Objective structured clinical examination, OSCEs: an advance in the teaching and learning process in the student’s perception

Exame clínico objetivo estruturado, OSCE: um avanço no processo de ensino e aprendizagem sob a percepção do estudante

Abstract

Introduction

The OSCE is a method of clinical competencies evaluation that has gained international popularity in medical and dental education.

Objective

The purpose of the present study was to describe the stages of development of the OSCE for the undergraduate course in Dentistry and to report the students' perception about this method of evaluation, regarding the degree of difficulty, time for each stage, importance of each station, number of stations, organization of the exam, as well as the total time for the OSCE.

Material and method

This research was an observational and cross-sectional study, composed of the carry out of an OSCE and later application of an evaluative questionnaire to the students who were in the fourth semester of the Dentistry course. These students had basic knowledge and an intermediate level of competences, compatible with their stage of education.

Result

As regards the number of stations, 43(97.7%) of the students responded that this was appropriate, OSCE process as a whole was very well organized (n=25; 56.8%), organized (n=17; 38.6%) or not very organized (n=1; 2.27%) and about the total time of the OSCE process, 29(65.9%) reported that it was appropriate; 10 (2.27%) said that it was short; 4 (9.09%), that it was long.

Conclusion

The student’s perception was positive especially regarding to organization and the time attributed to each station. Furthermore, the students considered that the topics and questions applied in each station were relevant.

Descriptors:
Dental education; dental students; perception

Resumo

Introdução

O OSCE é um método de avaliação de competências clínicas que tem obtido popularidade internacional na educação em Medicina e Odontologia.

Objetivo

O objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever as etapas de desenvolvimento do OSCE para o curso de graduação em Odontologia e relatar a percepção dos estudantes sobre este método de avaliação, em relação ao grau de dificuldade, tempo para realização de cada etapa, importância de cada estação, número de estações, organização do exame, bem como o tempo total para a realização do OSCE.

Material e método

Esta pesquisa foi um estudo observacional e transversal, composto pela realização do OSCE e posterior aplicação de um questionário avaliativo aos alunos que cursavam o quarto semestre do curso de Odontologia. Esses alunos possuíam conhecimentos básicos em um nível intermediário de competências, compatíveis com sua etapa de ensino.

Resultado

No que diz respeito ao número de estações, 43 (97,7%) dos estudantes responderam que era apropriado, o processo da OSCE como um todo estava muito bem organizado (n = 25; 56,8%), organizado (n = 17; 38,6%) ou não muito organizado (n = 1; 2,27%) e sobre o tempo total do processo do OSCE, 29 (65,9%) relataram que era apropriado; 10 (2,27%) disseram que foi curto; 4 (9,09%), que foi longo.

Conclusão

A percepção do aluno foi positiva, especialmente em relação à organização e ao tempo atribuído a cada estação. Além disso, os alunos consideraram que os tópicos e questões aplicados em cada estação eram relevantes.

Descritores:
Educação em odontologia; estudantes de odontologia; percepção

INTRODUCTION

The clinical competence of dental students is usually assessed in terms of the number of case observations and/or assistance with a professor’s treatment and their performance of procedures in the student dental clinic¹. Traditional methods of assessment in dental education often concentrated on student knowledge and memorization abilities rather than on the cognitive skills needed for clinical practice. Traditional examinations also cannot assess how effectively higher level cognition is applied when performance-based criteria are involved². Comprehensive assessment of students' academic performance plays an important role in educational planning³.

Unlike the traditional methods, OSCEs (Objective Structured Clinical Examination) is a method for assessment of clinical competences⁴. The OSCE was introduced by Harden in 1975^5,6 and has attained international popularity in medical and health care education^7,8. One of the main strengths of the OSCE examination is its inherent objectivity whereby the aim is to remove patient and examiner variation so that the only variable being examined is the ability of the candidate. These examinations involve students rotating around a series of pre-determined, specifically designed stations which assess clinical and communication competence. Examiners assess student performance objectively against pre-determined, structured criteria⁵.

This means that it is possible to examine a range of skills and disciplines and even to incorporate more than one skill or discipline simultaneously in the design of a particular station⁹. Examples of competences applicable to a range of disciplines include communication skills, aspects of anamnesis and biosafety. The disadvantages of the method are: greater exam preparation time; demanding in nature for both examiners and patients, and an OSCE is considered more cost-effective than other assessment methods¹⁰.

Assessment of student’s perception must be explored to understand innovative strategies for the assessment of dental practice. Analysis of perceptions specifically about the educational value of an exam allows educators to know whether a method is very successful in promoting important competences, such as the application of knowledge and solution of problems¹¹. Studies have found evidence that dental students perceived OSCE as an efficient and significant method of assessment, as well as a positive learning experience^12-14_.

The Dentistry Course at the School of Medical and Health Sciences of Juiz de Fora (SUPREMA) has been using OSCE since 2014, with the intention of adopting an evaluative approach with focus on the clinical competence. As OSCE is a form of evaluating the competences in all their domains, it is fundamental to analyze the perception of students about this practice. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to describe the stages of development of the OSCE for the undergraduate course in Dentistry and to assess the Dental students’ perception of the OSCE regarding to the degree of difficulty, time for each stage, importance of each station, number of stations, organization of the exam, as well as the total time for the OSCE.

METHOD

The study involved the implementation of the OSCE and the subsequent application of an evaluation questionnaire to the students who were in the fourth semester of the Dentistry course of the School of Medical and Health Sciences of Juiz de Fora (SUPREMA), Minas Gerais, Brazil. These students (n=44) had basic knowledge and an intermediate level of competences, compatible with their stage of education. The Dentistry course is a four-year long program. All the students were invited and agreed to answer the questionnaire. The inclusion criteria were to be in the fourth period and to have carried out the OSCE. This was an observational and cross-sectional study and it was perfomed in 2018.

Description of OSCE’s Steps

OSCE Stations

Six interdisciplinary stations were developed, approaching the contents of anatomy, biosafety, dentistry, periodontics, dental materials and radiology. The stations were developed to contain their respective evaluation criteria. For each station, a check-list was cognitive, affective and psychomotor capacities for performing specific tasks were examined. The test was conducted in a standardized manner, with a structured method divided into stations according to each discipline. Each student (n= 44) completed a six- station circuit (Table 1). Six students entered at the same time, and each of them went to a different station. They took turns until they completed a circuit.

Table 1
Description of the discipline, activity and check-list of each station

Discipline	Activity	Check-list
Anatomy	At this station you will find a macro dental model with anatomical structures listed, and numbered labels corresponding to these structures. Your task will be to identify in the macro model the anatomical structures and paste the labels with the number corresponding to the form in the macro template	1) Identification of the vertex of the cusp 2) Identification of longitudinal edge 3) Transverse edge identification 4) Identification of the vestibular sulcus 5) Identification of the mesial marginal ridge 6) Identification of crushing strand 7) Flat strand identification 8) Identification of the enamel bridge
Periodontology	At this station you should prepare the ultrasound device and then perform a supragingival scraping on the first molar (left side).	1) Use of individual protection equipment (mask, hat, procedure gloves, goggles, white clothing) 2) Setting the power of the appliance 3) Correct insertion of the “TIP” 4) Identification of the correct tooth 5) Angle of use of the tip 6) Positioning the operator 7) Application on all faces of the tooth 8) Correct removal of the “TIP”
Biosafity	At this station you should perform the disinfection of the chair and clinic table, use all the necessary protection barriers to a safe care and be able to open a basic clinical kit properly.	1 - Use of individual protection equipment (mask, hat, procedure gloves, goggles, white clothing) 2 - Disinfection with alcohol 70%: 2.1 - Clinical table 2.2 - Clinical table rod 2.3 - Reflector Rods 2.4 - Vacuum Pump Hitch / Pump Hitch 3 - Use of Barriers 3.1 - Clinical table rod 3.2 - Reflector Rods 3.3 - Triple syringe 4 - Positioned Cloth / Bench Paper 5. Opened the clinical kit without contaminating it under the clinic table.
Dental Materials	At this station you will find some dental plasters for modeling dental arches. Your activity will be to select type IV gypsum and properly provide the powder and liquid of this to different degrees. After this step, manipulate it.	1 - Selected materials suitable for the task (Spatula and gral for alginate, powder meter and alginate water, Algvinate) 2 - Dose the amount of powder determined using the meter 3 - Dosed the amount of water using the meter 4 - He poured the powder into the water; 5 - Used the handling time correctly; 6 - It resulted in a homogeneous and adequate manipulation; 7 - Loaded the partial tray properly;
Radiology	At this station you will find a digital radiography on a notebook screen and a sheet with a question on the desk. You should carefully read the question and interpret the radiograph to mark the correct answer (s). At the end of this station, this sheet should be handed over to the station supervisor.	1 - Presence of teeth 36, 37 and 36 with great coronary destruction 2 - Presence of teeth 37, 38 and 37 with great coronary destruction 3 - Presence of furcation of tooth 36 with root separation 4 - Presence of furcation of tooth 37 with root separation 5 - Endodontic treatment of the tooth 36 6 - Endodontic treatment of the tooth 37 7 - Mandibular canal 8 - Mental foramen 9 - Vertical bone loss in Mesial of 36 10 - Vertical bone loss in Mesial of 37 11 - Disadaptation of coronary restoration of the tooth 34 12 - Disadaptation of coronary restoration of tooth 35
Dentistry	At this station you should perform the pulp protection on the tooth 35 of the manikin, which is presented with a Class I shallow preparation and then restored with composite resin.	1 - Use of individual protection equipment (mask, hat, procedure gloves, goggles, white clothing) 2 - Correct handling of the pulp protection material (calcium hydroxide cement) 3 - Application of calcium hydroxide cement to the pulp wall 4 - Adequate provision of glass ionomer cement 5 - Correct handling of glass ionomer cement 6 - Correct insertion of glass ionomer cement) 7- Satisfactory pulp protection score

Duration of Stations

Each station lasted 6 minutes: one minute to read the purpose of the station, and five minutes to perform the task proposed. The students had to remain in the station for a total of 5 minutes, even if the completed the task in a shorter time. A sound alert went off to mark these time intervals and for continuity of the circuit.

Check-List and Data Analysis

In each station there were two examiners, who had a check-list as reference, to observe and evaluate each student. Scoring was calculated to obtain a final grade on a numerical scale of achievement. The results of the two examiner’s assessments of each station were quantified, and the final score obtained was the arithmetic mean that was used as one of the assessment criteria of a curricular discipline of the mentioned course.

Questionnaire

At the end of the circuit, the examiners asked the students (n= 44) to fill in an anonymous questionnaire that contained questions relative to the degree of difficulty, time of performing the tasks, and the importance of the stations, impressions relative to the number of stations, organization and the total time of the OSCE. The questionnaire was adapted from Näpänkangas et al.¹⁵.

Regarding to each station, the following questions were done:

1. 1

   Regarding to the difficult degree, this station was:

   a) Easy

   b) Difficult

2. 2

   Regarding to time to carry out the activity of the station, the time was:

   a) Extensive

   b) Appropriate

   c) Short

3. 3

   Regarding to station’s importance, it was:

   a) Very important

   b) Important

   c) Not very important

Regarding to the OSCE:

1. 1

   Regarding to the number of stations, OSCE presents:

   a) Many stations

   b) Appropriate number

   c) Few stations

2. 2

   Regarding to the OSCE’s organization, it was:

   a) Very organized

   b) Organized

   c) Not very organized

3. 3

   Regarding to OSCE’s total time, it was:

   a) Extensive

   b) Appropriate

   c) Short

Feed-back

After the end of the circuit by all students, there was a time of feed-back in which the teachers-evaluators explained the criteria assessed in each station. The students were also encouraged to report their doubts and anxieties regarding to the process.

This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the School of Medical and Health Sciences of Juiz de Fora (SUPREMA); Protocol No. 58497516.4/0000.5103. The results are presented as percentage distribution.

RESULT

The students (n=44; 35 women and 9 men with a mean age of 20 years) filled out the questionnaire. They pointed out their impressions relative to the number of stations, organization and total time of duration of OSCE.

As regards the number of stations, 43(97.7%) of the students responded that this was appropriate. To the students, the OSCE process as a whole was very well organized (n=25; 56.8%), organized (n=17; 38.6%) or not very organized (n=1; 2.27%). One questionnaire was excluded because the student scored several alternatives. About the total time of the OSCE process, 29(65.9%) reported that it was appropriate; 10 (2.27%) said that it was short; 4 (9.09%), that it was long.

The students also filled out a questionnaire that contained questions relative to the degree of difficulty, time for performing the tasks and the importance of the content approached in each of the proposed stations (Figures 1, 2 and 3). The time attributed to each station was considered appropriate (65.9%). Furthermore, the students considered that the topics and questions applied in each station were relevant.

Figure 1
Quantification of the responses relative to the degree of difficulty of each station. Exclusion refers to some questions that presented more than one response marked.

Figure 2
Quantification of the responses relative to the time available for each station. Exclusion refers to some questions that presented more than one response marked.

Figure 3
Quantification of the responses relative to the importance of the content approached in each station. Exclusion refers to some questions that presented more than one response marked.

DISCUSSION

The purpose of this study was to describe the stages of developing an OSCE for the Dentistry course and to find out the perception of students about this new assessment format, in comparison with the models previously used. OSCE is a summative assessment of students’ graduation outcomes. The OSCE results are thought to predict the extent to which students had learned the related course material and their performance as general dentists¹⁶.

The specificities of the health area may be observed in the decisions to be taken, which involve the articulation of various fields of knowledge arising from the general education (with emphasis on scientific knowledge), professional education (with emphasis on technical knowledge) and work and social experiences (tacit qualifications) that are mediated by the ethical-political dimension¹⁷. Studies have shown that a positive correlation has been identified between the performance of undergraduate students in Dentistry in OSCE and their clinical and didactic performance, which corroborates the value of OSCE as an efficient and complete evaluative instrument¹⁸. However, OSCE has limitations in assessing students’ capacity to perform clinical procedures, in large part because it is not feasible to ask students to perform invasive and nonreversible procedures on patients. This may be real or simulated yet students have a limited amount of time at each OSCE station to perform tasks, usually less than would be available in a real clinical setting for invasive or more complex procedures^19,20.

Studies that have examined dental OSCEs from a student’s perspective have similarly found that the examination is generally perceived favorably by students and seen to be a good test of clinical skills^12,13. When dental OSCEs assess focused aspects of clinical skills rather than being comprehensive, they have also been viewed positively by students^14,21. In this study, students’ perception was positive, especially with regard to organization (56.8% considered the OSCE very organized and 38.6% organized); and the time attributed to each station (65.9% of the students considered the time appropriate). Furthermore, the students considered that the topics and questions applied in each station were relevant. Although, another study¹⁵ considered the time allocated too short (63%).

Regarding to the degree of difficulty of each station, two among the 6 stations - that of Periodontics and Anatomy - were considered difficult by the majority of the students, whereas, the other stations were considered easy. Similar results were found in the School of Dentistry of the University of Jordan¹⁴ with regard to organization of the OSCE, because 75% of the students judged the OSCE of Jordan organized; the time of stations appropriate (80.2%) and considered a good portion of the stations easy (54.1%). Another study¹⁵ evaluated the validity of the OSCE by measuring the attitude of examiners and dental students towards the OSCE and it was considered easy for 87% of the students.

Planning, elaboration and application of the OSCE is far more complex and work-intensive than the conventional models of assessment²². It demands greater and integrated involvement of the staff members among the different disciplines, and more time dedicated from the time of planning through to application of the OSCE. To carry out the OSCE in a group of 44 students with a circuit of 6 stations, the involvement of 12 examiners in the morning shift, and 12 examiners in the afternoon shift was required. It was also necessary to consider the questions of logistics, physical area with the necessary space to mount the stations, as well and the material and instruments necessary, according to each station planned. For standardization and reliability of the exam, all the material was provided by the Institution. In relation to the quantity of stations, the Jordanian student considered the 67 stations a very high number¹⁴, differently from the students of this study, who judged the 6 station to be appropriate. Another study, considered 8 stations a good number with credible assessment results, and indices such as mean and discrimination coefficient of test scores from each station appropriated⁴. Therefore, the proposed protocol was found to be reliable and suitable.

Traditional teaching (written, oral assessments including essay and multiple-choice question [MCQ] examinations) has been criticized for focussing simply on abilities to memorize, ignoring manual clinical skills, hypothesis formation and decision-making as well as patient interaction²³. Reorientation of education has been fostered by the Brazilian Public Policies of Education and Health, since the DCN, and in the case of graduation, passing through the Program of Reorientation of Professional Education in Health (Pró Saúde) and through the Program of Education for Working in the Area of Health (PET Saúde), with wide scope, in the undergraduate courses in health throughout Brazil²⁴. Changes in student’s evaluation generate many conflicts between administrators, teachers and students, but OSCE is set up to provide an objective evaluation of a student’s performance by giving every student the same questions or scenarios from evaluators who rate student responses according to a standardized grading system, thus minimizing interexaminer error. Recently our understanding of dental education, including the OSCE, has been changing gradually¹⁴.

The strength of this study was the high student response rate. Students were asked to answer the questionnaire anonymously immediately after their last task. Only one questionnaire was excluded from the study due to student response being an array of alternatives. In addition to the limited number of stations available, the main limitation of our study was the small sample size, due to the number of students attending the same dental period (fourth) at our institution. New evaluations regarding the students' perception will be made and new data will be presented subsequently.

CONCLUSION

For the success of OSCE, it is primordial to plan stations that are relevant to clinical practice of the student; with a group of teachers involved in the teaching-learning process, and particularly, to appreciate the students’ perception, thereby establishing the formative nature of this evaluation. The student’s perception was positive especially regarding to organization and the time attributed to each station. Furthermore, the students considered that the topics and questions applied in each station were relevant.

• How to cite: de Oliveira FAM, Porto FR, Ribeiro CG, Haddad AE, de Oliveira RG, Ferraz Júnior AML. Objective structured clinical examination, OSCEs: an advance in the teaching and learning process in the student’s perception. Rev Odontol UNESP. 2019;48:e20190027. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-2577.02719

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  15 Aug 2019
• Date of issue
  2019

History

• Received
  15 Mar 2019
• Accepted
  11 July 2019