. I.

[26] FREUD, S . Consejos al médico en el tratamiento analítico. In: Obras completas Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva, 1973b. v. II.

[27] GEORGE, M. S. et al. Brain activity during transient sadness and happiness in healthy women. Am. J. Psychiatry, n. 152, p. 341-51, 1995.

[28] GILLIÈRON, E. Introdução às psicoterapias breves São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 1993.

[29] GLASS, R. M. Psychotherapy: scientific art or artistic science. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, n. 41, p. 525-6, 1984.

[30] GREENSPOON, J. Condicionamento verbal e psicologia clínica. In: BACHARACH, A.J. (org.). Fundamentos experimentais da psicologia clínica São Paulo: Herder/Edusp, 1972.

[31] GUYOTAT, J. Estudios de antropología psiquiátrica México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1994.

[32] HOWARD, K. I. et al. Clinically relevant outcome research in individual psychotherapy. New models guide the reseacher and clinician. Br. J. Psychiatry, n. 165, p. 4-8, 1994.

[33] JACKSON, S. N. The listening healer in the history of psychological healing. Am. J. Psychiatry, n. 149, p. 1623-32, 1992.

[34] JAEGER, B. et al. Psychotherapy and bulimia nervosa: evaluation and long-term followup of two conflict-oriented treatment conditions. Acta Psychiatr. Sacand, n. 93, 26878, 1996.

[35] JASPERS, K. Médico e paciente. In: O médico na era da técnica Lisboa: Edições 70, 1998.

[36] JASPERS, K. Psicopatologia geral Rio de Janeiro: Atheneu, 1973. v. II.

[37] KAKAR, S. Chamanes, místicos y doctores. Una investigación psicológica sobre la India y sus tradiciones para curar. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1993.

[38] LÉVI-STRAUSS, C. O feiticeiro e sua magia. In: Antropologia estrutural Rio de Janeiro: Tempo Brasileiro, 1973a.

[39] LÉVI-STRAUSS, C . A eficácia simbólica. In: Antropologia estrutural Rio de Janeiro: Tempo Brasileiro, 1973b.

[40] LIPSEY, M. N.; WILSON, D. B. The efficacy of psychological, educational and behavioral treatment: confirmation from meta-analysis. Am. Psychol, n. 48, p. 1181-209, 1993.

[41] MACHADO, S. C. E. P.; VASCONCELLOS, M. C. E. Psicanálise e psicoterapia de orientação analítica. In: CORDIOLI, A.V. (org.). Psicoterapias: abordagens atuais. Porto Alegre: Artes Médicas, 1998.

[42] MANN, D. W. The question of medical psychotherapy. Am. J. Psychotherapy, n. XLIII, p. 405-13, 1989.

[43] MARGISON, F. & SHAPIRO, D. Psychological treatments for depression (letter). Br. J. Psychiatry, n. 168, p. 127, 1996.

[44] MARKOWITZ, J. C. et al. Individual psychotherapies for depressed HIV-positive patients. Am. J. Psychiatry, n. 152, p. 1504-9, 1995.

[45] MARSHALL, E. Psychotherapy faces tests of worth. Science, v. 207, n. 4426, p. 35-6. 1980a.

[46] MARSHALL, E . Psychotherapy works, but for whom? Science, v. 207, n. 4430, p. 506-8, 1980b.

[47] MCINTYRE, J. S. et al. The role of psychotherapy in the treatment of depression. Commentary. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, n. 53, p. 291-3, 1996.

[48] MOHL, P. et al. Psychotherapy training for the psychiatrist of the future. Am. J. Psychiatry, n. 147, p. 7-13, 1990.

[49] NADELSON, T. Psychotherapy, revelation, science and deep thinking. Am. J. Psychiatry, n. 153 (Suppl), p. 7-10, 1996.

[50] NOBRE DE MELO, A. L. Psiquiatria Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira/MEC, 1979. v. II.

[51] PARSONS, J. B. et al. The role of psychotherapy in the treatment of depression. Review of two practice guidelines. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, n. 53, p. 283-90, 1996.

[52] PELICIER, Y. História da psiquiatria Lisboa: Europa/América, 1971.

[53] PRIOLEAU, L. et al. An analysis of psychotherapy versus placebo studies. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, n. 6, p. 275-302, 1983.

[54] RAMADAM, Z. B. A. Psicoterapia São Paulo: Ática, 1987.

[55] ROSEMBLATT, A. D. et al. Psychotherapy in the Future. Commitee on Therapy – Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry USA: American Psychiatry Press, 1992.

[56] RUSSEL, R. L. & ORLINSKY, D. E. Psychotherapy research in historical perspective. Implications for health care policy. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, n. 53, p. 708-15, 1996.

[57] SELIGMAN, M. E. Science as an ally practice. Am. Psychol, n. 51, 1072-1079. 1996.

[58] SHAPIRO, D.A. & SHAPIRO, D. Meta-analysis of comparative therapy outcomes studies: a replication and refinement. Psychological Bulletin, n. 92, p. 581-604, 1982.

[59] SLEDGE, W. H. Psychotherapy in US I: challenges and opportunities. Am. J. Psychiatry, n. 151, p. 1267-70, 1994.

[60] TILLETT, R. Psychotherapy assesment and treatment selection. Br. J. Psychiatry, n. 168, p. 10-5, 1996.

[61] WATSON, J. B. O comportamentismo. In: HERRNSTEIN, R.J. & BORING, E.G. (orgs.). Textos básicos de história da psicologia São Paulo: Herder/Edusp, 1971.

[62] WATSON, R. I. A tradição experimental e a psicologia clínica. In: BACHARACH, A.J. (org.). Fundamentos experimentais da psicologia clínica São Paulo: Herder/Edusp, 1972.

[63] WEISSMAN, M. M. et al. The efficacy of drug and psychotherapy in the treatment of acute depressive episodes. Am. J. Psychiatry, n. 136, p. 555-68, 1979.

[64] WEISSMAN, M. M. Psychotherapy in the maintenance treatment of depression. Br. J. Psychiatry, n. 165 (suppl. 26), p. 42-50, 1994.

[65] WIENER, J. M. Response to the presidential address: roots, diversity and professional identity. Am. J. Psychiatry, n. 151, p. 1262-4, 1994.

[66] WOLPE, J. As bases experimentais de alguns novos métodos psicoterapêuticos. In: BACHARACH, A.J. (org.). Fundamentos experimentais da psicologia clínica São Paulo: Herder/Edusp, 1972.

[67] WOODY, G. E. et al. Psychotherapy for opiate addicts: does it help? Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, n. 40, p. 639-45, 1983.

[68] WOODY, G. E . Psychotherapy in communitty methadon programs. Avaliation study. Am. J. Psychiatry, n. 152, p. 1302-8, 1995.

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