Association between maternal dietary intake classified according to its degree of processing and sex-specific birth weight for gestational age

ROCHA, Gracielle Gesteira; ANDRADE-SILVA, Andreia; ALVES-SANTOS, Nadya Helena; CASTRO, Maria Beatriz Trindade de

doi:10.1590/1678-9865202235e210197

Gracielle Gesteira ROCHA

Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro, Departamento de Nutrição Social e Aplicada. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 367, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5103-1603

Andreia ANDRADE-SILVA

Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro, Departamento de Nutrição Social e Aplicada. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 367, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6769-1457

Nadya Helena ALVES-SANTOS

Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará, Instituto de Estudos em Saúde e Biológicas, Faculdade de Saúde Coletiva. Marabá, PA, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0098-6047

Maria Beatriz Trindade de CASTRO Correspondence to: MBTCASTRO. E-mail: mbtcastro@nutricao.ufrj.br.

Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro, Departamento de Nutrição Social e Aplicada. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 367, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6618-4007

Correspondence to: MBTCASTRO. E-mail: mbtcastro@nutricao.ufrj.br.

CONTRIBUTORS

GG ROCHA performed the statistical analysis and the interpretation of the results and drafted the manuscript. A ANDRADE-SILVA and NH ALVES-SANTOS contributed to the proposal of statistical analysis, interpretation of the results, and reviewed the manuscript. MBT CASTRO collected the data, conceptualized the study, contributed to the proposal of statistical analysis, and reviewed the manuscript. All authors approved the final version of the submitted manuscript.

Newborn and maternal variables		Unprocessed and minimally processed foods and culinary tertiles
		1st group (<47.9%)		2nd group (47.9% to 60.8%)		3rd group (>60.8%)		p^b b p: ANOVA test for mean and Chi-square test for proportions;
		M	SD^a a SD: Standard Deviation;	M	SD^a a SD: Standard Deviation;	M	SD^a a SD: Standard Deviation;
Birthweight (g)		3,310	498	3,333	433	3,390	426	<0.44
Length (cm)		50.1	2.4	50.2	2.2	50.4	2.1	<0.52
Gestational weight gain (kg)		13.5	6.6	13.1	6.4	12.2	6.1	<0.38
Gestational age (week)		39.4	1.3	39.4	1.1	39.3	1.2	<0.89
Maternal age (years)		23.3	4.7^f f,g,h They indicate differences in the ANOVA test among the categories of the same line by the Bonferroni test.	24.2	5.0^g f,g,h They indicate differences in the ANOVA test among the categories of the same line by the Bonferroni test.	27.1	6.1^h f,g,h They indicate differences in the ANOVA test among the categories of the same line by the Bonferroni test.	<0.01
Maternal education (years)		8.6	2.9	8.8	2.8	8.6	3.4	<0.86
Total family income (US $)^c c US $: American dollar;		332	201	326	210	358	209	<0.53
Total energy consumption (Kcal)^d d Kcal: Kilocalorie;		3,857	1,538^f f,g,h They indicate differences in the ANOVA test among the categories of the same line by the Bonferroni test.	3,099	1,133^g f,g,h They indicate differences in the ANOVA test among the categories of the same line by the Bonferroni test.	2,824	1,233^h f,g,h They indicate differences in the ANOVA test among the categories of the same line by the Bonferroni test.	<0.01
Newborn and maternal variables		n	%	n	%	n	%	p ^b b p: ANOVA test for mean and Chi-square test for proportions;
Newborn sex
	Male	53	53.0	49	49.00000	56	56.00000	<0.61
	Female	47	47.0	51	51.0000	44	44.00000
Marital status
	Married/Stable union	70	70.0	79	79.0000	72	72.00000	<0.30
	Single or other	30	30.0	21	21.0000	28	28.00000
Self-reported skin color
	White	16	16.0	22	22.0000	18	18.00000	<0.54
	Black/brown	84	84.0	78	78.0000	80	82.00000
Smoking during pregnancy
	No	82	82.0	84	84.0000	92	92.00000	<0.11
	Yes	18	18.0	16	16.0000	8	8.00000
Alcohol consumption during pregnancy
	No	80	80.0	85	85.0000	88	88.00000	<0.29
	Yes	20	20.0	15	15.0000	12	12.00000
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m²)^e e BMI: Body Mass Index;
	< 25	69	69.0	63	63.0000	59	59.00000	<0.33
	> 25	31	31.0	37	37.0000	41	41.00000
Parity
	1	36	36.0	34	34.0000	28	28.00000	<0.43
	>1	64	64.0	66	66.0000	72	72.00000

Newborn and maternal variables		Processed Food tertiles
		1st group (<0.31%)		2nd group (0.31% to 2.06%)		3nd group (>2.06%)		p ^b b p: ANOVA test for mean and Chi-square test for proportions;
		M	SD^a a SD: Standard Deviation;	M	SD^a a SD: Standard Deviation;	M	SD^a a SD: Standard Deviation;
Birthweight (g)		3,310	4240	3,360	479	3,362	456	0.66
Length (cm)		50.1	2.3	50.4	2.6	50.1	1.9	0.57
Gestational weight gain (kg)		12.9	16.70	12.9	6.3	13.0	6.2	0.99
Gestational age (week)		39.2	1.3	39.5	1.1	39.3	1.2	0.16
Maternal age (years)		24.6	5.6	24.1	5.3^f f,g,h They indicate differences in the ANOVA test among the categories of the same line by the Bonferroni test.	25.90	5.6^g f,g,h They indicate differences in the ANOVA test among the categories of the same line by the Bonferroni test.	0.05
Maternal education (years)		07.8	3.2^f f,g,h They indicate differences in the ANOVA test among the categories of the same line by the Bonferroni test.	8.9	3.1	9.4	2.6^g f,g,h They indicate differences in the ANOVA test among the categories of the same line by the Bonferroni test.	<0.01
Total family income (US $)^c c US $: American dollar;		287	132^f f,g,h They indicate differences in the ANOVA test among the categories of the same line by the Bonferroni test.	309.2	159^g f,g,h They indicate differences in the ANOVA test among the categories of the same line by the Bonferroni test.	417	264^h f,g,h They indicate differences in the ANOVA test among the categories of the same line by the Bonferroni test.	<0.01
Total energy consumption (Kcal)^d d Kcal: Kilocalorie;		3,338	1,565	3,104	1,215	3,339	1,337	0.385
Newborn and maternal variables		n	%	n	%	n	%	p ^b b p: ANOVA test for mean and Chi-square test for proportions;
Newborn sex
	Male	57	57.0000	53	53.0000	48	48.0000	0.44
	Female	43	43.0000	47	47.0000	52	52.0000
Marital status
	Married/Stable union	65	65.0000	79	79.0000	76	76.0000	0.08
	Single or other	35	35.0000	21	21.0000	24	24.0000
Self-reported skin color
	White	14	14.0000	20	20.0000	22	22.0000	0.32
	Black/brown	86	86.0000	80	80.0000	78	78.0000
Smoking during pregnancy
	No	79	79.0000	87	87.0000	92	92.0000	0.02
	Yes	21	21.0000	13	13.0000	8	8.000
Alcohol consumption during pregnancy
	No	84	84.0000	85	85.0000	84	84.0000	0.97
	Yes	16	16.0000	15	15.0000	16	16.0000
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m²)^e e BMI: Body Mass Index;
	<25	69	69.0000	65	65.0000	57	57.0000	0.20
	>25	31	31.0000	35	35.0000	43	43.0000
Parity
	1	30	30.0000	39	39.0000	29	29.0000	0.26
	>1	70	70.0000	61	61.0000	71	71.0000

Newborn and maternal variables		Ultra-processed Food tertiles
		1st group (<37.7%)		2nd group (37.7% to 49.7%)		3rd group (>49.7%)		p ^b b ANOVA test for mean and Chi-square test for proportions;
		M	SD^a a SD: Standard Deviation;	M	SD^a a SD: Standard Deviation;	M	SD^a a SD: Standard Deviation;
Birthweight (g)		3,420	432	3,298	423	3,315	495	<0.12
Length (cm)		50.4	2.1	50.3	2.3	50.0	24	<0.44
Gestational weight gain (kg)		12.50	6.2	12.80	6.6	13.50	6.3	<0.58
Gestational age (week)		39.3	1.1	39.50	1.1	39.3	1.3	<0.39
Maternal age (years)		27.3	6.1^f f,g,h They indicate differences in the ANOVA test among the categories of the same line by the Bonferroni test.	24.10	5.2^g f,g,h They indicate differences in the ANOVA test among the categories of the same line by the Bonferroni test.	23.1	4.3^h f,g,h They indicate differences in the ANOVA test among the categories of the same line by the Bonferroni test.	<0.01
Maternal education (years)		9.0	3.20	8.4	2.9	8.7	2.9	<0.34
Total family income (US $)^c c US $: American dollar;		371	222	322	198	323	181	<0.18
Total energy consumption (Kcal)^d d Kcal: Kilocalorie		2,867	1,257^f f,g,h They indicate differences in the ANOVA test among the categories of the same line by the Bonferroni test.	3,165	1,215^g f,g,h They indicate differences in the ANOVA test among the categories of the same line by the Bonferroni test.	3,749	1,512^h f,g,h They indicate differences in the ANOVA test among the categories of the same line by the Bonferroni test.	<0.01
Newborn and maternal variables		n	%	n	%	n	%	p ^b b ANOVA test for mean and Chi-square test for proportions;
Newborn sex
	Male	55	55.0000	48	48.0000	55	55.0000	<0.52
	Female	45	45.0000	52	52.0000	45	45.0000
Marital status
	Married/Stable union	75	75.0000	74	74.0000	72	72.0000	<0.86
	Single or other	25	25.0000	26	26.0000	28	28.0000
Self-reported skin color
	White	18	18.0000	24	24.0000	14	14.0000	<0.19
	Black/brown	82	82.0000	76	76.0000	86	86.0000
Smoking during pregnancy
	No	94	94.0000	85	85.0000	80	80.0000	<0.01
	Yes	6	6.000	15	15.0000	20	20.0000
Alcohol consumption during pregnancy
	No	92	92.0000	84	84.0000	77	77.0000	<0.01
	Yes	8	8.000	16	16.0000	23	23.0000
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m²)^e e BMI: Body Mass Index;
	<25	58	58.0000	64	64.0000	69	69.0000	0.27
	>25	42	42.0000	36	36.0000	31	31.0000
Parity
	1	24	24.0000	40	40.0000	35	35.0000	<0.06
	>1	76	76.0000	60	60.0000	65	65.0000

Food groups		SGA^a a SGA: Small for Gestational Age; (n=17)						LGA^b b LGA: Large for Gestational Age; (n=41)
		Crude			Adjusted			Crude			Adjusted
		OR^c c OR: Odds Ratio;	CI 95%^d d 95% CI: Confidence Interval of 95%;	p ^e e p for multinomial logistic regression.	OR^c c OR: Odds Ratio;	CI 95%^d d 95% CI: Confidence Interval of 95%;	p ^e e p for multinomial logistic regression.	OR^c c OR: Odds Ratio;	CI 95%^d d 95% CI: Confidence Interval of 95%;	p ^e e p for multinomial logistic regression.	OR^c c OR: Odds Ratio;	CI 95%^d d 95% CI: Confidence Interval of 95%;	p ^e e p for multinomial logistic regression.
MPFC¹ 1 Unprocessed and minimally processed foods and culinary ingredients (MPFC): adjusted for maternal age, years of schooling, total family income, self-reported skin color, smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy, parity, pre-pregnancy body mass index, and energy contribution from ultra-processed food;
	1st tertile		Ref.			Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
	2nd tertile	0.97	0.34; 2.73	0.96	1.33	0.20; 8.96	0.77	0.83	0.36; 1.92	0.67	0.37	0.11; 1.26	0.11
	3rd tertile	0.12	0.14; 0.95	0.04	0.06	0.00; 2.69	0.15	0.99	0.45; 2.19	0.99	0.13	0.02; 0.89	0.04
PF² 2 Processed foods (PF): adjusted for maternal age, years of schooling, total family income, self-reported skin color, smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy, parity, pre-pregnancy body mass index, and energy contribution from ultra-processed food;
	1st tertile		Ref.			Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
	2nd tertile	1.05	0.29; 3.76	0.94	0.56	0.12; 2.70	0.47	1.47	0.62; 3.49	0.38	0.84	0.31; 2.33	0.74
	3rd tertile	1.56	0.48; 5.14	0.46	1.37	0.32; 5.81	0.67	1.90	0.82; 4.40	0.13	1.28	0.47; 3.49	0.63
UPF³ 3 Ultra-processed foods (UPF): adjusted for maternal age, years of schooling, total family income, self-reported skin color, smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy, parity, pre-pregnancy body mass index and energy contribution from unprocessed and minimally processed foods and culinary ingredients.
	1st tertile		Ref.			Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
	2nd tertile	6.51	0.78; 54.10	0.08	4.8	1.89; 1,200	0.02	0.34	0.14; 0.86	0.02	0.42	0.10; 1.78	0.24
	3rd tertile	9.47	1.17; 76.57	0.03	10.4	1.33; 8,090	0.04	0.83	0.39; 1.75	0.63	1.31	0.19; 8.98	0.78

[1] Correspondence to: MBTCASTRO. E-mail: mbtcastro@nutricao.ufrj.br.

Brasil

Brasil

Association between maternal dietary intake classified according to its degree of processing and sex-specific birth weight for gestational age

Associação entre o consumo alimentar materno na gravidez de acordo com o grau de processamento e peso ao nascer segundo a idade gestacional e sexo

ABSTRACT

Objective

Methods

Results

Conclusion