Demand for and availability of online support to stop smoking

Soporte en línea para parar de fumar

Suporte online para parar de fumar

ARTIGOS ORIGINAIS

Demand for and availability of online support to stop smoking

Suporte online para parar de fumar

Soporte en línea para parar de fumar

Beatriz Helena Carlini^I; Telmo Mota Ronzani^II; Leonardo Fernandes Martins^III; Henrique Pinto Gomide^III; Isabel Cristina Weiss de Souza^{III, IV}

^IAlcohol and Drug Abuse Institute. University of Washington. Seattle, WA, United States

^IIDepartamento de Psicologia. Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora. Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil

^IIICentro de Pesquisa, Intervenção e Avaliação em Álcool e outras Drogas (CREPEIA). Instituto de Ciências Humanas. Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora. Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil

^IVPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Psicobiologia. Universidade Federal de São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brasil

^{Correspondence}

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: Estimate the frequency of online searches on the topic of smoking and analyze the quality of online resources available to smokers interested in giving up smoking.

METHODS: Search engines were used to revise searches and online resources related to stopping smoking in Brazil in 2010. The number of searches was determined using analytical tools available on Google Ads; the number and type of sites were determined by replicating the search patterns of internet users. The sites were classified according to content (advertising, library of articles and other). The quality of the sites was analyzed using the Smoking Treatment Scale- Content (STS-C) and the Smoking Treatment Scale - Rating (STS-R).

RESULTS: A total of 642,446 searches was carried out. Around a third of the 113 sites encountered were of the 'library' type, i.e. they only contained articles, followed by sites containing clinical advertising (18.6) and professional education (10.6). Thirteen of the sites offered advice on quitting directed at smokers. The majority of the sites did not contain evidence-based information, were not interactive and did not have the possibility of communicating with users after the first contact. Other limitations we came across were a lack of financial disclosure as well as no guarantee of privacy concerning information obtained and no distinction made between editorial content and advertisements.

CONCLUSIONS: There is a disparity between the high demand for online support in giving up smoking and the scarcity of quality online resources for smokers. It is necessary to develop interactive, customized online resources based on evidence and random clinical testing in order to improve the support available to Brazilian smokers.

Descriptors: Smoking Cessation, methods. Internet. Consumer Health Information. Telemedicine.

RESUMO

OBJETIVO Estimar a frequência de buscas online sobre tabagismo e analisar a qualidade dos recursos online de apoio para tabagistas interessados em parar de fumar.

MÉTODOS: Revisão de buscas e recursos online relacionados à cessação de tabaco no Brasil em 2010, utilizando ferramentas de busca. O número de buscas foi determinado via ferramentas de análise do Google Ads; número e o tipo de sites foram determinados pela reprodução de padrões de busca de usuários de internet. Os sites foram classificados de acordo com seu conteúdo (propagandas, biblioteca de artigos e outros). A qualidade dos sites foi analisada utilizando-se a Smoking Treatment Scale- Content (STS-C) e Smoking Treatment Scale - Rating (STS-R).

RESULTADOS: Foram realizadas 642.446 buscas. Cerca de um terço dos 113 sites encontrados foram do tipo "biblioteca", i.e., continham somente artigos, seguidos por sites com propagandas de clínicas (18,6%) e educação profissional (10,6%). Treze sites ofereciam intervenções diretas para tabagistas. A maioria desses sites não era baseada em evidências, oferecia baixas interatividade e capacidade de customização nem tinha ferramentas de comunicação com seus usuários depois do primeiro contato. Outras limitações detectadas foram omissão das fontes de financiamento, além de ausência de garantia de sigilo das informações obtidas e de distinção entre conteúdo editorial e de anúncios comerciais.

CONCLUSÕES: Há disparidade entre a alta demanda para apoio online para cessação do tabaco e a esparsa disponibilidade de intervenções online de qualidade para tabagistas. O desenvolvimento de intervenções online interativas, customizadas, baseadas em evidências e testadas em ensaios clínicos randomizados é necessário para o avanço no suporte oferecido a fumantes no Brasil.

Descritores: Abandono do Hábito de Fumar, métodos. Internet. Informação de Saúde ao Consumidor. Telemedicina.

RESUMEN

OBJETIVO: Estimar la frecuencia de búsquedas en línea sobre tabaquismo y analizar la calidad de los recursos en línea de apoyo para fumadores interesados en parar de fumar.

MÉTODOS: Revisión de búsquedas y recursos en línea relacionados con el cesamiento de cigarro en Brasil en 2010, utilizando herramientas de búsqueda. El número de búsquedas fue determinado a través de herramientas de análisis de Google Ads; el número y tipo de sitios fueron determinados por la reproducción de patrones de búsqueda de usuarios de internet. Los sitios fueron clasificados de acuerdo con su contenido (propagandas, biblioteca de artículos y otros). La calidad de los sitios fue analizada utilizándose la Smoking Treatment Scale-Content (STS-C) y Smoking Treatment Scale-Rating (STS-R).

RESULTADOS: Se realizaron 642.446 búsquedas. Cerca de un tercio de los 113 sitios encontrados fueron del tipo "biblioteca", es decir, contenían solamente artículos; seguidos por sitios con propagandas de clínicas (18,6%) y educación profesional (10,6%). Trece sitios ofrecían intervenciones directas para fumadores. La mayoría de ellos no estaba basada en evidencias, ofrecía bajas interactividad y capacidad de personalización y no tenía herramientas de comunicación con sus usuarios después del primer contacto. Otras limitaciones detectadas fueron omisión de las fuentes de financiamiento y ausencia de garantía de sigilo de las informaciones obtenidas y de distinción entre contenido editorial y de anuncios comerciales.

CONCLUSIONES: Hay disparidad entre la alta demanda para apoyo en línea para cesamiento del cigarro y la escasa disponibilidad de intervenciones en línea de calidad para fumadores. El desarrollo de intervenciones en línea interactivas, personalizadas, basadas en evidencias y pruebas en ensayos clínicos ramdomizados es necesario para el avance en el soporte ofrecido a fumadores en Brasil.

Descriptores: Cese del Tabaquismo, métodos. Internet. Información de Salud al Consumidor. Telemedicina.

INTRODUCTION

By 2030, over 8 million people worldwide will die annually from tobacco, and 80% of these premature deaths will occur in developing countries.¹⁴ According to the National Institute of Cancer in Brazil, 17.6% of the Brazilian population (15 years or older) are tobacco users.^a Helping smokers quit through behavioral, pharmacological, and population-based approaches is a core article of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC).¹³ It is important to identify strategies that can enhance access to treatment among smokers in developing societies to reduce tobacco prevalence, morbidity, and mortality.

In developed societies, Web-Assisted Tobacco Interventions (WATIs) are an important option for smokers interested in getting support to quit smoking. Current web-based technology has the capability to translate evidence-based clinicians' guidelines on stopping smoking into internet-supported activities customized to smokers' needs. Clinical trials^5,10 and one meta-analysis⁶ suggest WATIs can be an effective tool in supporting adult smokers interested in quitting. The potential of WATIs in helping smokers in developing societies to successfully quit smoking depends on levels of internet access in a given country, interest/demand of internet users for this kind of resource and the availability of web-based interventions using evidence-based approaches to stopping smoking.

Tobacco use causes an estimated 200,000 deaths per year in Brazil¹² and almost half of Brazilian smokers try to quit smoking in a given year.ª Brazil is in ideal country to assess the potential of WATIs in developing societies for at least two reasons: it has the fourth largest internet user population in the world, with 76 million^b in 2009; while disparities exist among sub-populations, the gap has been narrowing among some underserved groups such as those living in rural areas or with low levels of formal education.^c A second reason is that tobacco cessation treatment is available through the Brazilian National Health System (SUS, Sistema Único de Saúde) and provided at no cost.^d Brazil also has a tobacco quitline, which provides recorded information on smoking and health and receives an average of 2 million calls per year.^e Interest in internet-based resources for stopping smoking in Brazil is most likely not due to lack of options through traditionally delivered services.

This study aimed to analyze the demand for online stop smoking information and support, and the quality of WATIs in Brazil.

METHODS

The search terms were chosen by consensus among the study team (all Brazilian nationals). They were "Pare de fumar" (stop smoking), "Tratamento tabagismo" (smoking treatment), "Tabagismo" (tobacco dependence), "Como parar de fumar" (how to quit smoking) and "Deixar de fumar" (give up smoking).

We used Google Ad Words traffic estimator (https://adwords.google.com.br), a tool available in the search engine Google, aimed at assisting potential customers in making decisions on budget, key words and exposure of advertisement through Google Brazil. This tool was used to determine the number of searches performed in Brazilian Portuguese, within Brazilian territory, with the key words described above, in 2010. Bing and Yahoo did not offer similar services in Brazil.

We performed searches using our key words to identify social network activities on two sites: Facebook (30.9 million users in Brazil) and Orkut (29 million users in Brazil).^f

We identified tobacco cessation-related websites by mimicking the search patterns used by most internet users (only one search engine, only first page of results).^3,11 The search engines used were: Google, Yahoo! and Bing with pre-selected language options for Portuguese and Brazilian Portuguese. Redundancies were eliminated.

Websites were classified as: 1) product sales only (no treatment components were available on the website itself), 2) libraries (sites that contained smoking-related articles but no clear organization or guidance for a smoker wishing to quit), 3) links to other sites, including references to hotline phone numbers and bookstores such as Amazon.com, 4) clinics and practitioners advertising, 5) advocacy sites, 6) professional education designed for health care providers, 7) non-Portuguese sites or abandoned websites (e.g., a return of "404 file not found" or similar error message), 8) site content not smoking-related and 9) WATIs, defined as the "provision of organized, directive information and support services relevant to the process of quitting smoking"² (Table 1).

We used the Smoking Treatment Scale- Content (STS-C) and the Smoking Treatment Scale- Rating (STS-R) developed by Bock and collaborators^1,2 to assess the content coverage, interactivity and accuracy.

STS-C is a 12-item checklist developed to document the extent to which each website covered material related to key components of treatment as described in the US Public Health Service Clinical Practice Guideline (PHS Guidelines) for the treatment of tobacco dependence.⁴ The 12 items on the STS-C are: (1-2) advise every smoker to quit smoking (subdivided into two categories: clear/strong and personalized), (3) assess readiness to quit, (4-5) assist with a quit plan (subdivided into three actions related to setting a quit date and seven topics for providing practical counseling), (6) provide intra-treatment social support, (7) recommend use of approved pharmacotherapy, (8) arrange follow-up, and four areas aimed at enhancing motivation to quit by discussing the (9) relevance of quitting smoking, (10) the risks of continued smoking, (11) the rewards of quitting, and (12) the potential roadblocks or barriers to quitting smoking.

STS-R provides numeric ratings of quality of coverage for each of the key components of treatment documented in the STS-C. Each website received ratings for coverage, accuracy, and interactivity. Coverage ratings were used to indicate the relative depth and breadth of the information provided in each topic area. Ratings use a 5-point scale, ranging from 1 (not mentioned) to 5 (extensive information given). Accuracy was rated on a 3-point scale (3 = totally correct; 2 = mostly correct; and 1 = significant misinformation or potentially dangerous errors). Reviewers also rated (yes; no) whether the website incorporated a user-interactive feature for key treatment components (personalized feedback, email follow-up, etc.).

We used criteria developed by the Health on the Net Foundation (HON), a non-profit, non-governmental organization, accredited to the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations⁶ to analyze credibility and trustworthiness. Five criteria used were: information must be authoritative; the purpose of the website must be stated; confidentiality policies must be clearly described; website contact details must be accessible; sites must declare sources of funding and the advertising policy must be displayed.^g Three HON criteria were not included in the analysis as they were related to scientific quality of the content, and therefore redundant with the analysis on content accuracy described above.

Internet search data was collected on August 2011, relative to 2010. Website searches were conducted between February and March 2010.

Websites identified were classified by at least two of the four authors of this manuscript. Discrepancies were discussed and resolved by involving a third author, when necessary.

The content and quality of the WATIs identified were independently reviewed by two investigators (first two authors, both PhDs with research experience in substance abuse treatment, including tobacco dependence). The two reviewers discussed their independent ratings, identified discrepancies and reached consensus. The information credibility and trustworthiness of the websites were analyzed independently by two authors. Ratings were compared and discrepancies were resolved by consensus.

RESULTS

An average of 618,500 computer-based and 23,946 mobile telephone-based stop smoking-related searches were conducted in Brazil per month in 2010 (Table 2).

We identified 12 tobacco-related online communities in Orkut, with 36,535 members. Facebook had 31 pages on the same topic, with low participation (207 members, 872 friends and 2,389 "likes").

One hundred and thirteen unique websites were identified using the procedures described. The most frequent type of website identified was "library-type" containing a collection of random articles on tobacco use prevention and treatment (29.2%), followed by clinical services advertising (18.6%), WATIs (11.5%) and professional education (10.6%). The remaining were invalid links, product sales and sites in languages other than Portuguese.

Two topics were covered by all 13 WATIs identified: "Assistance in quitting" and "Practical counseling" (Table 3). These were also the only topics for which the majority of websites displayed adequate coverage (nine and seven of 13, respectively). Pharmacotherapy was recommended by seven of the 13 WATIs analyzed; mostly with minimal content (only one was rated "adequate" for this topic).

Other topics addressed by the majority of the sites were related to motivation to quit (risks, rewards and barriers associated with the quitting process). The content of these topics were mostly rated as "minimal" (Table 3).

The coverage of the subtopics addressed in the component "Assistance in Quitting" did not present wide variation among the WATIs analyzed: 12 mentioned both the importance of setting up a quit date and making changes before quitting, while ten introduced the notion of planning to quit. The component "Practical Counseling" presented a little more variation: 12 websites recommended getting prepared to face challenges and triggers to relapse, nine sharing the decision to quit with family and friends, nine removing tobacco products from the immediate environment, nine stressed the importance of total abstinence after the quit date, and eight recommended avoiding alcohol in the first weeks after quitting. Five offered practical advice on how to relate to other smokers in the household and four suggested users reflect on prior attempts quitting.

The coverage for intra-treatment support was mostly minimum, with only a sentence or two encouraging the patient in the quit attempt and expressing caring and concern (four) or encouraging the smoker to talk about the quitting process (five).

No websites had content related to arranging outside support such as chat rooms or internet buddies. The absence of this subcomponent was congruent with the lack of provision for follow-up by 11 websites.

No websites included in the study showed adequate coverage of all key treatment components recommended by the PHS Guidelines (Table 3).

The majority of WATIs analyzed (eight) lacked any interactive features and no customization capabilities. Three WATIs presented one interactive feature, related to delivering results of nicotine dependence tests. Two websites included several interactive components, making it possible to tailor the content delivered according to smokers' response.

Most WATIs displayed accurate content, except for two websites: One website recommended a 12-month process of tapering before quitting, hiding one's decision to quit from friends and family, and advice to simply enjoy smoking a cigarette in the event of a lapse after one's quit date. These recommendations conflict with Brazilian Clinical Guidelines^d and the US PHS Clinical Guidelines.⁴ A second website stated: "After thinking through the pros and cons of smoking, if you decide not to quit, go ahead and continue smoking", instead of providing information on the important benefits of quitting and encouraging smokers to make a decision to quit.

Other mistakes were related to suggestions that pharmacotherapy was not helpful in the process of quitting and/or comparing approved pharmacotherapy for stopping smoking to non-evidence-based methods such as hypnosis.

The WATIs analyzed presented significant credibility and trustworthiness issues. The majority of websites did not clarify their privacy policies (Table 4). When privacy statements were available, they were not necessarily assuring users their data would remain private. One website requested full name, complete address and the register (Natural Persons Register), the Brazilian equivalent of Social Security Number) for website access. These requirements were followed by a disclaimer stating the data could be used "by the pharmaceutical company who sponsored the site or by companies they contract with to respond to user's requests or to contact users in order to improve their services."

Lack of advertisement policy statements were also common, as six out of the eight websites displaying ads made no distinction between editorial content and paid advertisements.

Other issues less frequently detected were a lack of authorship and/or credentials, no financial disclosure and absence of valid contact addresses for further questions (Table 4).

DISCUSSION

The 113 websites identified presented mostly random collections of information and articles, provider's advertising or health professional education. Thirteen websites offered systematic support for quitting (WATIs).

WATIs - if developed according to evidence-based guidelines - can become one more source of information on tobacco dependence and encouragement to quit among the growing segment of Brazilian smokers who have access to, and use, the internet. This does not mean that WATI should be seen as the solution to tobacco cessation support in Brazil, a country where tobacco cessation treatment can be obtained at no cost through SUS. An important limitation of WATI is that, despite the continuing growth of internet access and utilization in Brazil, significant disparities in access still exist, particularly in rural areas and among socioeconomically disadvantaged groups.^c

Demand for online stop smoking information, services and support is high in Brazil, surpassing half a million online searches per month. Such high interest suggests that WATIs can play an important role in complementing or enhancing stop smoking resources already available through SUS or offer evidence-based support for those not able or interested in attending traditional face-to-face interventions. Two recent regional surveys suggest that health care providers in Brazil make strong moral judgments about smokers: tobacco use ranked first in moral judgment among health providers, when compared with marijuana and cocaine use, alcohol dependence, aids, obesity, depression, Hansen's disease and schizophrenia.9,^h Educating providers on the importance of providing non-judgmental support to those affected by tobacco dependence should be a national priority. The internet has the ability to provide some level of anonymity for smokers who may experience moral judgment from clinicians. Moreover, the internet is versatile, as it can be accessed at any time of day, without needing to leave the house. Tobacco cessation support through SUS, although of high quality and provided at no cost, is available only during business hours and requires travelling to an accredited center to participate in group counseling.

Despite the potential of WATIs in broadening Brazilian smokers' options of support for giving up, our study suggests that WATIs currently available are neither appropriate nor sufficient to have a positive health impact on rates of giving up smoking. Future studies should develop and test the feasibility and acceptability of evidence-based Portuguese-language WATIs among different segments of Brazilian society (including different age, educational and income groups, urban vs. rural, etc.), followed by rigorous controlled trials to determine its efficacy among diverse populations.

Brazilian WATIs provided adequate content in two areas: how to develop a quitting plan and practical counseling. Other key elements of evidence-based interventions were not present, such as follow up or provision of intra-treatment support (Table 3). Portuguese WATIs tended to not disclose on confidentiality and advertisement policies, making it difficult for their potential users to make decisions about the safety of downloading materials or providing email to get support for quitting (Table 4).

Several of our findings for WATIs in Portuguese are similar to Bock et al for WATIs in English in 2007:^2,3 a) most of the websites identified did not offer systematic support for quitting; b) the capacity of the internet to customize and tailor interventions was underutilized in the sites analyzed; and c) follow-up after first intervention was not common. Despite these similarities, some WATIs in English displayed extensive coverage of key elements of evidence-based tobacco cessation and used interactive features to customize support,² which we did not find in Brazilian WATIs.

These findings document a missed opportunity to make evidence-based support available online to Brazilian smokers, given that 45.6% of Brazilian smokers reported attempting to quit in the past 12 months, the majority without guided support.^ª

This study has limitations, including the inability to determine the socioeconomic characteristics of those looking for tobacco information through online channels in Brazil and lack of information on utilization patterns of the websites identified.

This study documents a high demand for tobacco cessation related information in Brazil and the lack of availability of online resources that can respond effectively to this demand. The development of WATIs that comply with clinical guidelines for stopping smoking and the conducting of randomized trials to determine WATIs' efficacy among Brazilian Portuguese-speakers smokers are the recommended next steps for advancing our knowledge in this area.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Dr. Beth Bock, Associate Professor of Psychiatry & Human Behavior at Brown Medical School and the Miriam Hospital for sharing the standardized forms STS-C and STS-R used in this paper. Support from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq – Ronzani research fellowship), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG). Dr. Beatriz H. Carlini holds a second affiliation as an Associated Investigator at Alere Wellbeing Inc., Seattle, WA, USA.

Received: 1/19/2012

Approved: 6/5/2012

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Este artigo sofreu as seguintes alterações em 10/05/2013: correção no sobrenome da autora, em Correspondência e inclusão da seção Agradecimentos.

CORRIGENDA

Rev Saude Publica. 2012;46(3):1074

Correspondência (nome do destinatário) | Correspondence (recipient’s name):

Onde se lê | Where it reads

Beatriz H Carlin

Leia-se | It should read

Beatriz H Carlini

Rev Saude Publica. 2012;46(3):1080

Inclusão de Agradecimentos | Inclusion of Acknowledgements:

Leia-se | It should read

Acknowledgements

Dr. Beth Bock, Associate Professor of Psychiatry & Human Behavior at Brown Medical School and the Miriam Hospital for sharing the standardized forms STS-C and STS-R used in this paper. Support from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científi co e Tecnológico (CNPq - Ronzani research fellowship), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG). Dr. Beatriz H. Carlini holds a second affi liation as an Associated Investigator at Alere Wellbeing Inc., Seattle, WA, USA.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  17 May 2013
• Date of issue
  Dec 2012

History

• Received
  19 Jan 2012
• Accepted
  06 May 2012