Violence among female users of healthcare units: prevalence, perspective and conduct of managers and professionals

Abstracts

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de violência em mulheres usuárias da atenção primária em saúde, se essas situações eram detectadas e como eram tratadas pelos profissionais desses serviços. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo, de corte transversal, com 14 coordenadores municipais de saúde da mulher, 2.379 usuárias de unidades básicas de saúde, 75 gestores e 375 profissionais, em 15 municípios do estado de São Paulo, realizado entre agosto de 2008 e maio de 2009. Os dados foram coletados por questionários estruturados e realizou-se análise descritiva. RESULTADOS: Protocolo de atendimento específico para as mulheres em situação de violência foi mencionado em cinco municípios. A maioria dos coordenadores disse que situações de violência entre as usuárias eram detectadas, embora 74% dissessem que isso não era investigado rotineiramente, o que foi confirmado por 72,3% dos profissionais. Entre as mulheres, 76,5% referiram ter sofrido algum tipo de violência ao longo da vida e 56,4% relataram violência por parceiro íntimo; cerca de 30% mencionaram pelo menos um episódio nos últimos 12 meses; 6,5% disseram ter procurado ajuda em Unidade Básica de Saúde. CONCLUSÕES: Relevante proporção de usuárias vivenciava violência em seu cotidiano, especialmente por parceiros íntimos. Maior parte das mulheres não era identificada ou abordada nesses serviços e não recebia ajuda. Gestores e profissionais de saúde, embora percebessem a magnitude do problema, não consideravam a atenção básica preparada para atender essas mulheres. Evidenciou-se a ausência de rede intersetorial de cuidados para atender mulheres em situação de violência.

Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde; Serviços Básicos de Saúde; Mulheres Maltratadas; Violência contra a Mulher; Epidemiologia Descritiva

ORIGINAL ARTICLES

Violence among female users of healthcare units: prevalence, perspective and conduct of managers and professionals

Violencia entre usuarias de unidades de salud: prevalencia, perspectiva y conducta de gestores y profesionales

Maria José Duarte Osis; Graciana Alves Duarte; Aníbal Faúndes

Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Reprodutiva de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil

^{Correspondence}

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of violence in women who are primary healthcare users and to verify if these situations were detected and how they were tackled by these services' professionals.

METHODS: Descriptive, cross-sectional study carried out with 14 municipal women's health coordinators, 2,379 women who are users of primary healthcare units, 75 managers and 375 professionals, in 15 municipalities of the State of São Paulo (Southeastern Brazil), between August 2008 and May 2009. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and a descriptive analysis was conducted.

RESULTS: A specific protocol for assisting women in situations of violence was mentioned in five municipalities. The majority (83%) of the coordinators reported that situations of violence among female users were detected, although 74% said this was not routinely investigated, which was confirmed by 72.3% of the professionals. Among the women, 76.5% reported having experienced some type of violence throughout their lives, and 56.4% said that an intimate partner was the perpetrator of that violence; almost 30% reported at least one episode in the 12 months prior to the interview; 6.5% reported looking for help at a Primary Healthcare Unit.

CONCLUSIONS: A relevant proportion of users experienced violence in their daily routine, mainly perpetrated by an intimate partner. Most of the women were neither identified nor approached in these services and did not receive help. Although health managers and professionals realized the magnitude of the problem, they did not consider that primary care was prepared to assist these women. The study showed that there is no intersectoral care network to assist women in situation of violence.

Descriptors: Attitude of Health Personnel. Basic Health Services. Battered Women. Violence Against Women. Epidemiology, Descriptive.

RESUMEN

OBJETIVO: Estimar la prevalencia de violencia en mujeres usuarias de la atención primaria de salud y si tales situaciones eran detectadas y como eran tratadas por los profesionales de dichos servicios.

MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, con 14 coordinadores municipales de salud de la mujer, 2.379 usuarias de unidades básicas de salud, 75 gestores y 375 profesionales, en 15 municipios del Estado de Sao Paulo, Sureste de Brasil, realizado entre agosto de 2008 y mayo de 2009. Los datos fueron colectados por cuestionarios estructurados y se realizó análisis descriptivo.

RESULTADOS: Protocolo de atención específico para las mujeres en situación de violencia fue mencionado en cinco municipios. La mayoría de los coordinadores mencionó detectar situaciones de violencia entre las usuarias; sin embargo, 74% señalaron que tales situaciones no eran investigadas de forma rutinaria, siendo confirmado por 72,3% de los profesionales. Entre las mujeres, 76,5% relataron haber sufrido algún tipo de violencia a lo largo de la vida y 56,4% mencionaron violencia por pareja íntima; cerca de 305 mencionaron por lo menos un episodio en los últimos 12 meses; 6,5% señalaron haber procurado ayuda en Unidad Básica de Salud.

CONCLUSIONES: Relevante proporción de usuarias vivenciaba violencia en su cotidiano, especialmente por parejas íntimas. Mayor parte de las mujeres no era identificada o abordada en tales servicios y no recibía ayuda. Gestores y profesionales de salud, a pesar de percibir la magnitud del problema, no consideraban la atención básica preparada para atender dichas mujeres. Se evidenció la ausencia de red inter-sectorial de cuidados para atender mujeres en situación de violencia.

Descriptores: Actitud del Personal de Salud. Servicios Básicos de Salud. Mujeres Maltratadas. Violencia contra la Mujer. Epidemiología Descriptiva.

INTRODUCTION

Violence against women is one of the greatest concerns in the areas of health and human rights. Violence affects women throughout the world and in all the periods of their vital cycle, causing serious damage to their health and psychosocial development.^5,15 Violence against women occurs mainly in the domestic environment, perpetrated by the partner.^2,6,7,15 Violence at home tends to evolve progressively: it begins with psychological/emotional violence, moves to physical violence and culminates in sexual violence.⁷

Violence is harmful to the woman's health and is responsible for many complaints due to which they go to the healthcare services, like gynecological problems in general, sexually transmitted diseases, depression, insomnia, anxiety, sexual dysfunction and eating disorders.^5,7,16 Primary care services deal with these problems on a daily basis and frequently offer inefficient answers to women because they do not approach their origin: violence, which many times is chronically suffered.¹⁶

The Brazilian Federal Government launched the National Plan of Policies for Women in 2008, aiming to promote coping with all forms of violence against women of all ages and to provide specific and qualified assistance to their health.^ª The Ministry of Health has proposed measures to offer effective and integral assistance to women in situations of violence - assistance that is inserted into an intersectoral network and that starts in primary care, the entrance door to the public health system, including the unidades básicas de saúde (UBS - primary care units) and the Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF - Family Health Strategy).^b,^c,^d However, the healthcare services are not the usual places women in situations of violence seek as possible sources of help, in spite of the serious physical and psychological damage they experience.²

Many women who consult at UBS and in the emergency sectors of hospitals experience or have experienced situations of violence,^10,17,19 but this is not frequently investigated and the professionals who work there have no knowledge of it. Thus, the opportunity of intervening in these situations and developing preventive actions is lost. Even in developed countries, only a few professionals routinely ask about violence.⁴ They allege lack of time; embarrassment to approach the theme with women who do not seem to have problems with violence; fear that they reveal situations with which they would not know how to deal and would not have the resources to; lack of training; lack of support in the healthcare services and in the community to help the women; ignorance of scientifically approved measures to deal with situations of violence.¹⁶ There are controversies about the efficacy of questioning all women about the experience of violence in health assistance.¹⁴

The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of violence in female users of UBS/ESF and to investigate whether these situations were detected and how they were treated by the professionals of these healthcare services.

METHODS

Descriptive, cross-sectional study with municipal managers, health professionals and women who are users of UBS in the State of São Paulo, carried out from August 2008 to May 2009. Fifteen out of the 17 municipalities that house Departamentos Regionais de Saúde (Regional Health Departments) of the State of São Paulo, of the State Health Secretariat, participated in the study: Great São Paulo, Araçatuba, Araraquara, Baixada Santista, Campinas, Franca, Marília, Piracicaba, Presidente Prudente, Registro, Sertãozinho, São João da Boa Vista, São José do Rio Preto, Sorocaba and Taubaté. It was not possible to collect data in Bauru and Barretos, as we could not identify local coordinators.

The local coordinators received training and qualified interviewers in their localities for data collection.

Structured and pre-tested questionnaires were administered to the municipality and UBS managers. They contained questions about their personal characteristics, insertion in the public health network, and procedures to assist women in situation of violence in the municipality and/or UBS. To the UBS professionals, there were also questions about the suspicion that some woman was experiencing a situation of violence and the adopted conduct, the existence or not of a protocol to investigate the experience of these situations, whether the professional had been trained to this and whether he/she knew about the municipal services network that assists women in these situations.

The questionnaire administered to the women had three sections: sociodemographic characteristics and perspectives concerning gender relations; health characteristics; and experience of situations of violence, based on the Abuse Assessment Screen¹⁵ and on the Conflict Tactics Scales, modified by the Violence Against Women Study (VAW), which was conducted by the World Health Organization in many countries, including Brazil.¹⁶

The women's health coordinator of each municipality was interviewed, except in one of them, as nobody performed this function nor a similar one. Five UBS were selected in each municipality by simple random sampling. The following professionals were interviewed: 14 municipal women's health coordinators, 75 coordinators/managers of the drawn UBS, and 375 health professionals (doctors, nurses, nursing assistants, receptionists, psychologists, social workers).

It was calculated that the sample of UBS female users should contain 2,386 women for the 17 municipalities, considering the estimated prevalence of 46% of some type of violence in life¹⁹ with acceptable absolute difference of 2% and type I error of 5%. In each one of the 15 municipalities, 159 women were interviewed, as well as 32 in each one of the five UBS of each city, totaling 2,379 women.

The questionnaires were revised and doubly keyboarded by different people to legitimate the process. Procedures for database cleaning and consistence were carried out. Descriptive tables with the variables of interest were elaborated for data analysis.

Participation in the research was voluntary, after the individual signed a consent document. The protocol of the study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the School of Medical Sciences of Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Process no. 432/2006).

RESULTS

The majority of the women (84.2%) was aged between 18 and 49 years, were married or were in a stable union (66.4%); approximately half (49.6%) had a paid job, a little more than half mentioned eight years of schooling at the most (53.5%), and family income up to R$ 1,000.00 per month (57,6%); 42.4% classified themselves as white. More than three quarters (81%) of the interviewees answered that, if they experienced violence, they would ask for help in a police station; 11.6% in a women's police station, and 6.8% in a healthcare unit. When they were asked why they would not go to a healthcare unit in this situation, 65.5% said they believed that the "units do not provide this kind of assistance", and 18.5% stated they had never heard that "the units could solve these cases" (data not presented on tables).

A little more than three quarters of the women suffered some type of violence in their lives. A slightly lower percentage suffered emotional violence, while 46.8% mentioned physical violence at least once in their lives (Table 1). More than half of the women mentioned violence perpetrated by an intimate partner at least once in their lives, and 32.1% in the 12 months prior to the interview. More than half of the women reported emotional violence at least once in their lives and approximately 30% mentioned at least one episode in the 12 previous months. Almost one third of the women reported physical violence perpetrated by an intimate partner at least once in their lives, and approximately one out of every ten, in the 12 previous months. A total of 12.4% of the women reported at least one episode of sexual violence in their lives, and 4.2% in the 12 previous months (Table 2). Of these women, 6.5% said that they looked for help in a healthcare unit (data not presented on tables).

Ten Women's Health coordinators said that asking questions about experiencing situations of violence was not routine procedure in the UBS of their municipality; such questions were asked if the women spontaneously reported this kind of complaint or if the professionals identified some sign of physical or psychological violence during routine assistance. In five municipalities, the existence of a specific protocol to assist cases of violence against women was mentioned (data not presented on tables).

The majority of the UBS coordinators mentioned that the experience of violence among users was detected in their units; however, 74% said that this was not routinely investigated and 11% reported a specific protocol to conduct this investigation. Of the 62 coordinators who stated that they detected situations of violence, 45% said that the women were referred to reference services and 40%, that they received emergency care at the UBS and were subsequently referred to other services; 31% mentioned that the violence was notified. Of the 65 coordinators who stated that violence was investigated depending on specific situations, 31% mentioned professional training for this investigation, mainly for nurses (17), generalist physicians (11), psychologists and social workers (9 each) (Table 3).

The majority (80.9%) of the UBS professionals said that they detected the experience of violence situations among the women they assisted. Signs of physical injury (88.1%) and emotional/psychological signs (67.9%) were pointed as the main indicators of violence. More than half of the professionals pointed the women's silence as a difficulty in the investigation and detection of these situations; 16% mentioned lack of training/qualification of the professionals themselves to tackle the matter. Those who mentioned that they detect these situations (39.7%) said that the woman was directly referred to a reference service; 27% said that emergency care was provided at the unit and the woman was subsequently referred to another service (Table 4).

Almost three quarters of the professionals stated that they do not investigate routinely the experience of violence among users; 42.4% pointed specific situations in which this was performed, among which signs of physical injuries (49.7%) stood out. Among those who reported asking routine questions about violence, 6.2% mentioned a specific protocol and 15% reported some qualification to investigate violence. The majority (61%) of the reported trainings was promoted by the Municipal Health Secretariat; approximately 30% mentioned that participation in training was optional (Table 5).

DISCUSSION

A relevant proportion of female users of the primary care network in the State of São Paulo experiences violence on a daily basis. The perpetrators of this violence are mainly intimate partners and/or other relatives. Women tend to silence about experiencing these situations and they rarely make spontaneous complaints during the consultations in the primary care network. Generally speaking, health professionals do not feel qualified to deal with these situations, a scenario that is similar to the one observed in studies carried out in diverse regions of Brazil.^10,17,19 Violence that is daily experienced by women is a challenge to the primary care network.¹⁵

The predominance of violence against women perpetrated by intimate partners is pointed in studies conducted in Brazil^2,15,18 and in other countries.⁶ These studies have also shown that health professionals face difficulties to approach this situation with women who search for assistance in the primary care network due to other complaints and keep quiet about the suffered violence, the origin of this suffering. This silence is related to pain, shame and fear involved in such situations, and leads to gender issues that contribute to the invisibility of violence and of women's cry for help.¹⁸ It also suggests the non-recognition of the healthcare service as a place for looking for and obtaining help.²

Although the professionals realized the magnitude of the problem and perceived that they could and should act in primary care to provide adequate assistance for women in situations of violence, they did not seem to have the necessary resources for this, as was reported in other studies.^13,20 There were no specific protocols to deal with this question, as observed among health professionals in the Great São Paulo,⁹ who recognized violence against women as a socially important question, but did not identify it as part of their job and/or did not have the necessary resources to intervene in it in healthcare. The absence of specific protocols points to the lack of technical and scientific parameters, essential in the scope of biomedical rationality. This absence may contribute to the fact that these professionals do not feel responsible for assisting these women as part of the exercise of their functions. They understood any action in this sense as a personal initiative. Such perspective is strengthened by their ignorance about the existence of a structured assistance network for women in situation of violence in their municipality.

The absence or lack of knowledge concerning the existence of the assistance network contributes to make the professionals who work in primary care feel limited or incapable of approaching the question in their practice, as observed by Schraiber et al¹⁷ in a primary care unit in the city of São Paulo (Southeastern Brazil), Kronbauer & Meneghel¹⁰ in Porto Alegre (Southern Brazil), Moreira et al¹² in Natal (Northeastern Brazil), Lettiere et al¹¹ and Vieira et al²⁰ in Ribeirão Preto (Southeastern Brazil). A similar situation was observed in the United States, in which professionals did not routinely investigate situations of violence among the assisted women because they were not sufficiently trained for that, they had little time for the assistances and considered that effective measures would not be adopted to solve the problem.¹

Despite the fact that a significant proportion of women uses the public healthcare services of the State of São Paulo and experiences violence, they are neither identified nor approached to receive help. There is a mismatch between the public policies in force^ª,b,c,d and the assistance provided for women. The policies recommend that assistance for women in situation of violence should be provided by intersectoral networks, constituted by diverse services and institutions, including the primary care network. However, primary care is not prepared to deal with these cases. The proposal to constitute care networks is based on the understanding that, although violence against women produces a strong impact on their health, it is a broader problem whose nature is social. Its approach, therefore, requires resources in the area of health and in many others, like, for example, public security and social work. The constitution of care networks aims to enable the articulation of governmental and non-governmental institutions/services that allow to identify, welcome and assist, in an integral form and inserted into an intersectoral network, women who experience situations of violence.¹³ In spite of this political emphasis and the intense discussion about the theme among many sectors of society, the concretization of these networks represents a challenge to be overcome,^3,21 which was confirmed in our study.

There are positive examples of construction of intersectoral networks, in operation and in constant improvement, which can be multiplied. In the care model Conflitos Familiares Difíceis (Difficult Family Conflicts), there is the articulation between the assistance provided in a healthcare center and a secondary hospital in areas of the city of São Paulo (Southeastern Brazil).¹³ Another successful model is Programa Iluminar Campinas - Cuidando das Vítimas de Violência Sexual (Program Illuminating Campinas - Providing Care for Victims of Sexual Violence), which was initiated in the city of Campinas (Southeastern Brazil) in 2001, and implemented in other municipalities of the State.^e Both experiences, however, confirm the difficulties involved in the process of constitution of intersectoral networks, as this implies making distinct assistance sectors become compatible and articulated. At the same time, it is necessary to convince the professionals to be involved in the assistance without fear and without making judgments, to cultivate the posture of competent and affective listening and, above all, to understand that this kind of violence is a question of health and not only a police matter. On the other hand, it is difficult to convince the services' coordinators to work in network and share positive experiences, learning with the obstacles and searching for help inside the network itself. ^13,21

Among the limitations of the present study, there are the inferences that, in fact, cannot be made based on the results found among the interviewed women. It was a non-probability sample of easy access which, therefore, does not represent the universe of women of the State of São Paulo, not even that of women who use the primary care services. Still, it is possible to say that the results are consistent with what has already been observed in other studies carried out in the same State and in other regions of Brazil. At the same time, the results obtained from the health professionals also confirm the validity of the findings in the sample of women.

So that the primary care services become part of intersectoral networks to assist women who experience violence, it is necessary to be careful not to reduce them to a set of units for screening and/or referring women in situations of violence. Instead, they should act in an integral and integrated way. It is not enough to create a network; it is necessary to constantly evaluate the process and the impact of the actions in order to correct and enhance its development.

REFERENCES

Received: 3/4/2011

Approved: 10/12/2011

Research financed by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (Fapesp Process no.: 06/57096-6).

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

• 1. Alam S, Hadley SM, Jordan B. The clinical implications of screening for violence against women. Contraception 2007;76(4):259-62. DOI:10.1016/j.contraception.2007.06.007
• 2. Bruschi A, Paula CS, Bordin IAS. Prevalência e procura de ajuda na violência conjugal física ao longo da vida. Rev Saude Publica 2006;40(2):256-64. DOI:10.1590/S0034-89102006000200011
• 3. Colombini M, Mayhew S, Watts C. Health sector responses to intimate partner violence in low in middle-income settings: a review of current models, challenges and opportunities. Bull World Health Organ. 2008;86(8):635-42. DOI:10.2471/BLT.07.045906
• 4. D´Avolio D, Hawkins JW, Haggerty LA, Kelly U, Barret L, Toscano SED, et al. Screening for abuse: barriers and opportunities. Health Care Women Int. 2001;22(4):349-62. DOI:10.1080/07399330152398891
• 5. Faúndes A, Hardy E, Osis MJD, Duarte GA. Risco para queixas ginecológicas e disfunções sexuais segundo história de violência sexual. Rev. Bras. Ginecol. Obstet 2000;22(3):153-7. DOI:10.1590/S0100-72032000000300006
• 6. García-Moreno C, Jansen HAFM, Elsberg M, Heise L, Watts CH. Prevalence of intimate partner violence: findings from the WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence. Lancet 2006;368(9543):1260-9. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69523-8
• 7. Heise L, Pitanguy J, German A. Violence against women: the hidden health burden. Washington: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank; 1994.
• 8. Heise L. Gender-based abuse: The global epidemic. Cad Saude Publica 1994;10(Suppl 1):135-45. DOI:10.1590/S0102-311X1994000500009
• 9. Kiss LB, Schraiber LB. Temas médico-sociais e a intervenção em saúde: a violência contra mulheres no discurso dos profissionais. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2011;16(3):1943-52. DOI:10.1590/S1413-81232011000300028
• 10. Kronbauer JFD, Meneghel SN. Perfil da violência de gênero perpetrada por companheiro. Rev Saude Publica 2005;39(5):695-701. DOI:10.1590/S0034-89102005000500001
• 11. Lettiere A, Nakano AMS, Rodrigues DT. Violência contra a mulher: visibilidade do problema para um grupo de profissionais de saúde. Rev Esc Enferm USP 2008;42(3):467-73. DOI:10.1590/S0080-62342008000300008
• 12. Moreira SNT, Galvão LLF, Melo COM, Azevedo GD. Violência física contra a mulher na perspectiva de profissionais de saúde. Rev Saude Publica 2008;42(6):1053-9. DOI:10.1590/S0034-89102008005000058
• 13. d´ Oliveira AFPL, Schraiber LB, Hanada H, Durand J. Atenção integral à saúde de mulheres em situação de violência de gênero - uma alternativa para a atenção primária em saúde. Cienc Saude Coletiva 2009;14(4):1037-50. DOI:10.1590/S1413-81232009000400011
• 14. Phelan MB. Screening for intimate partner violence in medical settings. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2007;8(2):199-213. DOI:10.1177/1524838007301221
• 15. Reichenheim ME, Moraes CL, Szklo A, Hasselmann MH, Souza ER, Lozana JA, et al. The magnitude of intimate partner violence in Brazil: portraits from 15 capital cities and the Federal District. Cad Saude Publica 2006;22(2):425-37. DOI:10.1590/S0102-311X2006000200020
• 16. Schraiber LB, d'Oliveira AFPL. Violence against women and Brazilian health care policies: a proposal for integrated care in primary care services. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2002;78(Suppl1):S21-5. DOI:10.1016/S0020-7292(02)00040-1
• 17. Schraiber LB, d'Oliveira AFPL, França Jr I, Pinho AA. Violência contra a mulher: estudo em uma unidade de atenção primária à saúde. Rev Saude Publica 2002;36(4):470-7. DOI:10.1590/S0034-89102002000400013
• 18. Schraiber LB, d'Oliveira AFPL, França Jr I. Diniz S, Portella AP, Ludermir AB, et al. Prevalência da violência contra a mulher por parceiro íntimo em regiões do Brasil. Rev Saude Publica. 2007;41(5):797-807. DOI:10.1590/S0034-89102007000500014
• 19. Silva IV. Violência contra mulheres: a experiência de usuárias de um serviço de urgência e emergência de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Cad Saude Publica 2003;19(Suppl 2):263-72. DOI:10.1590/S0102-311X2003000800008
• 20. Vieira EM, Perdona GCS, Almeida AM, Nakano MAS, Santos MA, Daltoso D, et al. Conhecimento e atitude dos profissionais de saúde em relação à violência de gênero. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2009;12(4):566-77. DOI:10.1590/S1415-790X2009000400007
• 21. Villela W, Lago T. Conquistas e desafios no atendimento às mulheres que sofreram violência sexual. Cad Saude Publica 2007;23(2):471-5. DOI:10.1590/S0102-311X2007000200025

a

Secretri Especil de Polítics pr s Mulheres. II Plno Ncionl de Polítics pr s mulheres. Brsíli; 2008.

b

Ministério da Saúde (BR). Guia Prático do Programa da Saúde da Família. Brasília; 2001.

c

Ministério da Saúde (BR). Seretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Departamento de Ações Programátias Estratégias. Área Ténia de saúde da Mulher. Polítia Naional de Atenção Integral à Saúde da Mulher. Brasília; 2004.

d

Ministério a Saúe (BR). Secretaria e Atenção à Saúe. Departamento e Ações Programáticas Estratégicas. Atenção integral para mulheres e aolescentes em situação e violência oméstica e sexual. Matriz peagógica para formação e rees. Brasília; 2006[cite 2012 Jan 30]. (Série B - Textos Básicos e Saúe). Available from:

http://dtr2001.saude.gov.br/editora/produtos/livros/pdf/06_0069_M.pdf

e

Campinas - Prefeitura Municipal. Iluminar Campinas. Cuidando das Vítimas de Violência Sexual. Disponível em

http://2009.campinas.sp.gov.br/saude/ programas/iluminar/iluminar_textobase.htm. Acesso em 28 de Novembro de 2010.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  24 Feb 2012
• Date of issue
  Apr 2012

History

• Received
  04 Mar 2011
• Accepted
  12 Oct 2011