Lage-Pinto, Frederico; Fernando, Pedro Silva; Carletto, Alan Felix Meyer; Bernini, Elaine

Frederico Lage-Pinto

Federal University of Paraíba, Laboratory of Coastal and Ocean Ecology, Campus IV, Litoral Norte, Centro, Rio Tinto, PB, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7963-1539

Pedro Silva Fernando

Federal University of Paraíba, Laboratory of Coastal and Ocean Ecology, Campus IV, Litoral Norte, Centro, Rio Tinto, PB, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1024-5346

Alan Felix Meyer Carletto

Federal University of Paraíba, Laboratory of Coastal and Ocean Ecology, Campus IV, Litoral Norte, Centro, Rio Tinto, PB, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7539-5340

Elaine Bernini ⁶6Author for correspondence: elainebernini@hotmail.com

Federal University of Paraíba, Laboratory of Coastal and Ocean Ecology, Campus IV, Litoral Norte, Centro, Rio Tinto, PB, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5215-6766

6Author for correspondence: elainebernini@hotmail.com

Area Editor: Dr. Nicolay Cunha

Figuras (3)
Tabelas (4)

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Figure 1
Precipitation and temperature data (Harris & Jones 2020Harris IC & Jones PD (2020) University of East Anglia Climatic Research Unit. CRU TS4.03: Climatic Research Unit (CRU) Time-Series (TS) version 4.03 of high-resolution gridded data of month-by-month variation in climate (Jan. 1901-Dec. 2018). Centre for Environmental Data Analysis, 22 January 2020. Available at <http://dx.doi.org/10.5285/10d3e3640f004c578403419aac167d82>. Access on 06 February 2020. doi:10.5285/10d3e3640f004c578403419aac167d82.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5285/10d3e3640f004c... ), and solar radiation data (NASA 2020NASA (2020) Data-access-viewer. Available at <https://power.larc.nasa.gov/beta/data-access-viewer/>. Access on February 2020.
https://power.larc.nasa.gov/beta/data-ac... ) obtained for the study area in a mangrove in the Mamanguape River estuary (July/2016 to June/2017). Open diamonds = solar radiation; Closed circles = air temperature; Gray bars = rainfall.

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Figure 2
a-b. Fournier intensity percentage for reproductive phenophases in a mangrove in the Mamanguape River estuary – a. of Avicennia germinans; b. of Laguncularia racemosa. Open circles = floral buds; Closed diamonds = flowers at anthesis; Gray triangles = fruits; the shaded area indicates the rainy season.

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Figure 3
Circular histograms of activity index of reproductive phenophases of Avicennia germinans (left) and Laguncularia racemosa (right) in a mangrove forest in the Mamanguape River estuary; arrow length reflects r value from 0 to 1. Arrow direction indicates mean date (mean angle); monthly observations were conducted from July 2016 to June 2017.

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Table 1
Synchrony index and results of the circular statistical analysis for the activity index calculated for the reproductive phenophases of two mangrove species in the Mamanguape River estuary.

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Table 2
Models used to evaluate the association between abiotic factors and the reproductive phenophases of

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Table 3
Reproductive phenological patterns of Avicennia germinans in Brazilian mangrove forests. D = dry; R = rainy. ¹ = Fernandes (1999); ² = Matni (2007); ³ = Rodrigues (2015); ⁴ = Silva & Fernandes (2011); ⁵ = Gardunho (2009)Gardunho DCL (2009) Atributos estruturais e fenologia dos manguezais da reserva extrativista marinha de Soure, Ilha do Marajó, Pará. Dissertação de Mestrado. Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança. 69p.; ⁶ = Bernini et al. (2014); ⁷ = Bernini & Rezende (2010). Flowering = floral buds + flower at anthesis. Fruiting = mature and immature fruits.

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Table 4
Reproductive phenological patterns of Laguncularia racemosa in Brazilian mangrove forests. D = dry; R = rainy. ¹ = Fernandes (1999); ² = Matni (2007); ³ = Fernandes et al. (2005)Fernandes MEB, Virgulino ARC, Nascimento AAM & Rodrigues LFP (2005) Padrões de floração e frutificação em Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn. f.: uma avaliação metodológica. Boletim do Laboratório de Hidrobiologia 18: 33-38.; ⁴ = Gardunho (2009); ⁵ = Medeiros & Sampaio (2013); ⁶ = Nadia et al. (2012); ⁷ = Bernini et al. (2014); ⁸ = Bernini & Rezende (2010)Bernini E & Rezende CE (2010) Litterfall in a mangrove in Southeast Brazil. Pan-American Journal of Aquatic Sciences 5: 508-519.; ⁹ = Rodrigues (2015); ¹⁰ = Cardoso et al. (2015); ¹¹ = Adaime (1985); ¹² = Lima (2012)Lima CS (2012) Morfologia foliar e fenologia do componente arbóreo de manguezais das Baías de Guaratuba e Antonina, Paraná, Brasil. Dissertação de Mestrado. Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba. 53p.; ¹³ = Alvarenga (2015). Flowering = floral buds + flower at anthesis. Fruiting = mature and immature fruits.

	Avicennia germinans			Laguncularia racemosa
	Bud	Flower	Fruit	Bud	Flower	Fruit
Synchrony index (Z)	0.90	0.94	0.94	0.82	0.73	0.85
Mean angle	305.36°	311.26°	65.67°	-	-	-
Angular standard deviation	46.99°	49.92°	37.54°	-	-
Mean date	6 Nov	12 Nov	7 Mar	-	-	-
Length of the mean vector (r)	0.71	0.68	0.81	-	-	-
Rao test (P)	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Rayleigh test (P)	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	-	-	-

Species / Phenophase	Full Model	AIC	Selected Model	AIC
Avicennia germinans
Bud	bud ~ temp0+temp1+temp2+rain0+ rain1+rain2+ rad0+rad1+rad2	96.0	bud ~ temp0+temp1+temp2+rain1+ rain2+rad2	56.0
Flower	flo ~ temp0+temp1+temp2+rain0+ rain1+rain2+ rad0+rad1+rad2	117.8	flo ~ temp0+temp1+rad1+rad2	74.9
Fruit	fr ~ temp0+temp1+temp2+rain0+ rain1+rain2+ rad0+rad1+rad2	108.6	fr ~ temp0+temp1+temp2+rain0+ rain1+rad2	66.7
Laguncularia racemosa
Bud	bud ~ temp0+temp1+temp2+rain0+ rain1+rain2+ rad0+rad1+rad2	124.0	bud ~ temp2+rain0+rain2+rad0+ rad1 +rad2	83.6
Flower	flo ~ temp0+temp1+temp2+rain0+ rain1+rain2+ rad0+rad1+rad2	118.6	flo ~ temp0+temp1+temp2+rain0+ rain2+ rad0+rad1	79.0
Fruit	fr ~ temp0+temp1+temp2+rain0+ rain1+rain2+ rad0+rad1+rad2	133.3	fr ~ rain0	85.2

Site / latitude	Methods	Flowering duration	Fruiting duration	Flowering	Fruiting	Period with greater intensity of flowers		Period with greater intensity of fruits
Site / latitude		in the year (months)	in the year (months)	pattern	pattern	D	R	D	R
Amapá¹ 02°10’N	Semi-quantitative (Fernandes 1999)	8	9 to 11	Annual	Annual	●			●
Pará² 00°50’S	Semi-quantitative (Fernandes 1999)	5 to 7	1 to 4	Annual	Annual	●		●
Pará³ 00°50’S	Semi-quantitative (Fernandes 1999)	12	9 to 10	Continuous	Annual	●			●
Pará⁴ 00°53’S	Semi-quantitative (Fernandes 1999)	11	11	Continuous	Continuous	●			●
Pará⁵ 01°00’S	Semi-quantitative (Fernandes 1999)	9	8	Annual	Annual	●		●
This study 06º49’S	Quantitative (Fournier 1974)	8	7	Annual	Annual	●			●
Rio de Janeiro⁶ 21°17’S	Quantitative (collectors)	10	8 to 9	Annual	Annual		●		●
Rio de Janeiro⁷ 21°36’S	Quantitative (collectors)	5 to 6	4 to 5	Annual	Annual		●		●

Site / latitude	Methods	Flowering duration in the year (months)	Fruiting duration in the year (months)	Flowering pattern	Fruiting pattern	Period with greater intensity of flowers		Period with greater intensity of fruits
Site / latitude	Methods	Flowering duration in the year (months)	Fruiting duration in the year (months)	Flowering pattern	Fruiting pattern	D	R	D	R
Amapá¹ 02°10’N	Semi-quantitative (Fernandez 1999)	9 to 12	9 to 12	Subannual	Subannual	●			●
Pará² 00°50’S	Semi-quantitative (Fernandez 1999)	1 to 5	2 to 9	Annual	Annual	●			●
Pará³ 00°50’S	Semi-quantitative (Fernandez 1999)	11	12	Continuous	Continuous		●		●
Pará⁴ 01°00’S	Semi-quantitative (Fernandez 1999)	12	12	Continuous	Continuous		●		●
Pernambuco⁵ 07°47’S	Quantitative (Christensen 1978)	5	-	Annual	Annual		●	-	-
Pernambuco⁶ 07°50’S	(Fournier 1974)	6 to 9	5 to 10	Subannual	Subannual		●		●
This study 06º49’S	Quantitative (Fournier 1974)	8	3	Annual	Subannual		●		●
Rio de Janeiro⁷ 21°17’S	Quantitative (collectors)	3	2 to 4	Annual	Annual		●		●
Rio de Janeiro⁸ 21°36’S	Quantitative (collectors)	4	4	Annual	Annual		●		●
Rio de Janeiro⁹ 22° 42’S	Quantitative (Fournier 1974)	8	8 to 10	Annual	Annual		●		●
Rio de Janeiro¹⁰ 23° 00’S	Quantitative (collectors)	-	2 to 6	-	Subannual	-	-		●
São Paulo¹¹ 25° 00’S	Quantitative (collectors)	3	7	Annual	Annual		●		●
Paraná¹² 25°29’S	Quantitative (Fournier 1974)	12	7	Continuous	Annual		●		●
Paraná¹³ 25°49’S	Quantitative (Fournier 1974)	8	3	Annual	Annual		●		●

[1] 6Author for correspondence: elainebernini@hotmail.com

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Reproductive phenology and influence of abiotic variables for two mangrove species in northeastern Brazil

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