Aximoff, Izar Araujo; Soares, Hudson Martins; Bernadello, Gabriel

Izar Araujo Aximoff ⁵5Author for correspondence: izar.aximoff@gmail.com

Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro - JBRJ, R. Pacheco Leão 915, Horto, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5502-2421

Hudson Martins Soares

Associação Educacional Dom Bosco - AEDB, Curso de Ciências Biológicas, Av. Prof. Antonio Esteves 1, Campo de Aviação, 27523-000, Resende, RJ, Brazil.

Gabriel Bernadello

Universidad Nacional de Córdoba - CONICET, Inst. Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal - IMBIV, C.C. 495, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina.

5Author for correspondence: izar.aximoff@gmail.com

Editor: Dr. Nicolay Cunha

Figuras (5)
Tabelas (2)

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Figure 1
a-c. Location of study site in the Itatiaia National Park - INP - a. in Southeastern Brazil, Minas Gerais state - MG (gray), Rio de Janeiro state - RJ (black) and the Itatiaia National Park (golden square); b. the location of the study area in the south part (white circle), inside limits of the INP (red line); c. the physiognomy of Brazilian Atlantic Forest in INP (left).

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Figure 2
Percentage of individuals (n = 18) in flowering (black bars) and fruiting phases (gray bars) of Acnistus arborescens in Itatiaia National Park - INP.

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Figure 3
a-f. Some of the nectarivorous bird species in flowers of Acnistus arborescens in Itatiaia National Park - a. Amazilia lactea; b. Phaethornis ruber; c. Lophornis magnificus; d. Thalurania glaucopis; e. Leucochloris albicollis Trochilidae; f. Coereba flaveola Thraupidae.

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Figure 4
a-h. Some of the main frugivorous birds of Acnistus arborescens in Itatiaia National Park - a. Turdus leucomelas Turdidae; b. Tangara cyanoventris; c. T. sayaca; d. T. ornata; e. T. cayana Thraupidae; f. Cyanoloxia brissonii (threatened) Cardinalidae; g. Euphonia pectoralis - male; h. Euphonia pectoralis - female Fringillidae.

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Figure 5
a-e. Some of the green fruits consumers of Acnistus arborescens and that also had the highest number of visits on intraspecific flocks in the same plant - a. Tangara desmaresti; b. T. seledon; c. T. palmarum (Thraupidae); d. Pyrrhura frontalis, Brotogeris tirica; e. Forpus xanthopterygius (Psittacidae).

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Table 1
Nectarivorous bird species and behavior in flowers of Acnistus arborescens (Solanaceae) in Itatiaia National Park. AF = Atlantic Forest; Nº = number.

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Table 2
Frugivorous bird species and behavior in fruits of Acnistus arborescens (Solanaceae) in Itatiaia National Park. AF = Atlantic Forest; Nº = number.

Order, Family Species	Common name	AF Endemic	Visits			Visited flowers
Order, Family Species	Common name	AF Endemic	Nº	Minutes	Nº of individuals	Average per visit	Legitimate (%)	Illegitimate (%)
Apodiformes, Trochilidae
Phaethornis ruber (Linnaeus 1758)	Reddish Hermit	-	12	5.7 ± 0.9	1.9 ± 1.1	10.8	130 (39.3)	-
Lophornis magnificus (Vieillot 1817)	Frilled Coquette	-	6	2.3 ± 1.6	1.4 ± 0.7	7.2	47 (15.0)	-
Thalurania glaucopis (Gmelin 1788)	Violet-capped Woodnymph	X	7	2.5 ± 1.2	1.0 ± 0	6.6	38 (12.0)	-
Amazilia versicolor (Vieillot 1818)	Versicolored Emerald	-	3	1.5 ± 0.6	1.0 ± 0	2.7	5 (1.4)	-
Amazilia fimbriata (Gmelin 1788)	Glittering-throated Emerald	-	4	1.2 ± 0.8	1.0 ± 0	3.4	14 (4.0)	-
Amazilia lactea (Lesson 1832)	Sapphire-spangled Emerald	X	10	3.3 ± 1.9	1.5 ± 0.6	7.4	74 (22.4)	-
Leucochloris albicollis (Vieillot 1818)	White-throated Hummingbird	X	4	1.3 ± 0.5	1.0 ± 0	4.8	19 (5.8)	-
Passeriformes, Thraupidae
Coereba flaveola (Linnaeus 1758)*	Bananaquit	-	8	2.2 ± 0.2	1.0 ± 0	9.2	-	78 (100)
Total			54	-	-	-	327	78

Order, Family Species	Common name	AF Endemic	Visits			Fruit Consumption
Order, Family Species	Common name	AF Endemic	Nº	Minutes	Mode	Method	Average per visit	Strategy	Total (%)
Galliformes, Cracidae
Penelope obscura Temminck 1815	Dusky-legged Guan	X	6	0.7 ± 0.3	S	P, G	15.8	SW	95 (2.8)
Columbiformes, Columbidae
Patagioenas picazuro (Temminck 1813)	Picazuro Pigeon	-	5	0.6 ± 0.2	S	P	17.4	SW	87 (2.6)
Psittaciformes, Psittacidae
Pyrrhura frontalis (Vieillot 1817)	Maroon-bellied Parakeet	X	18	2.2 ± 0.7	B	P	4.4	CH, MC	79 (2.3)
Forpus xanthopterygius (Spix 1824)	Blue-winged Parrotlet	-	12	1.5 ± 0.8	B	P	5.4	CH, MC	65 (1.9)
Brotogeris tirica (Gmelin 1788)	Plain Parakeet	X	9	1.1 ± 0.9	B	P	5.8	CH, MC	52 (1.5)
Passeriformes, Pipridae
Manacus manacus (Linnaeus 1766)	White-bearded Manakin	-	7	0.9 ± 0.5	S	V, P	3	MC	21 (0.6)
Chiroxiphia caudata (Shaw & Nodder 1793)	Swallow-tailed Manakin	X	8	1.0 ± 0.2	S	V, P	2.8	MC	22 (0.6)
Passeriformes, Tyrannidae
Elaenia flavogaster (Thunberg 1822)	Yellow-bellied Elaenia	-	8	1.0 ± 0.3	S	P	2.4	MC	19 (0.6)
Pitangus sulphuratus (Linnaeus 1766)	Great Kiskadee	-	34	4.2 ± 1.1	S	V, P	0.7	MC	23 (0.7)
Megarynchus pitangua (Linnaeus 1766)	Boat-billed Flycatcher	-	13	1.6 ± 0.5	S	V, P	4.2	MC	54 (1.6)
Myiozetetes similis (Spix 1825)	Social Flycatcher	-	11	1.4 ± 0.4	S	V, P	3.9	MC	43 (1.3)
Passeriformes, Turdidae
Turdus flavipes (Vieillot 1818)	Yellow-legged Thrush	-	12	1.5 ± 0.3	S	V, P	2.6	MN	31 (0.9)
Turdus leucomelas (Vieillot 1818)	Pale-breasted Thrush	-	31	3.8 ± 1.1	S	P	4.3	MN	133 (3.9)
Turdus rufiventris (Vieillot 1818)	Rufous-bellied Thrush	-	37	4.6 ± 1.4	S	V, P	9.5	MN	350 (10.3)
Turdus amaurochalinus (Cabanis 1850)	Creamy-bellied Thrush	-	18	2.2 ± 0.7	S	P	2.4	MN	43 (1.3)
Passeriformes, Mimidae
Mimus saturninus (Lichtenstein 1823)	Chalk-browed Mockingbird	-	8	1.0 ± 0.1	S	P	4.1	SW	33 (1.0)
Passeriformes, Passerellidae
Zonotrichia capensis (Statius Muller 1776)	Rufous-collared Sparrow	-	13	1.6 ± 0.2	S	P	3.5	SW	45 (1.3)
Arremon semitorquatus (Swainson 1838)	Half-collared Sparrow	X	12	1.5 ± 0.4	S	P	4.6	SW	55 (1.6)
Passeriformes, Thraupidae
Coereba flaveola (Linnaeus 1758)*	Bananaquit	-	22	2.7 ± 0.3	S, M	V, P	3	CH, MC	67 (2.0)
Saltator similis (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye 1837)	Green-winged Saltator	-	21	2.6 ± 0.7	S	P	2.1	CH, MC	45 (1.3)
Thlypopsis sordida (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye 1837)	Orange-headed Tanager	-	12	1.5 ± 0.2	S	P	2.7	CH, MC	32 (0.9)
Tachyphonus coronatus (Vieillot 1822)	Ruby-crowned Tanager	X	46	5.7 ± 0.5	S	P	2.1	CH, MC	98 (2.9)
Ramphocelus bresilius (Linnaeus 1766)	Brazilian Tanager	X	20	2.5 ± 0.9	S, M	P	2.3	CH, MC	45 (1.3)
Tangara seledon (Muller 1776)	Green-headed Tanager	X	18	2.2 ± 0.4	B	P	3.7	CH, MC	67 (2.0)
Tangara cyanoventris (Vieillot 1819)	Gilt-edged Tanager	X	55	6.8 ± 0.9	S, B, M	P	4.5	CH, MC	250 (7.4)
Tangara desmaresti (Vieillot 1819)	Brassy-breasted Tanager	X	88	10.9 ± 2.3	B	V, P	4.5	CH, MC	400 (11.8)
Tangara sayaca (Linnaeus 1766)	Sayaca Tanager	-	39	4.8 ± 1.7	S, M	P	5	CH, MC	194 (5.7)
Tangara palmarum (Wied 1823)	Palm Tanager	-	12	1.5 ± 0.2	S	P	1.9	CH, MC	23 (0.7)
Tangara ornata (Sparrman 1789)	Golden-chevroned Tanager	X	37	4.6 ± 0.7	S	P	4.3	CH, MC	158 (4.7)
Tangara cayana (Linnaeus 1776)	Burnished-buff Tanager	-	59	7.3 ± 3.7	B	P	4.2	CH, MC	250 (7.4)
Cissopis leverianus (Gmelin 1788)	Magpie Tanager	-	8	1.0 ± 0.5	S	P	2.6	CH, MC	21 (0.6)
Dacnis cayana (Linnaeus 1766)	Blue Dacnis	-	19	2.4 ± 0.9	S	V, P	2.4	CH, MC	45 (1.3)
Hemithraupis ruficapilla (Vieillot 1818)	Rufous-headed Tanager	X	19	2.4 ± 0.7	S	P	4.1	CH, MC	78 (2.3)
Passeriformes, Cardinalidae
Cyanoloxia brissonii (Lichtenstein 1823)	Ultramarine Grosbeak	-	8	1.0 ± 0.3	S, M	P	8.1	CH	65 (1.9)
Passeriformes, Fringillidae
Euphonia pectoralis (Latham 1801)	Chestnut-bellied Euphonia	X	62	7.7 ± 2.5	S	P	4.8	CH, MC	301 (8.9)
Total		-	807	-	-	-	-	-	3389

[1] 5Author for correspondence: izar.aximoff@gmail.com

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Acnistus arborescens (Solanaceae): an important food resource for birds in an Atlantic Forest site, Southeastern Brazil

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