Diet quality of preschool children aged 2 to 5 years living in the urban area of Pelotas, Brazil

Leal, Katharine Konrad; Schneider, Bruna Celestino; França, Giovanny Vinicius Araújo; Gigante, Denise Petrucci; Santos, Iná dos; Assunção, Maria Cecília Formoso

doi:10.1016/j.rpped.2015.05.002

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• Rev. paul. pediatr. 33 (3) • Jul-Sep 2015 • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpped.2015.05.002 copy

Diet quality of preschool children aged 2 to 5 years living in the urban area of Pelotas, Brazil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Objective:

To assess the dietary quality of preschool children in the urban area of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil.

Methods:

Dietary quality was measured according to the Healthy Eating Index (HEI), adapted to Brazil. Food consumption was obtained using the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). The index score was obtained by a score, ranging from 0 to 100, distributed in 13 food groups that characterize different components of a healthy diet. The better the quality of the diet, the closer the score is to 100.

Results:

Dietary quality was evaluated in 556 preschoolers. The mean HEI score value was 74.4 points, indicating that diets need improvement. The mean scores were significantly higher among girls and in children from families with income between one and less than three minimum wages.

Conclusions:

The children showed vegetable consumption below the recommended level, while foods of the food group of oils and fats, as well as the group of sugars, candies, chocolates and snacks, were consumed in excess. It is important to reinforce guidelines to promote healthier eating habits, which may persist later in life.

Keywords
Preschool; Indexes; Food habits; Diet

Component/food	Recommendation		Score
	Girls	Boys	0	2,5	5,0	7,5	10
1. Cereals	4	4	<1	1 serving	2 servings	3 servings	4 servings
2. Vegetables and green vegetables	0.5		0	>0 and <0.25 serving	0.25 serving	>0.25 and <0.5 serving	0.5 serving
2. Vegetables and green vegetables		1	<0.25	0.25 serving	0.5 serving	0.75 serving	1 serving
3. Fruit and fruit juice	1		<0.25	0.25 serving	0.5 serving	0.75 serving	1 serving
3. Fruit and fruit juice		2	<0.5	0.5 serving	1 serving	1.5 serving	2 servings
4. Milk and dairy products	1		<0.25	0.25 serving	0.5 serving	0.75 serving	1 serving
4. Milk and dairy products		2	<0.5	0.5 serving	1 serving	1.5 serving	2 servings
5. Meat and eggs	1	1	<0.25	0.25 serving	0.5 serving	0.75 serving	1 serving
6. Legumes	0.5		0	>0 and <0.25 serving	0.25 serving	>0.25 and <0.5 serving	0.5 serving
6. Legumes		1	<0.25	0.25 serving	0.5 serving	0.75 serving	1 serving
7. Oils and fats	1	1	<0.25	0.25 serving	0.5 serving	0.75 serving	1 serving
8. Sugars, candy, chocolates and snacks	1	1	<0.25	0.25 serving	0.5 serving	0.75 serving	1 serving
9. Total fat	30%	30%	45% or more	>37.5% and <45%	37.5%	>30% and <37.5%	30% or less
10. Saturated fat	10%	10%	15% or more	>12.5% and <15%	12.5%	>10% and <12.5%	10% or less
11. Cholesterol	300mg	300mg	450mg or more	>375mg and <450mg	375mg	>300mg and <375mg	300mg or less
12. Sodium	2400mg	2400mg	4800mg or more	>3600mg and <4800mg	3600mg	>2400mg and <3600mg	2400mg or less
13. Diet variety	8 or+different types of foods	8 or+different types of foods	3 or less different types of different foods in a day	4 or 5 different types of different foods in a day	6 different types of different foods in a day	7 different types of different foods in a day	8 or more different types of different foods in a day

Variable	n	%
Gender
Female	258	46.4
Male	298	53.6
Age (years)
2	116	20.9
3	140	25.2
4	159	28.6
5	141	25.4
Ethnicity
Caucasian	420	75.8
Non-Caucasian	134	24.2
Family income (minimum wages)
<1	134	24.2
1–2.99	268	48.4
3–5.99	99	17.9
6 or more	53	9.6
Maternal schooling (years)
0–4	87	15.7
5–8	218	39.4
9 or more	249	44.9

HEI components	Boys (n=298)	Girls (n=258)	p-value^a a Teste t de Student. HEI, Healthy Eating Index; TEV, total energy value.
1. Cereals	8.9	8.8	0.61
2. Vegetables and green vegetables	6.4	8.0	<0.001
3. Fruits	9.0	9.5	0.002
4. Milk and dairy products	8.9	9.4	0.030
5. Meat and eggs	9.3	9.5	0.22
6. Legumes	9.2	9.7	0.003
7. Oils and fats	1.5	1.5	0.98
8. Sugars, candy, chocolates and snacks	<1.0	<1.0	0.62
9. Total fat (%TEV)	7.7	8.3	0.005
10. Saturated fat (%TEV)	10	10	–
11. Cholesterol (mg)	6.3	6.6	0.34
12. Sodium (mg)	7.1	7.2	0.75
13. Diet variety	8.43	8.5	0.70

Variable	All (n=556)	p-value^a a Simple linear regression.	Boys (n=298)	p-value^a a Simple linear regression.	Girls (n=258)	p-value^a a Simple linear regression.
	Mean (SE)		Mean (SE)		Mean (SE)
Gender		0.001
Male	73.4 (0.5)		–	–	–	–
Female	75.4 (0.6)		–	–	–	–
Ethnicity		0.12		0.23		0.38
Caucasian	74.6 (0.5)		73.7 (0.4)		75.7 (0.6)
Non-Caucasian	73.5 (0.7)		72.7 (0.9)		74.8 (1.0)
Age (years)		0.19		0.19		0.47
2	74.7 (1.1)		74.2 (1.6)		75.3 (1.2)
3	73.9 (0.9)		72.5 (1.4)		75.4 (1.1)
4	73.4 (1.1)		72.2 (1.4)		74.7 (1.1)
5	75.6 (0.9)		75.0 (1.2)		76.5 (1.0)
Maternal schooling (years)		0.64		0.99		0.75
0–4	73.7 (0.8)		73.3 (0.8)		74.2 (1.8)
5–8	74.3 (0.6)		73.4 (1.3)		75.4 (1.8)
9 or more	74.6 (0.9)		73.4 (1.1)		75.8 (2.1)
Family income (minimum wages)		0.02		0.17		0.14
<1	72.5 (0.6)		71.8 (0.7)		73.5 (1.1)
1–2.99	75.1 (0.8)		74.1 (1.0)		76.2 (1.2)
3–5.99	74.4 (1.1)		73.8 (1.5)		75.0 (1.5)
6 or more	74.5 (1.8)		73.0 (1.9)		76.3 (2.7)

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[1] * Corresponding author. E-mail: katharineeleal@hotmail.com (K.K. Leal).