Application of waste in concrete manufacturing: how analytical characterization techniques can support the preliminary choice of the most suitable material?

Bragagnolo, Lucimara; Korf, Eduardo Pavan

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Artigos • Matéria (Rio J.) 25 (1) • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-707620200001.0885 copy

Application of waste in concrete manufacturing: how analytical characterization techniques can support the preliminary choice of the most suitable material?

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The concern about negative impacts resulting from the production of natural aggregates and cement in the production of concrete, as well as the possibility of shortage of these materials, motivates for the search for alternative materials. Among these materials, several studies have evaluated the application of by-products from different industrial sectors for concrete manufacture. However, considering the variety of existing waste, without still having some high added value, it is interesting to evaluate them. Therefore, the evaluation of the potential of these materials requires the application of different techniques for the analysis of several properties that are desirable or required. In this sense, this bibliographic review aimed to discuss about main techniques and methodologies that are applied to the identification of the main characteristics that allow its application as partial replacements of aggregates or cement, in mixtures for concrete manufacture.

Keywords
Natural aggregates; Cement; Methodologies; Waste

PROPRIEDADE	TÉCNICA	REFERÊNCIAS
Potencial de reatividade álcali-sílica	Testes químicos	[⁴⁴44 ASTM, “C-289-16 Standard Test Method for Potential Alkali-Silica Reactivity of Aggregates (Chem-ical Method)”, (2016).]
	Análise DRX	[⁴⁵45 GRATTAN-BELLEW, P.E., “A Critical Review of Ultra-accelerated Alkali-silica Reactivity”, Cement and Concrete Composites, v. 19, pp. 403–414, 1997., ⁴⁶46 MO, X., JING, Y., HAN, T., et al., “Alkali-silica reactivity of different aggregates from mineral and textural characteristics”, Journal Wuhan University of Technology, Materials Science Edition, v. 23, n. 6, pp. 901–906, 2008.]
	Espectrometria de infravermelho (Contudo DRX possui melhores resultados)	[⁴⁵45 GRATTAN-BELLEW, P.E., “A Critical Review of Ultra-accelerated Alkali-silica Reactivity”, Cement and Concrete Composites, v. 19, pp. 403–414, 1997., ⁴⁷47 BERRA, M., MANGIALARDI, T., PAOLINI, A.E., “Alkali-silica reactivity criteria for concrete aggregates”, Materials and Str., v. 38, pp. 373–380, 2005., ⁴⁸48 BACHIORRINI, A., “A method to test the alkali reactivity of siliceous aggregates: infrared spectros-copy”, In: Concrete Durability, Proceedings of the K. and B. Mather International Conference, Atlanta,. pp. 1821–1832. , USA (1987).]
	DSC (Calorimetria diferencial de varredura)	[⁴⁵45 GRATTAN-BELLEW, P.E., “A Critical Review of Ultra-accelerated Alkali-silica Reactivity”, Cement and Concrete Composites, v. 19, pp. 403–414, 1997.]
Composição Química e Mineralógica	FRX	[¹¹11 ISLAM, G.M.S., RAHMAN, M.H., KAZI, N., “Waste glass powder as partial replacement of cement for sustainable concrete practice”, International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, v. 6, n. 1, pp. 37–44, 2017.]
	DRX	[⁴⁰40 BAHORIA, B. V, PARBAT, D.K., NAGARNAIK, P.B., “XRD Analysis of Natural sand, Quarry dust, waste plastic (LDPE) to be used as a fine aggregate in concrete”, Materials Today: Proceedings, v. 5, n. 1, pp. 1432–1438, 2018., ⁴⁹49 WU, J., WANG, L., MENG, L., “Analysis of mineral composition and microstructure of gravel ag-gregate based on XRD and SEM”, Road Materials and Pavement Design, pp. 1–10, 2017.]
	MEV/EDS	[³⁹39 AN, J., KIM, S., NAM, B., DURHAM, S., “Effect of Aggregate Mineralogy and Concrete Micro-structure on Thermal Expansion and Strength Properties of Concrete”, Applied Sciences, v. 7, n. 12, p. 1307, 2017., ⁴⁹49 WU, J., WANG, L., MENG, L., “Analysis of mineral composition and microstructure of gravel ag-gregate based on XRD and SEM”, Road Materials and Pavement Design, pp. 1–10, 2017.]
Porosidade e absorção de água dos agregados	Medida indireta a partir da absorção de água – não fornece informações sobre a distribuição de tamanho dos poros	[⁵⁰50 ASTM, “C-128-15. Standard Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity) and Absorption of Fine Aggregate”, (2015)., ⁵¹51 ASTM, “C-127-15. Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), and Ab-sorption of Coarse Aggregate”, (2015).]
	Porosimetria por intrusão de mercúrio	[⁴¹41 KAYYALI, O.A., “Mercury intrusion porosimetry of concrete aggregates”, Materials and Structures, v. 18, n. 4, pp. 259–262, 1985., ⁵²52 LAWRENCE, M., JIANG, Y., Bio-aggregates Based Building Materials, 2017.]
	Imagem retrofundida em MEV	[⁵²52 LAWRENCE, M., JIANG, Y., Bio-aggregates Based Building Materials, 2017., ⁵³53 DIAMOND, S., LEEMAN, M.E., “Estimating Capillary Porosity of Cement Paste by Fluorescence Microscopy and Image Analysis”, Materials Research Society (MRS), v. 370, pp. 217–26, 1995.]
	Microscopia óptica de seções finas combinadas com análise de imagem	[⁵²52 LAWRENCE, M., JIANG, Y., Bio-aggregates Based Building Materials, 2017., ⁵⁴54 MARTÍNEZ, C.Á., RUBIERA, N.P., “Análisis Microestrutural de Granitos, por Técnicas de Proceso Digital de Imágenes, para su Utilizacion como Áridos en Hormignones”, Ingeriería Civil, v. 99, pp. 5–13, 1995.]
Forma e textura superficial dos agregados	MEV	[⁴⁶46 MO, X., JING, Y., HAN, T., et al., “Alkali-silica reactivity of different aggregates from mineral and textural characteristics”, Journal Wuhan University of Technology, Materials Science Edition, v. 23, n. 6, pp. 901–906, 2008., ⁴⁹49 WU, J., WANG, L., MENG, L., “Analysis of mineral composition and microstructure of gravel ag-gregate based on XRD and SEM”, Road Materials and Pavement Design, pp. 1–10, 2017.]
Outras propriedades físicas (granulometria, umidade, densidade aparente, densidade)	Ensaios físicos	[⁵⁵55 ABNT. ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS, “NBR NM 45:2006 - Agregados - Determinação da massa unitária e do volume de vazios”, (2006).–⁵⁸58 ABNT. ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS, “NBR 9939:2011 - Agregado graúdo – Determinação do teor de umidade total – Método de ensaio”, (2011).]

	AGROINDUSTRIAIS		VIDRO	RESÍDUOS DE FUNDIÇÃO	RESÍDUOS DA CONSTRUÇÃO CIVIL	VALORES TÍPICOS
PROPRIEDADES FÍSICAS	[²³23 PRUSTY, J.K., KUMAR, S.K., BASARKAR, S.S., “Development Concrete using agro-waste as fine aggregate for sustainable built environment – A review”, International Journal of Sustainable Built Envi-ronment., v. 5, n. 2, pp. 312–333, 2016.]	[³3 MO, K.H., ALENGARAM, U.J., JUMAAT, M.Z., et al., “Green concrete partially comprised of farming waste residues: A review”, Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 117, pp. 122–138, 2016.]	[⁶²62 AFSHINNIA, K., RANGARAJU, P.R., “Impact of combined use of ground glass powder and crushed glass aggregate on selected properties of Portland cement concrete”, Construction and Building Materials. v. 117, pp. 263–272, 2016.]	[⁵5 BHARDWAJ, B., KUMAR, P., “Waste foundry sand in concrete: A review”, Construction and Build-ing Materials, v. 156, pp. 661–674, 2017.]	[¹⁶16 SAHOO, K.K., ARAKHA, M., SARKAR, P., P, R.D., JHA, S., “Enhancement of properties of recycled coarse aggregate concrete using bacteria”, International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials, v. 7, n. 1, pp. 22–38, 2016.]	ACI Committe
Gravidade específica	1,25-2,54	1,97-2,97	2,6	1,97-2,79	2,48	2,30-2,90
Módulo de finura	1,42-2,8	-	-	1,32-2,32	3,38	2,0-3,3
Densidade aparente (kg/m³)	112,4-2040	-	-	1538-1784	1409	1280-1920
Absorção de água (%)	0,1-7,66	-	0,3	0,42-5	4,46	0,5-4
Umidade (%)	-	-	-	0,11-3,25	-	0-2 (graúdo) 0-10 (miúdo)

	AREIA DE FUNDIÇÃO	ESCÓRIA DE ALTO FORNO	CIMENTO PORTLAND
PROPRIEDADES FÍSICAS	[⁸8 SUA-IAM, G., MAKUL, N., “Innovative utilization of foundry sand waste obtained from the manu-facture of automobile engine parts as a cement replacement material in concrete production”, Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 199, pp. 305–320, 2018.]	[⁶³63 KIM, Y., HANIF, A., USMAN, M., et al., “Slag waste incorporation in high early strength concrete as cement replacement: Environmental impact and influence on hydration & durability attributes”, Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 172, pp. 3056–3065, 2018.]	[⁸8 SUA-IAM, G., MAKUL, N., “Innovative utilization of foundry sand waste obtained from the manu-facture of automobile engine parts as a cement replacement material in concrete production”, Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 199, pp. 305–320, 2018.]
Gravidade específica	2.33 ± 0.01	2.91	3.15 ± 0.01
Finura (retido em peneira de 90 μm)	39.66 ± 1.51	-	0.22 ± 0.02
Umidade	0.15 ± 0.07	-	0.18 ± 0.05
Área superficial específica (cm²/g)	4055 ± 314	4050	3315 ± 132
Tamanho médio de partícula	23.56 ± 0.88	-	13.47 ± 0.44

	AGROINDUSTRIAIS		VIDRO	RESÍDUOS DE FUNDIÇÃO	RESÍDUOS DA CONSTRUÇÃO CIVIL
COMPOSIÇÃO QUÍMICA	[²³23 PRUSTY, J.K., KUMAR, S.K., BASARKAR, S.S., “Development Concrete using agro-waste as fine aggregate for sustainable built environment – A review”, International Journal of Sustainable Built Envi-ronment., v. 5, n. 2, pp. 312–333, 2016.]	[³3 MO, K.H., ALENGARAM, U.J., JUMAAT, M.Z., et al., “Green concrete partially comprised of farming waste residues: A review”, Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 117, pp. 122–138, 2016.]	[¹⁰10 HAJIMOHAMMADI, A., NGO, T., KASHANI, A., “Glass waste versus sand as aggregates: The characteristics of the evolving geopolymer binders”, Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 193, pp. 593–603, 2018.]	[⁵5 BHARDWAJ, B., KUMAR, P., “Waste foundry sand in concrete: A review”, Construction and Build-ing Materials, v. 156, pp. 661–674, 2017.]	[¹⁴14 LIMBACHIYA, M.C., MARROCCHINO, E., KOULOURIS, A., “Chemical-mineralogical character-isation of coarse recycled concrete aggregate”, Waste Management, v. 27, n. 2, pp. 201–208, 2007.]
SiO₂	2-90,0	4,9-87,9	68,36	76,0-87,91	63,61-65,37
CaO	0,49-77,81	0-54,8	10,93	0,14-3,56	11,19-16,86
Al₂O3	0,14-4,28	0,1-23,1	1,67	0,021-10,41	5,57-5,49
Fe₂O₃	0,2-6,98	0,1-6,1	0,64	0,94-5,39	0,05-0,06
Na₂O	0,07-0,58	0,1-0,5	11,52	0,19-0,87	0,87-1,19
MgO	0,07-5,8	0,6-7,4	0,7	0,18-1,98	1,91-2,84
K₂O	0,06-3,53	0,3-38	0,41	0,25-1,20	0,51-0,62
Perda ao fogo	1,86-44,16	1,1-29,0	5,42	2,19-6,93	7,56-9,19

	TBM	PV	EAF	RTV	PC	PT	PVT	CP
COMPOSIÇÃO QUÍMICA	[66]	[9]	[27]		[17]	[18]	[11]	[9, 17, 66]
Al₂O₃	17.29	1.81	11.58	9.27	17	15.61	0.9	5.29 ± 0.70
CaO	0.51	18.55	36.22	2.89	1.7	13.79	14.5	63.34 ± 3.3
Fe₂O₃	6.4	1.97	0.16	3.9	0.8	3.52	0.6	3.50 ± 0.43
FeO	-	-	-	0.1	-	-	-	-
K₂O	-	-	0.95	2.26	-	2.81	0.8	-
KO₂	-	0.44	-	-	-	-	-	-
LOI	0.17	-	-	0.91	1.78	-	-	-
MgO	1.14	3.12	8.61	1.36	2.5	2.07	1.8	2.43 ± 1.67
MnO	-	-	0.5	0.06	-	0.03	-	-
Na₂O	1.72	9.16	0.68	0.8	0	0.38	12.2	0.49 ± 0.45
P₂O₃	-	-	0.01	0.1	-	-	-	-
P₂O₅	-	0	-	-	-	0.15	-	-
SiO₂	69.43	64.94	37.49	77.43	68.6	58.5	68.1	19.66 ± 1.24
SO₃	2.54	0	2	0.11	0.12	2.04	0.4	3.4 ± 0.95
TiO₂	-	-	1.8	0.62	-	0.46	-	-

Laboratório de Hidrogênio, Coppe - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, em cooperação com a Associação Brasileira do Hidrogênio, ABH2 Av. Moniz Aragão, 207, 21941-594, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil, Tel: +55 (21) 3938-8791 - Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brazil
E-mail: revmateria@gmail.com

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[1] e-mail: lucimarabragagnolo@hotmail.com, eduardo.korf@uffs.edu.br