Violence against metropolitan bus drivers and fare collectors in Brazil

Assunção, Ada Ávila; Medeiros, Adriane Mesquita de

doi:10.1590/S0034-8910.2015049005380

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Original Articles • Rev. Saúde Pública 49 • 2015 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910.2015049005380 copy

Violence against metropolitan bus drivers and fare collectors in Brazil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the correlation between sociodemographic factors and working conditions of bus workers in a metropolitan area and violence against them.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study used a nonprobabilistic sample estimated according to the number of workers employed in bus companies located in three cities in the Belo Horizonte metropolitan region in 2012 (N = 17,470). Face-to-face interviews were conducted using a digital questionnaire. The factors associated with violence were analyzed in two stages using Poisson regression, according to each level. The magnitude of the association was evaluated using prevalence ratios with robust variance and a statistical significance of 5%, and 95% confidence intervals were obtained.

RESULTS

The study sample comprised 782 drivers and 691 fare collectors; 45.0% participants reported at least one act of violence in the workplace in the last 12 months, with passengers being predominantly responsible. The age of the bus workers was inversely associated with violence. Chronic diseases, sickness absenteeism, and working conditions were also associated with violence.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings on the correlation between violence and working conditions are essential for implementing prevention strategies by transportation service managers.

Transportation Manpower; Violence; Working Conditions; Occupational Health; Metropolitan Zones

Variable	Experienced acts of violence in the workplace in the last 12 months^a		PR_raw	95%CI	p

	n	%
General	659	44.7
Sociodemographic
Sex
Male	585	45.6	1
Female	74	38.9	0.85	0.71;1.03	0.100
Ethnicity
Caucasian	135	46.2	1
Mixed/Black	488	45.0	0.97	0.85;1.12	0.710
East Asian/Indigenous	36	37.1	0.80	0.60;1.07	0.134
Age (years)
18 to 30	259	50.9	1
31 to 40	218	45.1	0.89	0.79; 1.01	0.071
41 to 50	134	39.3	0.77	0.66;0.90	0.001
≥ 51	48	34.3	0.67	0.53;0.86	0.002
Marital status
Married/Stable union	385	43.6	1
Single	206	45.6	1.05	0.92;1.19	0.479
Widowed/Divorced	68	49.6	1.14	0.95;1.37	0.165
Education (years)
≥ 8	558	46.4	1
5 to 7	69	38.3	0.83	0.68;1.00	0.055
≤ 4	32	35.6	0.77	0.58;1.02	0.067
Monthly family income (in minimum wages)^b
≤ 2.0	99	44.0	1
2.1 to 4.0	328	45.5	1.03	0.87;1.22	0.697
≥ 4.1	221	43.9	1.00	0.84;1.19	0.987
Lifestyle and health status
Weekly physical activity
Never	374	48.6	1
1 to 2 times	147	39.7	0.82	0.71;0.94	0.006
≥ 3 times	137	41.1	0.85	0.73;0.98	0.026
Suspected alcohol abuse
No	547	43.2	1
Yes	103	53.4	1.24	1.07;1.43	0.005
Sickness absenteeism (last 12 months)
No	355	37.2	1
Yes	301	58.6	1.57	1.14;1.76	< 0.001
Self-rated health assessment
Very good/Good	497	42.4	1
Regular/Poor/Very poor	160	53.5	1.26	1.11;1.43	< 0.001
Number of chronic diseases diagnosed by a physician
None	141	32.5	1
1 to 2	255	45.1	1.39	1.18;1.64	< 0.001
3 to 17	257	55.8	1.72	1.46;2.01	< 0.001

Variable	Experienced violent acts in the workplace in the last 12 months^*		PR_raw	95%CI	p

	n	%
General	659	44.7
Function
Job Title
Fare collector	295	42.7		1
Driver	364	46.6	1.09	0.97;1.22	0.139
Employment
Active status	554	44.7		1
Backup/Vacation coverage/Reserve worker	105	44.9	1.00	0.86;1.17	0.964
Length of employment in current position (years)
0 to 2	233	42.2		1
2.01 to 5	145	53.1	1.26	1.08;1.46	0.002
5.01 to 10	105	47.3	1.12	0.95;1.33	0.189
10.01 to 47	176	41.4	0.98	0.84;1.14	0.802
Double shifts and overtime
Never/Rarely	174	43.0		1
Sometimes	166	40.2	0.94	0.80;1.10	0.422
Almost always/Always	319	48.8	1.14	0.99;1.30	0.069
Always works on the same bus
Always/Almost always	211	41.1		1
Sometimes	104	43.2	1.05	0.88;1.25	0.597
Rarely/Never	336	47.8	1.16	1.02;1.32	0.023
No breaks during the working period
Never/Rarely	157	34.6		1
Sometimes	269	45.8	1.32	1.13;1.54	< 0.001
Almost always/Always	233	54.1	1.56	1.34;1.82	< 0.001
Workplace
Perception about the quality of traffic
Good/Fair	74	32.0		1
Bad/Very bad	585	47.1	1.47	1.21;1.79	< 0.001
Perception of body vibration
Never/Rarely	187	31.9		1
Sometimes	150	48.1	1.51	1.28;1.78	< 0.001
Almost always/Always	321	56.0	1.76	1.53;2.02	< 0.001
Temperature inside the bus
Acceptable/Slightly uncomfortable	299	36.9		1
Very uncomfortable/Intolerable	360	54.4	1.48	1.32;1.65	< 0.001
Lighting conditions inside the bus
Good	386	39.3		1
Average	197	53.7	1.37	1.21;1.54	< 0.001
Poor/Very poor	76	61.3	1.56	1.33;1.83	< 0.001
Technical resources and equipment
Good	222	35.6		1
Average	294	47.9	1.35	1.18;1.54	< 0.001
Poor/very poor	143	61.1	1.72	1.48;1.99	< 0.001
Level of noise inside the bus
Negligible/Acceptable	263	36.6		1
High	224	50.3	1.38	1.20;1.57	< 0.001
Intolerable	172	55.8	1.53	1.33;1.75	< 0.001
Level of noise outside the bus
Negligible/Acceptable	393	43.0		1
High	165	48.5	1.13	0.99;1.29	0.071
Intolerable	101	46.5	1.08	0.92;1.27	0.328

Variable	Intermediate models			Final model

	PR_adjusted	95%CI	p	PR_adjusted	95%CI	p
1^st level
Age (years)
18 to 30		1			1
31 to 40	0.89	0.79;1.01	0.071	0.90	0.79;1.01	0.083
41 to 50	0.77	0.66;0.90	0.001	0.75	0.64;0.87	< 0.001
≥ 51	0.67	0.53;0.86	0.002	0.65	0.51;0.84	0.001
2^nd level
Suspected alcohol abuse
No		1
Yes	1.20	1.05;1.39	0.009
Sickness absenteeism (last 12 months)
No		1			1
Yes	1.43	1.28;1.61	< 0.001	1.29	1.16;1.45	< 0.001
Number of chronic diseases diagnosed by a physician
None		1			1
1 to 2	1.31	1.11;1.54	0.001	1.29	1.10;1.51	0.001
3 to 17	1.48	1.26;1.75	< 0.001	1.45	1.23;1.71	< 0.001
3^rd level
Always works on the same bus
Always/Almost always		1
Sometimes	1.04	0.87;1.24	0.702
Rarely/Never	1.15	1.01;1.30	0.036
No breaks during the working period
Never/Rarely		1
Sometimes	1.32	1.13;1.54	< 0.001
Almost always/Always	1.55	1.33;1.81	< 0.001
4^th level
Perception about the quality of traffic
Good/Regular		1			1
Bad/Very bad	1.29	1.07;1.56	0.008	1.29	1.07;1.55	0.009
Perception of body vibration
Never/Rarely		1			1
Sometimes	1.38	1.17;1.63	< 0.001	1.30	1.10;1.53	0.002
Almost always/Always	1.48	1.28;1.71	< 0.001	1.40	1.22;1.62	< 0.001
Temperature inside the bus
Acceptable/Slightly uncomfortable		1			1
Very uncomfortable/Intolerable	1.23	1.09;1.38	0.001	1.23	1.10;1.38	< 0.001
Lighting conditions inside the bus
Good		1			1
Regular	1.17	1.03;1.33	0.016	1.20	1.06;1.35	0.003
Poor/Very poor	1.22	1.03;1.45	0.025	1.26	1.07;1.48	0.006
Technical resources and equipment
Good		1
Regular	1.12	0.97;1.28	0.118
Poor/Very poor	1.23	1.04;1.46	0.014
Level of noise inside the bus
Negligible/Acceptable		1
High	1.15	1.00;1.31	0.046
Intolerable	1.13	0.97;1.30	0.116

Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 715, 01246-904 São Paulo SP Brazil, Tel./Fax: +55 11 3061-7985 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: revsp@usp.br

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[1] Correspondence: Ada Ávila Assunção. Av. Alfredo Balena, 190 sala 705 Santa Efigênia. 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil. E-mail:adavila@medicina.ufmg.br