Prevalence and risk indicators of peri-implantitis after 8 to 10 years of function

MARCANTONIO, Cláudio; NÍCOLI, Lélis Gustavo; MALZONI, Carolina Mendonça de Almeida; SUSIN, Cristiano; MARCANTONIO JUNIOR, Elcio; ZANDIM-BARCELOS, Daniela Leal

doi:10.1590/1807-2577.01521

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Revista de Odontologia da UNESP

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Original Article • Rev. Odontol. UNESP 50 • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-2577.01521 copy

Prevalence and risk indicators of peri-implantitis after 8 to 10 years of function

Prevalência e indicadores de risco de peri-implantite após 8 a 10 anos em função

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Introduction

The investigation of peri-implant diseases risk indicators helps to prevent and target treatment techniques.

Objective

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the occurrence of peri-implantitis and its potential risk indicator factors, besides to assess the long-term success and survival rates of dental implants after 8 to 10 years of function.

Material and method

For this, fifty individuals who had received their implant-supported rehabilitation between 2003 and 2005 were included. Data regarding demographics, medical and dental history were collected and a complete clinical examination was performed. Multivariate analysis was used to identify potential risk indicator factors related to the occurrence of peri-implantitis. Overall, 211 implants had been placed; 197 were in function, 9 were still submerged, and 5 had been lost.

Result

Success and survival rates were 81.5% and 97.6%, respectively. Peri-implant mucositis affected 77.1% of subjects and 52.3% of implants. Peri-implantitis was diagnosed in 14 individuals (29.2%) and 25 implants (12.7%). Subjects with osteoporosis (OR = 2.84) and generalized bleeding on probing (OR = 8.03) were significantly associated with higher odds of peri-implantitis. At the implant level, visible plaque (OR = 4.45) and deep probing depths (OR = 4.47) were significantly associated with peri-implantitis.

Conclusion

Through these results, our study suggests that osteoporosis and generalized periodontal/peri-implant mucosa inflammation increase the likelihood of peri-implantitis.

Descriptors:
Dental implants; survival rate; peri-implantitis; risk factors

		Subjects		Implants
		n*	%	n*	%
Subject level variables
Gender	male	18	37.5	79	40.1
Gender	female	30	62.5	118	59.9
Age	≤40	7	14.6	24	12.2
	41-64	26	54.2	94	47.7
	≥65	15	31.3	79	40.1
Diabetes	no	42	87.5	170	86.3
Diabetes	yes	6	12.5	27	13.7
Osteoporosis	no	40	83.3	164	83.2
Osteoporosis	yes	8	16.7	33	16.8
Thyroid problems	no	40	83.3	155	78.7
Thyroid problems	yes	8	16.7	42	21.3
Cardiovascular disease	no	42	87.5	167	84.8
Cardiovascular disease	yes	6	12.5	30	15.2
Smoking	never	33	68.8	123	62.4
Smoking	ever	15	31.3	74	37.6
Full-mouth visible plaque	<30 sites	37	77.1	148	75.1
Full-mouth visible plaque	≥30% sites	11	22.9	49	24.9
Full-mouth BOP	<30 sites	20	41.7	81	41.1
Full-mouth BOP	≥30% sites	28	58.3	116	58.9
Full-mouth PD≥4mm**	<10 sites	39	81.3	156	79.2
Full-mouth PD≥4mm**	≥10% sites	9	18.8	41	20.8
Full-mouth CAL≥4mm**	<30 sites	35	72.9	145	73.6
Full-mouth CAL≥4mm**	≥30% sites	13	27.1	52	26.4
Periodontitis	no	24	50.0	98	49.7
Periodontitis	yes	24	50.0	99	50.3
Implant level variables
Location	Max ant			56	28.4
	Max post			41	20.8
	Mand Ant			10	5.1
	mand Post			90	45.7
Visible plaque	no			114	57.9
Visible plaque	yes			83	42.1
PD (deepest site)	≤3mm			73	37.1
PD (deepest site)	≥4mm			124	62.9
Cemented crowns	no			104	52.8
Cemented crowns	yes			93	47.2
Number of units	Single			81	41.1
Number of units	Multiple			116	58.9
Crown adaptation	No			39	19.8
Crown adaptation	Yes			158	80.2
Total		48	100.0	197	100.0

		Subjects with peri-implantitis			Implants with peri-implantitis
		No	Yes	p*	No	Yes	p*
Subject level variables
Gender	male	14	4		71	8
Gender	female	20	10	0.52	101	17	0.59
Age	≤40	5	2		22	2
	41-64	20	6		85	9
	≥65	9	6	0.51	65	14	0.38
Diabetes	no	30	12		148	22
Diabetes	yes	4	2	0.99	24	3	0.80
Osteoporosis	no	30	10		147	17
Osteoporosis	yes	4	4	0.21	25	8	0.04
Thyroid problems	no	28	12		134	21
Thyroid problems	yes	6	2	0.99	38	4	0.63
Cardiovascular disease	no	30	12		146	21
Cardiovascular disease	yes	4	2	0.99	26	4	0.87
Smoking	never	25	8		109	14
Smoking	ever	9	6	0.32	63	11	0.43
Full-mouth visible plaque	<30 sites	28	9		132	16
Full-mouth visible plaque	≥30% sites	6	5	0.26	40	9	0.22
Full-mouth BOP	<30 sites	18	2		78	3
Full-mouth BOP	≥30% sites	16	12	0.02	94	22	0.01
Full-mouth PD≥4mm**	<10 sites	28	11		137	19
Full-mouth PD≥4mm**	≥10% sites	6	3	0.99	35	6	0.78
Full-mouth CAL≥4mm*	<30 sites	23	12		123	22
Full-mouth CAL≥4mm*	≥30% sites	11	2	0.29	49	3	0.22
Periodontitis	no	15	9		82	16
Periodontitis	yes	19	5	0.34	90	9	0.15
Implant level variables
Location	Max ant				51	5
	Max post				33	8
	Mand Ant				8	2
	Mand Post				80	10	0.58
Visible plaque	no				104	10
Visible plaque	yes				68	15	0.17
PD (deepest site)	≤3mm				69	4
PD (deepest site)	≥4mm				103	21	0.08
Cemented crowns	no				89	15
Cemented crowns	yes				83	10	0.51
Number of units	Single				72	9
Number of units	Multiple				100	16	0.64
Crown adaptation	No				34	5
Crown adaptation	Yes				138	20	0.79
Total		34	14		172	25

		Odds Ratio	95% CI*		p**
Subject level variables
Gender	male	1
Gender	female	1.39	0.42	4.67	0.59
Age	≤40	1
	41-64	1.15	0.24	5.37	0.86
	≥65	2.26	0.51	9.99	0.28
Diabetes	no	1
Diabetes	yes	0.84	0.21	3.38	0.80
Osteoporosis	no	1
Osteoporosis	yes	2.48	1.03	5.95	0.04
Thyroid problems	no	1
Thyroid problems	yes	0.70	0.16	2.99	0.63
Cardiovascular disease	no	1
Cardiovascular disease	yes	1.13	0.27	4.74	0.87
Smoking	never	1
Smoking	ever	1.55	0.53	4.59	0.43
Full-mouth visible plaque Full-mouth BOP	<30 sites	1
	≥30% sites	1.96	0.67	5.70	0.22
	<30 sites	1
	≥30% sites	6.40	1.49	27.49	0.01
Full-mouth PD≥4mm***	<10 sites	1
Full-mouth PD≥4mm***	≥10% sites	1.22	0.31	4.72	0.78
Full-mouth CAL≥4mm***	<30 sites	1
Full-mouth CAL≥4mm***	≥30% sites	0.36	0.07	1.84	0.22
Periodontitis	no	1
Periodontitis	yes	0.45	0.16	1.32	0.15
Implant level variables
Location	Max ant	1
	Max post	2.41	0.59	9.83	0.22
	Mand Ant	2.54	0.40	16.23	0.33
	Mand Post	1.38	0.48	3.95	0.55
Visible plaque	no	1
Visible plaque	yes	2.21	0.72	6.75	0.17
PD (deepest site)	≤3mm	1
PD (deepest site)	≥4mm	3.60	0.86	14.95	0.08
Cemented crowns	no	1
Cemented crowns	yes	0.75	0.32	1.77	0.51
Number of units	Single	1
Number of units	Multiple	1.26	0.48	3.32	0.64
Crown adaptation	No	1
Crown adaptation	Yes	0.87	0.30	2.48	0.79

		Full-model				Final (reduced) model
		Odds Ratio	95% CI*		p**	Odds Ratio	95% CI		p
Age	≤40	1				1
	41-64	0.76	0.20	2.88	0.69	1.03	0.35	3.03	0.96
	≥65	2.03	0.59	7.01	0.26	2.84	0.89	9.07	0.08
Diabetes	no	1				1
Diabetes	yes	0.17	0.03	0.86	0.03	0.22	0.05	0.87	0.03
Osteoporosis	no	1				1.00
Osteoporosis	yes	2.83	1.03	7.81	0.04	2.87	1.06	7.82	0.04
Full-mouth visible plaque	<30 sites	1
Full-mouth visible plaque	≥30% sites	1.60	0.51	5.06	0.42
Full-mouth BOP	<30 sites	1				1.00
Full-mouth BOP	≥30% sites	6.56	1.69	25.54	0.01	8.03	1.95	32.98	0.004
Full-mouth CAL≥4mm***	<30 sites	1
Full-mouth CAL≥4mm***	≥30% sites	0.51	0.11	2.38	0.39
Periodontitis	no	1				1
Periodontitis	yes	0.30	0.11	0.84	0.02	0.24	0.10	0.58	0.001
Location	Max ant	1
	Max post	1.92	0.39	9.50	0.43
	Mand Ant	3.05	0.58	15.92	0.19
	Mand Post	2.14	0.65	7.02	0.21
Visible plaque	no	1				1
Visible plaque	yes	4.42	1.39	13.99	0.01	4.45	1.43	13.89	0.01
PD (deepest site)	≤3mm	1				1
PD (deepest site)	≥4mm	4.70	0.91	24.43	0.07	4.47	1.09	18.35	0.04

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[1] CONFLICTS OF INTERESTS

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.